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Logical markup. 

Don't prepend the module name when referring to functions or data in the same
module.

Correct the description of "modules".
This commit is contained in:
Fred Drake 1998-03-08 05:43:51 +00:00
parent 580eb26044
commit 0fd72ee369
2 changed files with 116 additions and 104 deletions
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110
Doc/lib/libsys.tex
View File

@ -10,19 +10,19 @@ It is always available.
\begin{datadesc}{argv}
The list of command line arguments passed to a Python script.
\code{sys.argv[0]} is the script name (it is operating system
\code{argv[0]} is the script name (it is operating system
dependent whether this is a full pathname or not).
If the command was executed using the \samp{-c} command line option
to the interpreter, \code{sys.argv[0]} is set to the string
to the interpreter, \code{argv[0]} is set to the string
\code{"-c"}.
If no script name was passed to the Python interpreter,
\code{sys.argv} has zero length.
\code{argv} has zero length.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{builtin_module_names}
A tuple of strings giving the names of all modules that are compiled
into this Python interpreter. (This information is not available in
any other way --- \code{sys.modules.keys()} only lists the imported
any other way --- \code{modules.keys()} only lists the imported
modules.)
\end{datadesc}
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ stack frame. If the current stack frame is not handling an exception,
the information is taken from the calling stack frame, or its caller,
and so on until a stack frame is found that is handling an exception.
Here, ``handling an exception'' is defined as ``executing or having
executed an \code{except} clause.'' For any stack frame, only
executed an except clause.'' For any stack frame, only
information about the most recently handled exception is accessible.
If no exception is being handled anywhere on the stack, a tuple
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ values returned are
Their meaning is: \var{type} gets the exception type of the exception
being handled (a string or class object); \var{value} gets the
exception parameter (its \dfn{associated value} or the second argument
to \code{raise}, which is always a class instance if the exception
to \keyword{raise}, which is always a class instance if the exception
type is a class object); \var{traceback} gets a traceback object (see
the Reference Manual) which encapsulates the call stack at the point
where the exception originally occurred.
@ -59,19 +59,20 @@ the best solution is to use something like
\code{type, value = sys.exc_info()[:2]}
to extract only the exception type and value. If you do need the
traceback, make sure to delete it after use (best done with a
\code{try-finally} statement) or to call \code{sys.exc_info()} in a
function that does not itself handle an exception.
\keyword{try} ... \keyword{finally} statement) or to call
\function{exc_info()} in a function that does not itself handle an
exception.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{datadesc}{exc_type}
\dataline{exc_value}
\dataline{exc_traceback}
Use of these three variables is deprecated; they contain the same
values as returned by \code{sys.exc_info()} above. However, since
they are global variables, they are not specific to the current
\deprecated {1.5}
{Use \function{exc_info()} instead.}
Since they are global variables, they are not specific to the current
thread, so their use is not safe in a multi-threaded program. When no
exception is being handled, \code{sys.exc_type} is set to \code{None}
and the other two are undefined.
exception is being handled, \code{exc_type} is set to \code{None} and
the other two are undefined.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{exec_prefix}
@ -79,18 +80,18 @@ A string giving the site-specific
directory prefix where the platform-dependent Python files are
installed; by default, this is also \code{"/usr/local"}. This can be
set at build time with the \code{--exec-prefix} argument to the
\code{configure} script. Specifically, all configuration files
(e.g. the \code{config.h} header file) are installed in the directory
\code{sys.exec_prefix+"/lib/python\var{version}/config"}, and shared library
\program{configure} script. Specifically, all configuration files
(e.g. the \file{config.h} header file) are installed in the directory
\code{exec_prefix + "/lib/python\var{version}/config"}, and shared library
modules are installed in
\code{sys.exec_prefix+"/lib/python\var{version}/lib-dynload"},
where \var{version} is equal to \code{sys.version[:3]}.
\code{exec_prefix + "/lib/python\var{version}/lib-dynload"},
where \var{version} is equal to \code{version[:3]}.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{exit}{n}
Exit from Python with numeric exit status \var{n}. This is
implemented by raising the \code{SystemExit} exception, so cleanup
actions specified by \code{finally} clauses of \code{try} statements
implemented by raising the \exception{SystemExit} exception, so cleanup
actions specified by finally clauses of \keyword{try} statements
are honored, and it is possible to catch the exit attempt at an outer
level.
\end{funcdesc}
@ -118,54 +119,58 @@ exception is not handled and the interpreter prints an error message
and a stack traceback. Their intended use is to allow an interactive
user to import a debugger module and engage in post-mortem debugging
without having to re-execute the command that caused the error.
(Typical use is \code{import pdb; pdb.pm()} to enter the post-mortem
(Typical use is \samp{import pdb; pdb.pm()} to enter the post-mortem
debugger; see the chapter ``The Python Debugger'' for more
information.)
\refstmodindex{pdb}
The meaning of the variables is the same
as that of the return values from \code{sys.exc_info()} above.
as that of the return values from \function{exc_info()} above.
(Since there is only one interactive thread, thread-safety is not a
concern for these variables, unlike for \code{sys.exc_type} etc.)
concern for these variables, unlike for \code{exc_type} etc.)
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{modules}
Gives the list of modules that have already been loaded.
This can be manipulated to force reloading of modules and other tricks.
This is a dictionary that maps module names to modules which have
already been loaded. This can be manipulated to force reloading of
modules and other tricks. Note that removing a module from this
dictionary is \emph{not} the same as calling
\function{reload()}\bifuncindex{reload} on the corresponding module
object.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{path}
\indexiii{module}{search}{path}
A list of strings that specifies the search path for modules.
Initialized from the environment variable \code{PYTHONPATH}, or an
Initialized from the environment variable \code{\$PYTHONPATH}, or an
installation-dependent default.
The first item of this list, \code{sys.path[0]}, is the
The first item of this list, \code{path[0]}, is the
directory containing the script that was used to invoke the Python
interpreter. If the script directory is not available (e.g. if the
interpreter is invoked interactively or if the script is read from
standard input), \code{sys.path[0]} is the empty string, which directs
standard input), \code{path[0]} is the empty string, which directs
Python to search modules in the current directory first. Notice that
the script directory is inserted \emph{before} the entries inserted as
a result of \code{\$PYTHONPATH}.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{platform}
This string contains a platform identifier, e.g. \code{sunos5} or
\code{linux1}. This can be used to append platform-specific
components to \code{sys.path}, for instance.
This string contains a platform identifier, e.g. \code{'sunos5'} or
\code{'linux1'}. This can be used to append platform-specific
components to \code{path}, for instance.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{prefix}
A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform
independent Python files are installed; by default, this is the string
\code{"/usr/local"}. This can be set at build time with the
\code{--prefix} argument to the \code{configure} script. The main
\code{--prefix} argument to the \program{configure} script. The main
collection of Python library modules is installed in the directory
\code{sys.prefix+"/lib/python\var{version}"} while the platform
independent header files (all except \code{config.h}) are stored in
\code{sys.prefix+"/include/python\var{version}"},
where \var{version} is equal to \code{sys.version[:3]}.
\code{prefix + "/lib/python\var{version}"} while the platform
independent header files (all except \file{config.h}) are stored in
\code{prefix + "/include/python\var{version}"},
where \var{version} is equal to \code{version[:3]}.
\end{datadesc}
@ -175,15 +180,15 @@ where \var{version} is equal to \code{sys.version[:3]}.
interpreter. These are only defined if the interpreter is in
interactive mode. Their initial values in this case are
\code{'>>> '} and \code{'... '}. If a non-string object is assigned
to either variable, its \code{str()} is re-evaluated each time the
interpreter prepares to read a new interactive command; this can be
used to implement a dynamic prompt.
to either variable, its \function{str()} is re-evaluated each time
the interpreter prepares to read a new interactive command; this can
be used to implement a dynamic prompt.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{setcheckinterval}{interval}
Set the interpreter's ``check interval''. This integer value
determines how often the interpreter checks for periodic things such
as thread switches and signal handlers. The default is 10, meaning
as thread switches and signal handlers. The default is \code{10}, meaning
the check is performed every 10 Python virtual instructions. Setting
it to a larger value may increase performance for programs using
threads. Setting it to a value \code{<=} 0 checks every virtual instruction,
@ -203,7 +208,7 @@ maximizing responsiveness as well as overhead.
Python source code profiler in Python. See the chapter on the
Python Profiler. The system's profile function
is called similarly to the system's trace function (see
\code{sys.settrace}), but it isn't called for each executed line of
\function{settrace()}), but it isn't called for each executed line of
code (only on call and return and when an exception occurs). Also,
its return value is not used, so it can just return \code{None}.
\end{funcdesc}
@ -214,27 +219,28 @@ maximizing responsiveness as well as overhead.
\dataline{stdout}
\dataline{stderr}
File objects corresponding to the interpreter's standard input,
output and error streams. \code{sys.stdin} is used for all
output and error streams. \code{stdin} is used for all
interpreter input except for scripts but including calls to
\code{input()} and \code{raw_input()}. \code{sys.stdout} is used
for the output of \code{print} and expression statements and for the
prompts of \code{input()} and \code{raw_input()}. The interpreter's
\function{input()}\bifuncindex{input} and
\function{raw_input()}\bifuncindex{raw_input}. \code{stdout} is used
for the output of \keyword{print} and expression statements and for the
prompts of \function{input()} and \function{raw_input()}. The interpreter's
own prompts and (almost all of) its error messages go to
\code{sys.stderr}. \code{sys.stdout} and \code{sys.stderr} needn't
\code{stderr}. \code{stdout} and \code{stderr} needn't
be built-in file objects: any object is acceptable as long as it has
a \code{write()} method that takes a string argument. (Changing these
a \method{write()} method that takes a string argument. (Changing these
objects doesn't affect the standard I/O streams of processes
executed by \code{popen()}, \code{system()} or the \code{exec*()}
family of functions in the \code{os} module.)
executed by \function{os.popen()}, \function{os.system()} or the
\function{exec*()} family of functions in the \module{os} module.)
\refstmodindex{os}
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{tracebacklimit}
When this variable is set to an integer value, it determines the
maximum number of levels of traceback information printed when an
unhandled exception occurs. The default is 1000. When set to 0 or
less, all traceback information is suppressed and only the exception
type and value are printed.
unhandled exception occurs. The default is \code{1000}. When set to
0 or less, all traceback information is suppressed and only the
exception type and value are printed.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{version}

110
Doc/libsys.tex
View File

@ -10,19 +10,19 @@ It is always available.
\begin{datadesc}{argv}
The list of command line arguments passed to a Python script.
\code{sys.argv[0]} is the script name (it is operating system
\code{argv[0]} is the script name (it is operating system
dependent whether this is a full pathname or not).
If the command was executed using the \samp{-c} command line option
to the interpreter, \code{sys.argv[0]} is set to the string
to the interpreter, \code{argv[0]} is set to the string
\code{"-c"}.
If no script name was passed to the Python interpreter,
\code{sys.argv} has zero length.
\code{argv} has zero length.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{builtin_module_names}
A tuple of strings giving the names of all modules that are compiled
into this Python interpreter. (This information is not available in
any other way --- \code{sys.modules.keys()} only lists the imported
any other way --- \code{modules.keys()} only lists the imported
modules.)
\end{datadesc}
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ stack frame. If the current stack frame is not handling an exception,
the information is taken from the calling stack frame, or its caller,
and so on until a stack frame is found that is handling an exception.
Here, ``handling an exception'' is defined as ``executing or having
executed an \code{except} clause.'' For any stack frame, only
executed an except clause.'' For any stack frame, only
information about the most recently handled exception is accessible.
If no exception is being handled anywhere on the stack, a tuple
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ values returned are
Their meaning is: \var{type} gets the exception type of the exception
being handled (a string or class object); \var{value} gets the
exception parameter (its \dfn{associated value} or the second argument
to \code{raise}, which is always a class instance if the exception
to \keyword{raise}, which is always a class instance if the exception
type is a class object); \var{traceback} gets a traceback object (see
the Reference Manual) which encapsulates the call stack at the point
where the exception originally occurred.
@ -59,19 +59,20 @@ the best solution is to use something like
\code{type, value = sys.exc_info()[:2]}
to extract only the exception type and value. If you do need the
traceback, make sure to delete it after use (best done with a
\code{try-finally} statement) or to call \code{sys.exc_info()} in a
function that does not itself handle an exception.
\keyword{try} ... \keyword{finally} statement) or to call
\function{exc_info()} in a function that does not itself handle an
exception.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{datadesc}{exc_type}
\dataline{exc_value}
\dataline{exc_traceback}
Use of these three variables is deprecated; they contain the same
values as returned by \code{sys.exc_info()} above. However, since
they are global variables, they are not specific to the current
\deprecated {1.5}
{Use \function{exc_info()} instead.}
Since they are global variables, they are not specific to the current
thread, so their use is not safe in a multi-threaded program. When no
exception is being handled, \code{sys.exc_type} is set to \code{None}
and the other two are undefined.
exception is being handled, \code{exc_type} is set to \code{None} and
the other two are undefined.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{exec_prefix}
@ -79,18 +80,18 @@ A string giving the site-specific
directory prefix where the platform-dependent Python files are
installed; by default, this is also \code{"/usr/local"}. This can be
set at build time with the \code{--exec-prefix} argument to the
\code{configure} script. Specifically, all configuration files
(e.g. the \code{config.h} header file) are installed in the directory
\code{sys.exec_prefix+"/lib/python\var{version}/config"}, and shared library
\program{configure} script. Specifically, all configuration files
(e.g. the \file{config.h} header file) are installed in the directory
\code{exec_prefix + "/lib/python\var{version}/config"}, and shared library
modules are installed in
\code{sys.exec_prefix+"/lib/python\var{version}/lib-dynload"},
where \var{version} is equal to \code{sys.version[:3]}.
\code{exec_prefix + "/lib/python\var{version}/lib-dynload"},
where \var{version} is equal to \code{version[:3]}.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{exit}{n}
Exit from Python with numeric exit status \var{n}. This is
implemented by raising the \code{SystemExit} exception, so cleanup
actions specified by \code{finally} clauses of \code{try} statements
implemented by raising the \exception{SystemExit} exception, so cleanup
actions specified by finally clauses of \keyword{try} statements
are honored, and it is possible to catch the exit attempt at an outer
level.
\end{funcdesc}
@ -118,54 +119,58 @@ exception is not handled and the interpreter prints an error message
and a stack traceback. Their intended use is to allow an interactive
user to import a debugger module and engage in post-mortem debugging
without having to re-execute the command that caused the error.
(Typical use is \code{import pdb; pdb.pm()} to enter the post-mortem
(Typical use is \samp{import pdb; pdb.pm()} to enter the post-mortem
debugger; see the chapter ``The Python Debugger'' for more
information.)
\refstmodindex{pdb}
The meaning of the variables is the same
as that of the return values from \code{sys.exc_info()} above.
as that of the return values from \function{exc_info()} above.
(Since there is only one interactive thread, thread-safety is not a
concern for these variables, unlike for \code{sys.exc_type} etc.)
concern for these variables, unlike for \code{exc_type} etc.)
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{modules}
Gives the list of modules that have already been loaded.
This can be manipulated to force reloading of modules and other tricks.
This is a dictionary that maps module names to modules which have
already been loaded. This can be manipulated to force reloading of
modules and other tricks. Note that removing a module from this
dictionary is \emph{not} the same as calling
\function{reload()}\bifuncindex{reload} on the corresponding module
object.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{path}
\indexiii{module}{search}{path}
A list of strings that specifies the search path for modules.
Initialized from the environment variable \code{PYTHONPATH}, or an
Initialized from the environment variable \code{\$PYTHONPATH}, or an
installation-dependent default.
The first item of this list, \code{sys.path[0]}, is the
The first item of this list, \code{path[0]}, is the
directory containing the script that was used to invoke the Python
interpreter. If the script directory is not available (e.g. if the
interpreter is invoked interactively or if the script is read from
standard input), \code{sys.path[0]} is the empty string, which directs
standard input), \code{path[0]} is the empty string, which directs
Python to search modules in the current directory first. Notice that
the script directory is inserted \emph{before} the entries inserted as
a result of \code{\$PYTHONPATH}.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{platform}
This string contains a platform identifier, e.g. \code{sunos5} or
\code{linux1}. This can be used to append platform-specific
components to \code{sys.path}, for instance.
This string contains a platform identifier, e.g. \code{'sunos5'} or
\code{'linux1'}. This can be used to append platform-specific
components to \code{path}, for instance.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{prefix}
A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform
independent Python files are installed; by default, this is the string
\code{"/usr/local"}. This can be set at build time with the
\code{--prefix} argument to the \code{configure} script. The main
\code{--prefix} argument to the \program{configure} script. The main
collection of Python library modules is installed in the directory
\code{sys.prefix+"/lib/python\var{version}"} while the platform
independent header files (all except \code{config.h}) are stored in
\code{sys.prefix+"/include/python\var{version}"},
where \var{version} is equal to \code{sys.version[:3]}.
\code{prefix + "/lib/python\var{version}"} while the platform
independent header files (all except \file{config.h}) are stored in
\code{prefix + "/include/python\var{version}"},
where \var{version} is equal to \code{version[:3]}.
\end{datadesc}
@ -175,15 +180,15 @@ where \var{version} is equal to \code{sys.version[:3]}.
interpreter. These are only defined if the interpreter is in
interactive mode. Their initial values in this case are
\code{'>>> '} and \code{'... '}. If a non-string object is assigned
to either variable, its \code{str()} is re-evaluated each time the
interpreter prepares to read a new interactive command; this can be
used to implement a dynamic prompt.
to either variable, its \function{str()} is re-evaluated each time
the interpreter prepares to read a new interactive command; this can
be used to implement a dynamic prompt.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{setcheckinterval}{interval}
Set the interpreter's ``check interval''. This integer value
determines how often the interpreter checks for periodic things such
as thread switches and signal handlers. The default is 10, meaning
as thread switches and signal handlers. The default is \code{10}, meaning
the check is performed every 10 Python virtual instructions. Setting
it to a larger value may increase performance for programs using
threads. Setting it to a value \code{<=} 0 checks every virtual instruction,
@ -203,7 +208,7 @@ maximizing responsiveness as well as overhead.
Python source code profiler in Python. See the chapter on the
Python Profiler. The system's profile function
is called similarly to the system's trace function (see
\code{sys.settrace}), but it isn't called for each executed line of
\function{settrace()}), but it isn't called for each executed line of
code (only on call and return and when an exception occurs). Also,
its return value is not used, so it can just return \code{None}.
\end{funcdesc}
@ -214,27 +219,28 @@ maximizing responsiveness as well as overhead.
\dataline{stdout}
\dataline{stderr}
File objects corresponding to the interpreter's standard input,
output and error streams. \code{sys.stdin} is used for all
output and error streams. \code{stdin} is used for all
interpreter input except for scripts but including calls to
\code{input()} and \code{raw_input()}. \code{sys.stdout} is used
for the output of \code{print} and expression statements and for the
prompts of \code{input()} and \code{raw_input()}. The interpreter's
\function{input()}\bifuncindex{input} and
\function{raw_input()}\bifuncindex{raw_input}. \code{stdout} is used
for the output of \keyword{print} and expression statements and for the
prompts of \function{input()} and \function{raw_input()}. The interpreter's
own prompts and (almost all of) its error messages go to
\code{sys.stderr}. \code{sys.stdout} and \code{sys.stderr} needn't
\code{stderr}. \code{stdout} and \code{stderr} needn't
be built-in file objects: any object is acceptable as long as it has
a \code{write()} method that takes a string argument. (Changing these
a \method{write()} method that takes a string argument. (Changing these
objects doesn't affect the standard I/O streams of processes
executed by \code{popen()}, \code{system()} or the \code{exec*()}
family of functions in the \code{os} module.)
executed by \function{os.popen()}, \function{os.system()} or the
\function{exec*()} family of functions in the \module{os} module.)
\refstmodindex{os}
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{tracebacklimit}
When this variable is set to an integer value, it determines the
maximum number of levels of traceback information printed when an
unhandled exception occurs. The default is 1000. When set to 0 or
less, all traceback information is suppressed and only the exception
type and value are printed.
unhandled exception occurs. The default is \code{1000}. When set to
0 or less, all traceback information is suppressed and only the
exception type and value are printed.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{version}