cpython/Lib/test/test_builtin.py

# Python test set -- built-in functions

import platform
import test.test_support, unittest
from test.test_support import fcmp, have_unicode, TESTFN, unlink, \
                              run_unittest, run_with_locale
from operator import neg

import sys, warnings, cStringIO, random, fractions, UserDict
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "hex../oct.. of negative int",
                        FutureWarning, __name__)
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "integer argument expected",
                        DeprecationWarning, "unittest")

# count the number of test runs.
# used to skip running test_execfile() multiple times
# and to create unique strings to intern in test_intern()
numruns = 0

class Squares:

    def __init__(self, max):
        self.max = max
        self.sofar = []

    def __len__(self): return len(self.sofar)

    def __getitem__(self, i):
        if not 0 <= i < self.max: raise IndexError
        n = len(self.sofar)
        while n <= i:
            self.sofar.append(n*n)
            n += 1
        return self.sofar[i]

class StrSquares:

    def __init__(self, max):
        self.max = max
        self.sofar = []

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.sofar)

    def __getitem__(self, i):
        if not 0 <= i < self.max:
            raise IndexError
        n = len(self.sofar)
        while n <= i:
            self.sofar.append(str(n*n))
            n += 1
        return self.sofar[i]

class BitBucket:
    def write(self, line):
        pass


class TestFailingBool:
    def __nonzero__(self):
        raise RuntimeError

class TestFailingIter:
    def __iter__(self):
        raise RuntimeError

class BuiltinTest(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_import(self):
        __import__('sys')
        __import__('time')
        __import__('string')
        __import__(name='sys')
        __import__(name='time', level=0)
        self.assertRaises(ImportError, __import__, 'spamspam')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, __import__, 1, 2, 3, 4)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, __import__, '')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, __import__, 'sys', name='sys')

    def test_abs(self):
        # int
        self.assertEqual(abs(0), 0)
        self.assertEqual(abs(1234), 1234)
        self.assertEqual(abs(-1234), 1234)
        self.assertTrue(abs(-sys.maxint-1) > 0)
        # float
        self.assertEqual(abs(0.0), 0.0)
        self.assertEqual(abs(3.14), 3.14)
        self.assertEqual(abs(-3.14), 3.14)
        # long
        self.assertEqual(abs(0L), 0L)
        self.assertEqual(abs(1234L), 1234L)
        self.assertEqual(abs(-1234L), 1234L)
        # str
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, abs, 'a')

    def test_all(self):
        self.assertEqual(all([2, 4, 6]), True)
        self.assertEqual(all([2, None, 6]), False)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, all, [2, TestFailingBool(), 6])
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, all, TestFailingIter())
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, all, 10)               # Non-iterable
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, all)                   # No args
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, all, [2, 4, 6], [])    # Too many args
        self.assertEqual(all([]), True)                     # Empty iterator
        S = [50, 60]
        self.assertEqual(all(x > 42 for x in S), True)
        S = [50, 40, 60]
        self.assertEqual(all(x > 42 for x in S), False)

    def test_any(self):
        self.assertEqual(any([None, None, None]), False)
        self.assertEqual(any([None, 4, None]), True)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, any, [None, TestFailingBool(), 6])
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, all, TestFailingIter())
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, any, 10)               # Non-iterable
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, any)                   # No args
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, any, [2, 4, 6], [])    # Too many args
        self.assertEqual(any([]), False)                    # Empty iterator
        S = [40, 60, 30]
        self.assertEqual(any(x > 42 for x in S), True)
        S = [10, 20, 30]
        self.assertEqual(any(x > 42 for x in S), False)

    def test_neg(self):
        x = -sys.maxint-1
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(x, int))
        self.assertEqual(-x, sys.maxint+1)

    def test_apply(self):
        def f0(*args):
            self.assertEqual(args, ())
        def f1(a1):
            self.assertEqual(a1, 1)
        def f2(a1, a2):
            self.assertEqual(a1, 1)
            self.assertEqual(a2, 2)
        def f3(a1, a2, a3):
            self.assertEqual(a1, 1)
            self.assertEqual(a2, 2)
            self.assertEqual(a3, 3)
        apply(f0, ())
        apply(f1, (1,))
        apply(f2, (1, 2))
        apply(f3, (1, 2, 3))

        # A PyCFunction that takes only positional parameters should allow an
        # empty keyword dictionary to pass without a complaint, but raise a
        # TypeError if the dictionary is non-empty.
        apply(id, (1,), {})
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, apply, id, (1,), {"foo": 1})
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, apply)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, apply, id, 42)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, apply, id, (42,), 42)

    def test_callable(self):
        self.assertTrue(callable(len))
        def f(): pass
        self.assertTrue(callable(f))
        class C:
            def meth(self): pass
        self.assertTrue(callable(C))
        x = C()
        self.assertTrue(callable(x.meth))
        self.assertTrue(not callable(x))
        class D(C):
            def __call__(self): pass
        y = D()
        self.assertTrue(callable(y))
        y()

    def test_chr(self):
        self.assertEqual(chr(32), ' ')
        self.assertEqual(chr(65), 'A')
        self.assertEqual(chr(97), 'a')
        self.assertEqual(chr(0xff), '\xff')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, chr, 256)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, chr)

    def test_cmp(self):
        self.assertEqual(cmp(-1, 1), -1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(1, -1), 1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(1, 1), 0)
        # verify that circular objects are not handled
        a = []; a.append(a)
        b = []; b.append(b)
        from UserList import UserList
        c = UserList(); c.append(c)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, cmp, a, b)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, cmp, b, c)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, cmp, c, a)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, cmp, a, c)
       # okay, now break the cycles
        a.pop(); b.pop(); c.pop()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cmp)

    def test_coerce(self):
        self.assertTrue(not fcmp(coerce(1, 1.1), (1.0, 1.1)))
        self.assertEqual(coerce(1, 1L), (1L, 1L))
        self.assertTrue(not fcmp(coerce(1L, 1.1), (1.0, 1.1)))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, coerce)
        class BadNumber:
            def __coerce__(self, other):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, coerce, 42, BadNumber())
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, coerce, 0.5, int("12345" * 1000))

    def test_compile(self):
        compile('print 1\n', '', 'exec')
        bom = '\xef\xbb\xbf'
        compile(bom + 'print 1\n', '', 'exec')
        compile(source='pass', filename='?', mode='exec')
        compile(dont_inherit=0, filename='tmp', source='0', mode='eval')
        compile('pass', '?', dont_inherit=1, mode='exec')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, compile)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, compile, 'print 42\n', '<string>', 'badmode')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, compile, 'print 42\n', '<string>', 'single', 0xff)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, compile, chr(0), 'f', 'exec')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, compile, 'pass', '?', 'exec',
                          mode='eval', source='0', filename='tmp')
        if have_unicode:
            compile(unicode('print u"\xc3\xa5"\n', 'utf8'), '', 'exec')
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, compile, unichr(0), 'f', 'exec')
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, compile, unicode('a = 1'), 'f', 'bad')


    def test_delattr(self):
        import sys
        sys.spam = 1
        delattr(sys, 'spam')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, delattr)

    def test_dir(self):
        # dir(wrong number of arguments)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, dir, 42, 42)

        # dir() - local scope
        local_var = 1
        self.assertTrue('local_var' in dir())

        # dir(module)
        import sys
        self.assertTrue('exit' in dir(sys))

        # dir(module_with_invalid__dict__)
        import types
        class Foo(types.ModuleType):
            __dict__ = 8
        f = Foo("foo")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, dir, f)

        # dir(type)
        self.assertTrue("strip" in dir(str))
        self.assertTrue("__mro__" not in dir(str))

        # dir(obj)
        class Foo(object):
            def __init__(self):
                self.x = 7
                self.y = 8
                self.z = 9
        f = Foo()
        self.assertTrue("y" in dir(f))

        # dir(obj_no__dict__)
        class Foo(object):
            __slots__ = []
        f = Foo()
        self.assertTrue("__repr__" in dir(f))

        # dir(obj_no__class__with__dict__)
        # (an ugly trick to cause getattr(f, "__class__") to fail)
        class Foo(object):
            __slots__ = ["__class__", "__dict__"]
            def __init__(self):
                self.bar = "wow"
        f = Foo()
        self.assertTrue("__repr__" not in dir(f))
        self.assertTrue("bar" in dir(f))

        # dir(obj_using __dir__)
        class Foo(object):
            def __dir__(self):
                return ["kan", "ga", "roo"]
        f = Foo()
        self.assertTrue(dir(f) == ["ga", "kan", "roo"])

        # dir(obj__dir__not_list)
        class Foo(object):
            def __dir__(self):
                return 7
        f = Foo()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, dir, f)

    def test_divmod(self):
        self.assertEqual(divmod(12, 7), (1, 5))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12, 7), (-2, 2))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(12, -7), (-2, -2))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12, -7), (1, -5))

        self.assertEqual(divmod(12L, 7L), (1L, 5L))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12L, 7L), (-2L, 2L))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(12L, -7L), (-2L, -2L))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12L, -7L), (1L, -5L))

        self.assertEqual(divmod(12, 7L), (1, 5L))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12, 7L), (-2, 2L))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(12L, -7), (-2L, -2))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12L, -7), (1L, -5))

        self.assertEqual(divmod(-sys.maxint-1, -1),
                         (sys.maxint+1, 0))

        self.assertTrue(not fcmp(divmod(3.25, 1.0), (3.0, 0.25)))
        self.assertTrue(not fcmp(divmod(-3.25, 1.0), (-4.0, 0.75)))
        self.assertTrue(not fcmp(divmod(3.25, -1.0), (-4.0, -0.75)))
        self.assertTrue(not fcmp(divmod(-3.25, -1.0), (3.0, -0.25)))

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, divmod)

    def test_eval(self):
        self.assertEqual(eval('1+1'), 2)
        self.assertEqual(eval(' 1+1\n'), 2)
        globals = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
        locals = {'b': 200, 'c': 300}
        self.assertEqual(eval('a', globals) , 1)
        self.assertEqual(eval('a', globals, locals), 1)
        self.assertEqual(eval('b', globals, locals), 200)
        self.assertEqual(eval('c', globals, locals), 300)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('1+1')), 2)
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode(' 1+1\n')), 2)
        globals = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
        locals = {'b': 200, 'c': 300}
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('a'), globals), 1)
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('a'), globals, locals), 1)
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('b'), globals, locals), 200)
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('c'), globals, locals), 300)
            bom = '\xef\xbb\xbf'
            self.assertEqual(eval(bom + 'a', globals, locals), 1)
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('u"\xc3\xa5"', 'utf8'), globals),
                             unicode('\xc3\xa5', 'utf8'))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, ())

    def test_general_eval(self):
        # Tests that general mappings can be used for the locals argument

        class M:
            "Test mapping interface versus possible calls from eval()."
            def __getitem__(self, key):
                if key == 'a':
                    return 12
                raise KeyError
            def keys(self):
                return list('xyz')

        m = M()
        g = globals()
        self.assertEqual(eval('a', g, m), 12)
        self.assertRaises(NameError, eval, 'b', g, m)
        self.assertEqual(eval('dir()', g, m), list('xyz'))
        self.assertEqual(eval('globals()', g, m), g)
        self.assertEqual(eval('locals()', g, m), m)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'a', m)
        class A:
            "Non-mapping"
            pass
        m = A()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'a', g, m)

        # Verify that dict subclasses work as well
        class D(dict):
            def __getitem__(self, key):
                if key == 'a':
                    return 12
                return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
            def keys(self):
                return list('xyz')

        d = D()
        self.assertEqual(eval('a', g, d), 12)
        self.assertRaises(NameError, eval, 'b', g, d)
        self.assertEqual(eval('dir()', g, d), list('xyz'))
        self.assertEqual(eval('globals()', g, d), g)
        self.assertEqual(eval('locals()', g, d), d)

        # Verify locals stores (used by list comps)
        eval('[locals() for i in (2,3)]', g, d)
        eval('[locals() for i in (2,3)]', g, UserDict.UserDict())

        class SpreadSheet:
            "Sample application showing nested, calculated lookups."
            _cells = {}
            def __setitem__(self, key, formula):
                self._cells[key] = formula
            def __getitem__(self, key):
                return eval(self._cells[key], globals(), self)

        ss = SpreadSheet()
        ss['a1'] = '5'
        ss['a2'] = 'a1*6'
        ss['a3'] = 'a2*7'
        self.assertEqual(ss['a3'], 210)

        # Verify that dir() catches a non-list returned by eval
        # SF bug #1004669
        class C:
            def __getitem__(self, item):
                raise KeyError(item)
            def keys(self):
                return 'a'
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'dir()', globals(), C())

    # Done outside of the method test_z to get the correct scope
    z = 0
    f = open(TESTFN, 'w')
    f.write('z = z+1\n')
    f.write('z = z*2\n')
    f.close()
    execfile(TESTFN)

    def test_execfile(self):
        global numruns
        if numruns:
            return
        numruns += 1

        globals = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
        locals = {'b': 200, 'c': 300}

        self.assertEqual(self.__class__.z, 2)
        globals['z'] = 0
        execfile(TESTFN, globals)
        self.assertEqual(globals['z'], 2)
        locals['z'] = 0
        execfile(TESTFN, globals, locals)
        self.assertEqual(locals['z'], 2)

        class M:
            "Test mapping interface versus possible calls from execfile()."
            def __init__(self):
                self.z = 10
            def __getitem__(self, key):
                if key == 'z':
                    return self.z
                raise KeyError
            def __setitem__(self, key, value):
                if key == 'z':
                    self.z = value
                    return
                raise KeyError

        locals = M()
        locals['z'] = 0
        execfile(TESTFN, globals, locals)
        self.assertEqual(locals['z'], 2)

        unlink(TESTFN)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, execfile)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, execfile, TESTFN, {}, ())
        import os
        self.assertRaises(IOError, execfile, os.curdir)
        self.assertRaises(IOError, execfile, "I_dont_exist")

    def test_filter(self):
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda c: 'a' <= c <= 'z', 'Hello World'), 'elloorld')
        self.assertEqual(filter(None, [1, 'hello', [], [3], '', None, 9, 0]), [1, 'hello', [3], 9])
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x > 0, [1, -3, 9, 0, 2]), [1, 9, 2])
        self.assertEqual(filter(None, Squares(10)), [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81])
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x%2, Squares(10)), [1, 9, 25, 49, 81])
        def identity(item):
            return 1
        filter(identity, Squares(5))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter)
        class BadSeq(object):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                if index<4:
                    return 42
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, filter, lambda x: x, BadSeq())
        def badfunc():
            pass
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, badfunc, range(5))

        # test bltinmodule.c::filtertuple()
        self.assertEqual(filter(None, (1, 2)), (1, 2))
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x>=3, (1, 2, 3, 4)), (3, 4))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, 42, (1, 2))

        # test bltinmodule.c::filterstring()
        self.assertEqual(filter(None, "12"), "12")
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x>="3", "1234"), "34")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, 42, "12")
        class badstr(str):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, filter, lambda x: x >="3", badstr("1234"))

        class badstr2(str):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                return 42
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, lambda x: x >=42, badstr2("1234"))

        class weirdstr(str):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                return weirdstr(2*str.__getitem__(self, index))
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x>="33", weirdstr("1234")), "3344")

        class shiftstr(str):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                return chr(ord(str.__getitem__(self, index))+1)
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x>="3", shiftstr("1234")), "345")

        if have_unicode:
            # test bltinmodule.c::filterunicode()
            self.assertEqual(filter(None, unicode("12")), unicode("12"))
            self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x>="3", unicode("1234")), unicode("34"))
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, 42, unicode("12"))
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, filter, lambda x: x >="3", badstr(unicode("1234")))

            class badunicode(unicode):
                def __getitem__(self, index):
                    return 42
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, lambda x: x >=42, badunicode("1234"))

            class weirdunicode(unicode):
                def __getitem__(self, index):
                    return weirdunicode(2*unicode.__getitem__(self, index))
            self.assertEqual(
                filter(lambda x: x>=unicode("33"), weirdunicode("1234")), unicode("3344"))

            class shiftunicode(unicode):
                def __getitem__(self, index):
                    return unichr(ord(unicode.__getitem__(self, index))+1)
            self.assertEqual(
                filter(lambda x: x>=unicode("3"), shiftunicode("1234")),
                unicode("345")
            )

    def test_filter_subclasses(self):
        # test that filter() never returns tuple, str or unicode subclasses
        # and that the result always goes through __getitem__
        funcs = (None, bool, lambda x: True)
        class tuple2(tuple):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                return 2*tuple.__getitem__(self, index)
        class str2(str):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                return 2*str.__getitem__(self, index)
        inputs = {
            tuple2: {(): (), (1, 2, 3): (2, 4, 6)},
            str2:   {"": "", "123": "112233"}
        }
        if have_unicode:
            class unicode2(unicode):
                def __getitem__(self, index):
                    return 2*unicode.__getitem__(self, index)
            inputs[unicode2] = {
                unicode(): unicode(),
                unicode("123"): unicode("112233")
            }

        for (cls, inps) in inputs.iteritems():
            for (inp, exp) in inps.iteritems():
                # make sure the output goes through __getitem__
                # even if func is None
                self.assertEqual(
                    filter(funcs[0], cls(inp)),
                    filter(funcs[1], cls(inp))
                )
                for func in funcs:
                    outp = filter(func, cls(inp))
                    self.assertEqual(outp, exp)
                    self.assertTrue(not isinstance(outp, cls))

    def test_getattr(self):
        import sys
        self.assertTrue(getattr(sys, 'stdout') is sys.stdout)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, getattr, sys, 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, getattr, sys, 1, "foo")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, getattr)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, getattr, sys, unichr(sys.maxunicode))

    def test_hasattr(self):
        import sys
        self.assertTrue(hasattr(sys, 'stdout'))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hasattr, sys, 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hasattr)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, hasattr, sys, unichr(sys.maxunicode))

        # Check that hasattr allows SystemExit and KeyboardInterrupts by
        class A:
            def __getattr__(self, what):
                raise KeyboardInterrupt
        self.assertRaises(KeyboardInterrupt, hasattr, A(), "b")
        class B:
            def __getattr__(self, what):
                raise SystemExit
        self.assertRaises(SystemExit, hasattr, B(), "b")

    def test_hash(self):
        hash(None)
        self.assertEqual(hash(1), hash(1L))
        self.assertEqual(hash(1), hash(1.0))
        hash('spam')
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(hash('spam'), hash(unicode('spam')))
        hash((0,1,2,3))
        def f(): pass
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hash, [])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hash, {})
        # Bug 1536021: Allow hash to return long objects
        class X:
            def __hash__(self):
                return 2**100
        self.assertEquals(type(hash(X())), int)
        class Y(object):
            def __hash__(self):
                return 2**100
        self.assertEquals(type(hash(Y())), int)
        class Z(long):
            def __hash__(self):
                return self
        self.assertEquals(hash(Z(42)), hash(42L))

    def test_hex(self):
        self.assertEqual(hex(16), '0x10')
        self.assertEqual(hex(16L), '0x10L')
        self.assertEqual(hex(-16), '-0x10')
        self.assertEqual(hex(-16L), '-0x10L')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hex, {})

    def test_id(self):
        id(None)
        id(1)
        id(1L)
        id(1.0)
        id('spam')
        id((0,1,2,3))
        id([0,1,2,3])
        id({'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'ham': 3})

    # Test input() later, together with raw_input

    def test_intern(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, intern)
        # This fails if the test is run twice with a constant string,
        # therefore append the run counter
        s = "never interned before " + str(numruns)
        self.assertTrue(intern(s) is s)
        s2 = s.swapcase().swapcase()
        self.assertTrue(intern(s2) is s)

        # Subclasses of string can't be interned, because they
        # provide too much opportunity for insane things to happen.
        # We don't want them in the interned dict and if they aren't
        # actually interned, we don't want to create the appearance
        # that they are by allowing intern() to succeeed.
        class S(str):
            def __hash__(self):
                return 123

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, intern, S("abc"))

        # It's still safe to pass these strings to routines that
        # call intern internally, e.g. PyObject_SetAttr().
        s = S("abc")
        setattr(s, s, s)
        self.assertEqual(getattr(s, s), s)

    def test_iter(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, iter)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, iter, 42, 42)
        lists = [("1", "2"), ["1", "2"], "12"]
        if have_unicode:
            lists.append(unicode("12"))
        for l in lists:
            i = iter(l)
            self.assertEqual(i.next(), '1')
            self.assertEqual(i.next(), '2')
            self.assertRaises(StopIteration, i.next)

    def test_isinstance(self):
        class C:
            pass
        class D(C):
            pass
        class E:
            pass
        c = C()
        d = D()
        e = E()
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(c, C))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(d, C))
        self.assertTrue(not isinstance(e, C))
        self.assertTrue(not isinstance(c, D))
        self.assertTrue(not isinstance('foo', E))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, isinstance, E, 'foo')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, isinstance)

    def test_issubclass(self):
        class C:
            pass
        class D(C):
            pass
        class E:
            pass
        c = C()
        d = D()
        e = E()
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(D, C))
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(C, C))
        self.assertTrue(not issubclass(C, D))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, issubclass, 'foo', E)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, issubclass, E, 'foo')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, issubclass)

    def test_len(self):
        self.assertEqual(len('123'), 3)
        self.assertEqual(len(()), 0)
        self.assertEqual(len((1, 2, 3, 4)), 4)
        self.assertEqual(len([1, 2, 3, 4]), 4)
        self.assertEqual(len({}), 0)
        self.assertEqual(len({'a':1, 'b': 2}), 2)
        class BadSeq:
            def __len__(self):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, len, BadSeq())

    def test_map(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            map(None, 'hello world'),
            ['h','e','l','l','o',' ','w','o','r','l','d']
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(None, 'abcd', 'efg'),
            [('a', 'e'), ('b', 'f'), ('c', 'g'), ('d', None)]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(None, range(10)),
            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(lambda x: x*x, range(1,4)),
            [1, 4, 9]
        )
        try:
            from math import sqrt
        except ImportError:
            def sqrt(x):
                return pow(x, 0.5)
        self.assertEqual(
            map(lambda x: map(sqrt,x), [[16, 4], [81, 9]]),
            [[4.0, 2.0], [9.0, 3.0]]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(lambda x, y: x+y, [1,3,2], [9,1,4]),
            [10, 4, 6]
        )

        def plus(*v):
            accu = 0
            for i in v: accu = accu + i
            return accu
        self.assertEqual(
            map(plus, [1, 3, 7]),
            [1, 3, 7]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(plus, [1, 3, 7], [4, 9, 2]),
            [1+4, 3+9, 7+2]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(plus, [1, 3, 7], [4, 9, 2], [1, 1, 0]),
            [1+4+1, 3+9+1, 7+2+0]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(None, Squares(10)),
            [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(int, Squares(10)),
            [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(None, Squares(3), Squares(2)),
            [(0,0), (1,1), (4,None)]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(max, Squares(3), Squares(2)),
            [0, 1, 4]
        )
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, map)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, map, lambda x: x, 42)
        self.assertEqual(map(None, [42]), [42])
        class BadSeq:
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, map, lambda x: x, BadSeq())
        def badfunc(x):
            raise RuntimeError
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, map, badfunc, range(5))

    def test_max(self):
        self.assertEqual(max('123123'), '3')
        self.assertEqual(max(1, 2, 3), 3)
        self.assertEqual(max((1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)), 3)
        self.assertEqual(max([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]), 3)

        self.assertEqual(max(1, 2L, 3.0), 3.0)
        self.assertEqual(max(1L, 2.0, 3), 3)
        self.assertEqual(max(1.0, 2, 3L), 3L)

        for stmt in (
            "max(key=int)",                 # no args
            "max(1, key=int)",              # single arg not iterable
            "max(1, 2, keystone=int)",      # wrong keyword
            "max(1, 2, key=int, abc=int)",  # two many keywords
            "max(1, 2, key=1)",             # keyfunc is not callable
            ):
            try:
                exec(stmt) in globals()
            except TypeError:
                pass
            else:
                self.fail(stmt)

        self.assertEqual(max((1,), key=neg), 1)     # one elem iterable
        self.assertEqual(max((1,2), key=neg), 1)    # two elem iterable
        self.assertEqual(max(1, 2, key=neg), 1)     # two elems

        data = [random.randrange(200) for i in range(100)]
        keys = dict((elem, random.randrange(50)) for elem in data)
        f = keys.__getitem__
        self.assertEqual(max(data, key=f),
                         sorted(reversed(data), key=f)[-1])

    def test_min(self):
        self.assertEqual(min('123123'), '1')
        self.assertEqual(min(1, 2, 3), 1)
        self.assertEqual(min((1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)), 1)
        self.assertEqual(min([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]), 1)

        self.assertEqual(min(1, 2L, 3.0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(min(1L, 2.0, 3), 1L)
        self.assertEqual(min(1.0, 2, 3L), 1.0)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, min)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, min, 42)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, min, ())
        class BadSeq:
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, min, BadSeq())
        class BadNumber:
            def __cmp__(self, other):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, min, (42, BadNumber()))

        for stmt in (
            "min(key=int)",                 # no args
            "min(1, key=int)",              # single arg not iterable
            "min(1, 2, keystone=int)",      # wrong keyword
            "min(1, 2, key=int, abc=int)",  # two many keywords
            "min(1, 2, key=1)",             # keyfunc is not callable
            ):
            try:
                exec(stmt) in globals()
            except TypeError:
                pass
            else:
                self.fail(stmt)

        self.assertEqual(min((1,), key=neg), 1)     # one elem iterable
        self.assertEqual(min((1,2), key=neg), 2)    # two elem iterable
        self.assertEqual(min(1, 2, key=neg), 2)     # two elems

        data = [random.randrange(200) for i in range(100)]
        keys = dict((elem, random.randrange(50)) for elem in data)
        f = keys.__getitem__
        self.assertEqual(min(data, key=f),
                         sorted(data, key=f)[0])

    def test_next(self):
        it = iter(range(2))
        self.assertEqual(next(it), 0)
        self.assertEqual(next(it), 1)
        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, it)
        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, it)
        self.assertEquals(next(it, 42), 42)

        class Iter(object):
            def __iter__(self):
                return self
            def next(self):
                raise StopIteration

        it = iter(Iter())
        self.assertEquals(next(it, 42), 42)
        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, it)

        def gen():
            yield 1
            return

        it = gen()
        self.assertEquals(next(it), 1)
        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, it)
        self.assertEquals(next(it, 42), 42)

    def test_oct(self):
        self.assertEqual(oct(100), '0144')
        self.assertEqual(oct(100L), '0144L')
        self.assertEqual(oct(-100), '-0144')
        self.assertEqual(oct(-100L), '-0144L')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, oct, ())

    def write_testfile(self):
        # NB the first 4 lines are also used to test input and raw_input, below
        fp = open(TESTFN, 'w')
        try:
            fp.write('1+1\n')
            fp.write('1+1\n')
            fp.write('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog')
            fp.write('.\n')
            fp.write('Dear John\n')
            fp.write('XXX'*100)
            fp.write('YYY'*100)
        finally:
            fp.close()

    def test_open(self):
        self.write_testfile()
        fp = open(TESTFN, 'r')
        try:
            self.assertEqual(fp.readline(4), '1+1\n')
            self.assertEqual(fp.readline(4), '1+1\n')
            self.assertEqual(fp.readline(), 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\n')
            self.assertEqual(fp.readline(4), 'Dear')
            self.assertEqual(fp.readline(100), ' John\n')
            self.assertEqual(fp.read(300), 'XXX'*100)
            self.assertEqual(fp.read(1000), 'YYY'*100)
        finally:
            fp.close()
        unlink(TESTFN)

    def test_ord(self):
        self.assertEqual(ord(' '), 32)
        self.assertEqual(ord('A'), 65)
        self.assertEqual(ord('a'), 97)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(ord(unichr(sys.maxunicode)), sys.maxunicode)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ord, 42)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, ord, unicode("12"))

    def test_pow(self):
        self.assertEqual(pow(0,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(0,1), 0)
        self.assertEqual(pow(1,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(1,1), 1)

        self.assertEqual(pow(2,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2,10), 1024)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2,20), 1024*1024)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2,30), 1024*1024*1024)

        self.assertEqual(pow(-2,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2,1), -2)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2,2), 4)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2,3), -8)

        self.assertEqual(pow(0L,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(0L,1), 0)
        self.assertEqual(pow(1L,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(1L,1), 1)

        self.assertEqual(pow(2L,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2L,10), 1024)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2L,20), 1024*1024)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2L,30), 1024*1024*1024)

        self.assertEqual(pow(-2L,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2L,1), -2)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2L,2), 4)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2L,3), -8)

        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(0.,0), 1.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(0.,1), 0.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(1.,0), 1.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(1.,1), 1.)

        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(2.,0), 1.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(2.,10), 1024.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(2.,20), 1024.*1024.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(2.,30), 1024.*1024.*1024.)

        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(-2.,0), 1.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(-2.,1), -2.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(-2.,2), 4.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(-2.,3), -8.)

        for x in 2, 2L, 2.0:
            for y in 10, 10L, 10.0:
                for z in 1000, 1000L, 1000.0:
                    if isinstance(x, float) or \
                       isinstance(y, float) or \
                       isinstance(z, float):
                        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pow, x, y, z)
                    else:
                        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(x, y, z), 24.0)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pow, -1, -2, 3)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, pow, 1, 2, 0)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pow, -1L, -2L, 3L)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, pow, 1L, 2L, 0L)
        # Will return complex in 3.0:
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, pow, -342.43, 0.234)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pow)

    def test_range(self):
        self.assertEqual(range(3), [0, 1, 2])
        self.assertEqual(range(1, 5), [1, 2, 3, 4])
        self.assertEqual(range(0), [])
        self.assertEqual(range(-3), [])
        self.assertEqual(range(1, 10, 3), [1, 4, 7])
        self.assertEqual(range(5, -5, -3), [5, 2, -1, -4])

        # Now test range() with longs
        self.assertEqual(range(-2**100), [])
        self.assertEqual(range(0, -2**100), [])
        self.assertEqual(range(0, 2**100, -1), [])
        self.assertEqual(range(0, 2**100, -1), [])

        a = long(10 * sys.maxint)
        b = long(100 * sys.maxint)
        c = long(50 * sys.maxint)

        self.assertEqual(range(a, a+2), [a, a+1])
        self.assertEqual(range(a+2, a, -1L), [a+2, a+1])
        self.assertEqual(range(a+4, a, -2), [a+4, a+2])

        seq = range(a, b, c)
        self.assertTrue(a in seq)
        self.assertTrue(b not in seq)
        self.assertEqual(len(seq), 2)

        seq = range(b, a, -c)
        self.assertTrue(b in seq)
        self.assertTrue(a not in seq)
        self.assertEqual(len(seq), 2)

        seq = range(-a, -b, -c)
        self.assertTrue(-a in seq)
        self.assertTrue(-b not in seq)
        self.assertEqual(len(seq), 2)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, range)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, range, 1, 2, 3, 4)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, range, 1, 2, 0)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, range, a, a + 1, long(0))

        class badzero(int):
            def __cmp__(self, other):
                raise RuntimeError
            __hash__ = None # Invalid cmp makes this unhashable
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, range, a, a + 1, badzero(1))

        # Reject floats when it would require PyLongs to represent.
        # (smaller floats still accepted, but deprecated)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, range, 1e100, 1e101, 1e101)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, range, 0, "spam")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, range, 0, 42, "spam")

        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, range, -sys.maxint, sys.maxint)
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, range, 0, 2*sys.maxint)

    def test_input_and_raw_input(self):
        self.write_testfile()
        fp = open(TESTFN, 'r')
        savestdin = sys.stdin
        savestdout = sys.stdout # Eats the echo
        try:
            sys.stdin = fp
            sys.stdout = BitBucket()
            self.assertEqual(input(), 2)
            self.assertEqual(input('testing\n'), 2)
            self.assertEqual(raw_input(), 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.')
            self.assertEqual(raw_input('testing\n'), 'Dear John')

            # SF 1535165: don't segfault on closed stdin
            # sys.stdout must be a regular file for triggering
            sys.stdout = savestdout
            sys.stdin.close()
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, input)

            sys.stdout = BitBucket()
            sys.stdin = cStringIO.StringIO("NULL\0")
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, input, 42, 42)
            sys.stdin = cStringIO.StringIO("    'whitespace'")
            self.assertEqual(input(), 'whitespace')
            sys.stdin = cStringIO.StringIO()
            self.assertRaises(EOFError, input)

            # SF 876178: make sure input() respect future options.
            sys.stdin = cStringIO.StringIO('1/2')
            sys.stdout = cStringIO.StringIO()
            exec compile('print input()', 'test_builtin_tmp', 'exec')
            sys.stdin.seek(0, 0)
            exec compile('from __future__ import division;print input()',
                         'test_builtin_tmp', 'exec')
            sys.stdin.seek(0, 0)
            exec compile('print input()', 'test_builtin_tmp', 'exec')
            # The result we expect depends on whether new division semantics
            # are already in effect.
            if 1/2 == 0:
                # This test was compiled with old semantics.
                expected = ['0', '0.5', '0']
            else:
                # This test was compiled with new semantics (e.g., -Qnew
                # was given on the command line.
                expected = ['0.5', '0.5', '0.5']
            self.assertEqual(sys.stdout.getvalue().splitlines(), expected)

            del sys.stdout
            self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, input, 'prompt')
            del sys.stdin
            self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, input, 'prompt')
        finally:
            sys.stdin = savestdin
            sys.stdout = savestdout
            fp.close()
            unlink(TESTFN)

    def test_reduce(self):
        self.assertEqual(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, ['a', 'b', 'c'], ''), 'abc')
        self.assertEqual(
            reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [['a', 'c'], [], ['d', 'w']], []),
            ['a','c','d','w']
        )
        self.assertEqual(reduce(lambda x, y: x*y, range(2,8), 1), 5040)
        self.assertEqual(
            reduce(lambda x, y: x*y, range(2,21), 1L),
            2432902008176640000L
        )
        self.assertEqual(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, Squares(10)), 285)
        self.assertEqual(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, Squares(10), 0), 285)
        self.assertEqual(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, Squares(0), 0), 0)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, reduce)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, reduce, 42, 42)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, reduce, 42, 42, 42)
        self.assertEqual(reduce(42, "1"), "1") # func is never called with one item
        self.assertEqual(reduce(42, "", "1"), "1") # func is never called with one item
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, reduce, 42, (42, 42))

        class BadSeq:
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, reduce, 42, BadSeq())

    def test_reload(self):
        import marshal
        reload(marshal)
        import string
        reload(string)
        ## import sys
        ## self.assertRaises(ImportError, reload, sys)

    def test_repr(self):
        self.assertEqual(repr(''), '\'\'')
        self.assertEqual(repr(0), '0')
        self.assertEqual(repr(0L), '0L')
        self.assertEqual(repr(()), '()')
        self.assertEqual(repr([]), '[]')
        self.assertEqual(repr({}), '{}')
        a = []
        a.append(a)
        self.assertEqual(repr(a), '[[...]]')
        a = {}
        a[0] = a
        self.assertEqual(repr(a), '{0: {...}}')

    def test_round(self):
        self.assertEqual(round(0.0), 0.0)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(0.0)), float)  # Will be int in 3.0.
        self.assertEqual(round(1.0), 1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(10.0), 10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(1000000000.0), 1000000000.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(1e20), 1e20)

        self.assertEqual(round(-1.0), -1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-10.0), -10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-1000000000.0), -1000000000.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-1e20), -1e20)

        self.assertEqual(round(0.1), 0.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(1.1), 1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(10.1), 10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(1000000000.1), 1000000000.0)

        self.assertEqual(round(-1.1), -1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-10.1), -10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-1000000000.1), -1000000000.0)

        self.assertEqual(round(0.9), 1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(9.9), 10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(999999999.9), 1000000000.0)

        self.assertEqual(round(-0.9), -1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-9.9), -10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-999999999.9), -1000000000.0)

        self.assertEqual(round(-8.0, -1), -10.0)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8.0, -1)), float)

        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8.0, 0)), float)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8.0, 1)), float)

        # Check half rounding behaviour.
        self.assertEqual(round(5.5), 6)
        self.assertEqual(round(6.5), 7)
        self.assertEqual(round(-5.5), -6)
        self.assertEqual(round(-6.5), -7)

        # Check behavior on ints
        self.assertEqual(round(0), 0)
        self.assertEqual(round(8), 8)
        self.assertEqual(round(-8), -8)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(0)), float)  # Will be int in 3.0.
        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8, -1)), float)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8, 0)), float)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8, 1)), float)

        # test new kwargs
        self.assertEqual(round(number=-8.0, ndigits=-1), -10.0)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, round)

        # test generic rounding delegation for reals
        class TestRound(object):
            def __float__(self):
                return 23.0

        class TestNoRound(object):
            pass

        self.assertEqual(round(TestRound()), 23)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, round, 1, 2, 3)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, round, TestNoRound())

        t = TestNoRound()
        t.__float__ = lambda *args: args
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, round, t)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, round, t, 0)

    # Some versions of glibc for alpha have a bug that affects
    # float -> integer rounding (floor, ceil, rint, round) for
    # values in the range [2**52, 2**53).  See:
    #
    #   http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=5350
    #
    # We skip this test on Linux/alpha if it would fail.
    linux_alpha = (platform.system().startswith('Linux') and
                   platform.machine().startswith('alpha'))
    system_round_bug = round(5e15+1) != 5e15+1
    @unittest.skipIf(linux_alpha and system_round_bug,
                     "test will fail;  failure is probably due to a "
                     "buggy system round function")
    def test_round_large(self):
        # Issue #1869: integral floats should remain unchanged
        self.assertEqual(round(5e15-1), 5e15-1)
        self.assertEqual(round(5e15), 5e15)
        self.assertEqual(round(5e15+1), 5e15+1)
        self.assertEqual(round(5e15+2), 5e15+2)
        self.assertEqual(round(5e15+3), 5e15+3)

    def test_setattr(self):
        setattr(sys, 'spam', 1)
        self.assertEqual(sys.spam, 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, sys, 1, 'spam')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr)

    def test_sum(self):
        self.assertEqual(sum([]), 0)
        self.assertEqual(sum(range(2,8)), 27)
        self.assertEqual(sum(iter(range(2,8))), 27)
        self.assertEqual(sum(Squares(10)), 285)
        self.assertEqual(sum(iter(Squares(10))), 285)
        self.assertEqual(sum([[1], [2], [3]], []), [1, 2, 3])

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, 42)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, ['a', 'b', 'c'], '')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, [[1], [2], [3]])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, [{2:3}])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, [{2:3}]*2, {2:3})

        class BadSeq:
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, sum, BadSeq())

        empty = []
        sum(([x] for x in range(10)), empty)
        self.assertEqual(empty, [])

    def test_type(self):
        self.assertEqual(type(''),  type('123'))
        self.assertNotEqual(type(''), type(()))

    def test_unichr(self):
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(unichr(32), unicode(' '))
            self.assertEqual(unichr(65), unicode('A'))
            self.assertEqual(unichr(97), unicode('a'))
            self.assertEqual(
                unichr(sys.maxunicode),
                unicode('\\U%08x' % (sys.maxunicode), 'unicode-escape')
            )
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, unichr, sys.maxunicode+1)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, unichr)
            self.assertRaises((OverflowError, ValueError), unichr, 2**32)

    # We don't want self in vars(), so these are static methods

    @staticmethod
    def get_vars_f0():
        return vars()

    @staticmethod
    def get_vars_f2():
        BuiltinTest.get_vars_f0()
        a = 1
        b = 2
        return vars()

    def test_vars(self):
        self.assertEqual(set(vars()), set(dir()))
        import sys
        self.assertEqual(set(vars(sys)), set(dir(sys)))
        self.assertEqual(self.get_vars_f0(), {})
        self.assertEqual(self.get_vars_f2(), {'a': 1, 'b': 2})
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, vars, 42, 42)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, vars, 42)

    def test_zip(self):
        a = (1, 2, 3)
        b = (4, 5, 6)
        t = [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
        self.assertEqual(zip(a, b), t)
        b = [4, 5, 6]
        self.assertEqual(zip(a, b), t)
        b = (4, 5, 6, 7)
        self.assertEqual(zip(a, b), t)
        class I:
            def __getitem__(self, i):
                if i < 0 or i > 2: raise IndexError
                return i + 4
        self.assertEqual(zip(a, I()), t)
        self.assertEqual(zip(), [])
        self.assertEqual(zip(*[]), [])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, zip, None)
        class G:
            pass
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, zip, a, G())

        # Make sure zip doesn't try to allocate a billion elements for the
        # result list when one of its arguments doesn't say how long it is.
        # A MemoryError is the most likely failure mode.
        class SequenceWithoutALength:
            def __getitem__(self, i):
                if i == 5:
                    raise IndexError
                else:
                    return i
        self.assertEqual(
            zip(SequenceWithoutALength(), xrange(2**30)),
            list(enumerate(range(5)))
        )

        class BadSeq:
            def __getitem__(self, i):
                if i == 5:
                    raise ValueError
                else:
                    return i
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, zip, BadSeq(), BadSeq())

    def test_format(self):
        # Test the basic machinery of the format() builtin.  Don't test
        #  the specifics of the various formatters
        self.assertEqual(format(3, ''), '3')

        # Returns some classes to use for various tests.  There's
        #  an old-style version, and a new-style version
        def classes_new():
            class A(object):
                def __init__(self, x):
                    self.x = x
                def __format__(self, format_spec):
                    return str(self.x) + format_spec
            class DerivedFromA(A):
                pass

            class Simple(object): pass
            class DerivedFromSimple(Simple):
                def __init__(self, x):
                    self.x = x
                def __format__(self, format_spec):
                    return str(self.x) + format_spec
            class DerivedFromSimple2(DerivedFromSimple): pass
            return A, DerivedFromA, DerivedFromSimple, DerivedFromSimple2

        # In 3.0, classes_classic has the same meaning as classes_new
        def classes_classic():
            class A:
                def __init__(self, x):
                    self.x = x
                def __format__(self, format_spec):
                    return str(self.x) + format_spec
            class DerivedFromA(A):
                pass

            class Simple: pass
            class DerivedFromSimple(Simple):
                def __init__(self, x):
                    self.x = x
                def __format__(self, format_spec):
                    return str(self.x) + format_spec
            class DerivedFromSimple2(DerivedFromSimple): pass
            return A, DerivedFromA, DerivedFromSimple, DerivedFromSimple2

        def class_test(A, DerivedFromA, DerivedFromSimple, DerivedFromSimple2):
            self.assertEqual(format(A(3), 'spec'), '3spec')
            self.assertEqual(format(DerivedFromA(4), 'spec'), '4spec')
            self.assertEqual(format(DerivedFromSimple(5), 'abc'), '5abc')
            self.assertEqual(format(DerivedFromSimple2(10), 'abcdef'),
                             '10abcdef')

        class_test(*classes_new())
        class_test(*classes_classic())

        def empty_format_spec(value):
            # test that:
            #  format(x, '') == str(x)
            #  format(x) == str(x)
            self.assertEqual(format(value, ""), str(value))
            self.assertEqual(format(value), str(value))

        # for builtin types, format(x, "") == str(x)
        empty_format_spec(17**13)
        empty_format_spec(1.0)
        empty_format_spec(3.1415e104)
        empty_format_spec(-3.1415e104)
        empty_format_spec(3.1415e-104)
        empty_format_spec(-3.1415e-104)
        empty_format_spec(object)
        empty_format_spec(None)

        # TypeError because self.__format__ returns the wrong type
        class BadFormatResult:
            def __format__(self, format_spec):
                return 1.0
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, format, BadFormatResult(), "")

        # TypeError because format_spec is not unicode or str
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, format, object(), 4)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, format, object(), object())

        # tests for object.__format__ really belong elsewhere, but
        #  there's no good place to put them
        x = object().__format__('')
        self.assertTrue(x.startswith('<object object at'))

        # first argument to object.__format__ must be string
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, object().__format__, 3)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, object().__format__, object())
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, object().__format__, None)

        # make sure we can take a subclass of str as a format spec
        class DerivedFromStr(str): pass
        self.assertEqual(format(0, DerivedFromStr('10')), '         0')

    def test_bin(self):
        self.assertEqual(bin(0), '0b0')
        self.assertEqual(bin(1), '0b1')
        self.assertEqual(bin(-1), '-0b1')
        self.assertEqual(bin(2**65), '0b1' + '0' * 65)
        self.assertEqual(bin(2**65-1), '0b' + '1' * 65)
        self.assertEqual(bin(-(2**65)), '-0b1' + '0' * 65)
        self.assertEqual(bin(-(2**65-1)), '-0b' + '1' * 65)

    def test_bytearray_translate(self):
        x = bytearray("abc")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, x.translate, "1", 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, x.translate, "1"*256, 1)

class TestSorted(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_basic(self):
        data = range(100)
        copy = data[:]
        random.shuffle(copy)
        self.assertEqual(data, sorted(copy))
        self.assertNotEqual(data, copy)

        data.reverse()
        random.shuffle(copy)
        self.assertEqual(data, sorted(copy, cmp=lambda x, y: cmp(y,x)))
        self.assertNotEqual(data, copy)
        random.shuffle(copy)
        self.assertEqual(data, sorted(copy, key=lambda x: -x))
        self.assertNotEqual(data, copy)
        random.shuffle(copy)
        self.assertEqual(data, sorted(copy, reverse=1))
        self.assertNotEqual(data, copy)

    def test_inputtypes(self):
        s = 'abracadabra'
        types = [list, tuple]
        if have_unicode:
            types.insert(0, unicode)
        for T in types:
            self.assertEqual(sorted(s), sorted(T(s)))

        s = ''.join(dict.fromkeys(s).keys())  # unique letters only
        types = [set, frozenset, list, tuple, dict.fromkeys]
        if have_unicode:
            types.insert(0, unicode)
        for T in types:
            self.assertEqual(sorted(s), sorted(T(s)))

    def test_baddecorator(self):
        data = 'The quick Brown fox Jumped over The lazy Dog'.split()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sorted, data, None, lambda x,y: 0)

def test_main(verbose=None):
    test_classes = (BuiltinTest, TestSorted)

    run_unittest(*test_classes)

    # verify reference counting
    if verbose and hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount"):
        import gc
        counts = [None] * 5
        for i in xrange(len(counts)):
            run_unittest(*test_classes)
            gc.collect()
            counts[i] = sys.gettotalrefcount()
        print counts


if __name__ == "__main__":
    test_main(verbose=True)