cpython/Modules/binascii.c

/*
** Routines to represent binary data in ASCII and vice-versa
**
** This module currently supports the following encodings:
** uuencode:
**      each line encodes 45 bytes (except possibly the last)
**      First char encodes (binary) length, rest data
**      each char encodes 6 bits, as follows:
**      binary: 01234567 abcdefgh ijklmnop
**      ascii:  012345 67abcd efghij klmnop
**      ASCII encoding method is "excess-space": 000000 is encoded as ' ', etc.
**      short binary data is zero-extended (so the bits are always in the
**      right place), this does *not* reflect in the length.
** base64:
**      Line breaks are insignificant, but lines are at most 76 chars
**      each char encodes 6 bits, in similar order as uucode/hqx. Encoding
**      is done via a table.
**      Short binary data is filled (in ASCII) with '='.
** hqx:
**      File starts with introductory text, real data starts and ends
**      with colons.
**      Data consists of three similar parts: info, datafork, resourcefork.
**      Each part is protected (at the end) with a 16-bit crc
**      The binary data is run-length encoded, and then ascii-fied:
**      binary: 01234567 abcdefgh ijklmnop
**      ascii:  012345 67abcd efghij klmnop
**      ASCII encoding is table-driven, see the code.
**      Short binary data results in the runt ascii-byte being output with
**      the bits in the right place.
**
** While I was reading dozens of programs that encode or decode the formats
** here (documentation? hihi:-) I have formulated Jansen's Observation:
**
**      Programs that encode binary data in ASCII are written in
**      such a style that they are as unreadable as possible. Devices used
**      include unnecessary global variables, burying important tables
**      in unrelated sourcefiles, putting functions in include files,
**      using seemingly-descriptive variable names for different purposes,
**      calls to empty subroutines and a host of others.
**
** I have attempted to break with this tradition, but I guess that that
** does make the performance sub-optimal. Oh well, too bad...
**
** Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995.
**
** Added support for quoted-printable encoding, based on rfc 1521 et al
** quoted-printable encoding specifies that non printable characters (anything
** below 32 and above 126) be encoded as =XX where XX is the hexadecimal value
** of the character.  It also specifies some other behavior to enable 8bit data
** in a mail message with little difficulty (maximum line sizes, protecting
** some cases of whitespace, etc).
**
** Brandon Long, September 2001.
*/

#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN

#include "Python.h"
#include "pystrhex.h"
#ifdef USE_ZLIB_CRC32
#include "zlib.h"
#endif

typedef struct binascii_state {
    PyObject *Error;
    PyObject *Incomplete;
} binascii_state;

/*
** hqx lookup table, ascii->binary.
*/

#define RUNCHAR 0x90

#define DONE 0x7F
#define SKIP 0x7E
#define FAIL 0x7D

static const unsigned char table_a2b_hqx[256] = {
/*       ^@    ^A    ^B    ^C    ^D    ^E    ^F    ^G   */
/* 0*/  FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*       \b    \t    \n    ^K    ^L    \r    ^N    ^O   */
/* 1*/  FAIL, FAIL, SKIP, FAIL, FAIL, SKIP, FAIL, FAIL,
/*       ^P    ^Q    ^R    ^S    ^T    ^U    ^V    ^W   */
/* 2*/  FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*       ^X    ^Y    ^Z    ^[    ^\    ^]    ^^    ^_   */
/* 3*/  FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*              !     "     #     $     %     &     '   */
/* 4*/  FAIL, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06,
/*        (     )     *     +     ,     -     .     /   */
/* 5*/  0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, FAIL, FAIL,
/*        0     1     2     3     4     5     6     7   */
/* 6*/  0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, FAIL,
/*        8     9     :     ;     <     =     >     ?   */
/* 7*/  0x14, 0x15, DONE, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*        @     A     B     C     D     E     F     G   */
/* 8*/  0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x19, 0x1A, 0x1B, 0x1C, 0x1D,
/*        H     I     J     K     L     M     N     O   */
/* 9*/  0x1E, 0x1F, 0x20, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, FAIL,
/*        P     Q     R     S     T     U     V     W   */
/*10*/  0x25, 0x26, 0x27, 0x28, 0x29, 0x2A, 0x2B, FAIL,
/*        X     Y     Z     [     \     ]     ^     _   */
/*11*/  0x2C, 0x2D, 0x2E, 0x2F, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*        `     a     b     c     d     e     f     g   */
/*12*/  0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, FAIL,
/*        h     i     j     k     l     m     n     o   */
/*13*/  0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0x3A, 0x3B, 0x3C, FAIL, FAIL,
/*        p     q     r     s     t     u     v     w   */
/*14*/  0x3D, 0x3E, 0x3F, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*        x     y     z     {     |     }     ~    ^?   */
/*15*/  FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*16*/  FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
    FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
};

static const unsigned char table_b2a_hqx[] =
"!\"#$%&'()*+,-012345689@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRSTUVXYZ[`abcdefhijklmpqr";

static const unsigned char table_a2b_base64[] = {
    -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,62, -1,-1,-1,63,
    52,53,54,55, 56,57,58,59, 60,61,-1,-1, -1, 0,-1,-1, /* Note PAD->0 */
    -1, 0, 1, 2,  3, 4, 5, 6,  7, 8, 9,10, 11,12,13,14,
    15,16,17,18, 19,20,21,22, 23,24,25,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,26,27,28, 29,30,31,32, 33,34,35,36, 37,38,39,40,
    41,42,43,44, 45,46,47,48, 49,50,51,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

    -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
};

#define BASE64_PAD '='

/* Max binary chunk size; limited only by available memory */
#define BASE64_MAXBIN ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - 3) / 2)

static const unsigned char table_b2a_base64[] =
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";



static const unsigned short crctab_hqx[256] = {
    0x0000, 0x1021, 0x2042, 0x3063, 0x4084, 0x50a5, 0x60c6, 0x70e7,
    0x8108, 0x9129, 0xa14a, 0xb16b, 0xc18c, 0xd1ad, 0xe1ce, 0xf1ef,
    0x1231, 0x0210, 0x3273, 0x2252, 0x52b5, 0x4294, 0x72f7, 0x62d6,
    0x9339, 0x8318, 0xb37b, 0xa35a, 0xd3bd, 0xc39c, 0xf3ff, 0xe3de,
    0x2462, 0x3443, 0x0420, 0x1401, 0x64e6, 0x74c7, 0x44a4, 0x5485,
    0xa56a, 0xb54b, 0x8528, 0x9509, 0xe5ee, 0xf5cf, 0xc5ac, 0xd58d,
    0x3653, 0x2672, 0x1611, 0x0630, 0x76d7, 0x66f6, 0x5695, 0x46b4,
    0xb75b, 0xa77a, 0x9719, 0x8738, 0xf7df, 0xe7fe, 0xd79d, 0xc7bc,
    0x48c4, 0x58e5, 0x6886, 0x78a7, 0x0840, 0x1861, 0x2802, 0x3823,
    0xc9cc, 0xd9ed, 0xe98e, 0xf9af, 0x8948, 0x9969, 0xa90a, 0xb92b,
    0x5af5, 0x4ad4, 0x7ab7, 0x6a96, 0x1a71, 0x0a50, 0x3a33, 0x2a12,
    0xdbfd, 0xcbdc, 0xfbbf, 0xeb9e, 0x9b79, 0x8b58, 0xbb3b, 0xab1a,
    0x6ca6, 0x7c87, 0x4ce4, 0x5cc5, 0x2c22, 0x3c03, 0x0c60, 0x1c41,
    0xedae, 0xfd8f, 0xcdec, 0xddcd, 0xad2a, 0xbd0b, 0x8d68, 0x9d49,
    0x7e97, 0x6eb6, 0x5ed5, 0x4ef4, 0x3e13, 0x2e32, 0x1e51, 0x0e70,
    0xff9f, 0xefbe, 0xdfdd, 0xcffc, 0xbf1b, 0xaf3a, 0x9f59, 0x8f78,
    0x9188, 0x81a9, 0xb1ca, 0xa1eb, 0xd10c, 0xc12d, 0xf14e, 0xe16f,
    0x1080, 0x00a1, 0x30c2, 0x20e3, 0x5004, 0x4025, 0x7046, 0x6067,
    0x83b9, 0x9398, 0xa3fb, 0xb3da, 0xc33d, 0xd31c, 0xe37f, 0xf35e,
    0x02b1, 0x1290, 0x22f3, 0x32d2, 0x4235, 0x5214, 0x6277, 0x7256,
    0xb5ea, 0xa5cb, 0x95a8, 0x8589, 0xf56e, 0xe54f, 0xd52c, 0xc50d,
    0x34e2, 0x24c3, 0x14a0, 0x0481, 0x7466, 0x6447, 0x5424, 0x4405,
    0xa7db, 0xb7fa, 0x8799, 0x97b8, 0xe75f, 0xf77e, 0xc71d, 0xd73c,
    0x26d3, 0x36f2, 0x0691, 0x16b0, 0x6657, 0x7676, 0x4615, 0x5634,
    0xd94c, 0xc96d, 0xf90e, 0xe92f, 0x99c8, 0x89e9, 0xb98a, 0xa9ab,
    0x5844, 0x4865, 0x7806, 0x6827, 0x18c0, 0x08e1, 0x3882, 0x28a3,
    0xcb7d, 0xdb5c, 0xeb3f, 0xfb1e, 0x8bf9, 0x9bd8, 0xabbb, 0xbb9a,
    0x4a75, 0x5a54, 0x6a37, 0x7a16, 0x0af1, 0x1ad0, 0x2ab3, 0x3a92,
    0xfd2e, 0xed0f, 0xdd6c, 0xcd4d, 0xbdaa, 0xad8b, 0x9de8, 0x8dc9,
    0x7c26, 0x6c07, 0x5c64, 0x4c45, 0x3ca2, 0x2c83, 0x1ce0, 0x0cc1,
    0xef1f, 0xff3e, 0xcf5d, 0xdf7c, 0xaf9b, 0xbfba, 0x8fd9, 0x9ff8,
    0x6e17, 0x7e36, 0x4e55, 0x5e74, 0x2e93, 0x3eb2, 0x0ed1, 0x1ef0,
};

/*[clinic input]
module binascii
[clinic start generated code]*/
/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=de89fb46bcaf3fec]*/

/*[python input]

class ascii_buffer_converter(CConverter):
    type = 'Py_buffer'
    converter = 'ascii_buffer_converter'
    impl_by_reference = True
    c_default = "{NULL, NULL}"

    def cleanup(self):
        name = self.name
        return "".join(["if (", name, ".obj)\n   PyBuffer_Release(&", name, ");\n"])

[python start generated code]*/
/*[python end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=3eb7b63610da92cd]*/

static int
ascii_buffer_converter(PyObject *arg, Py_buffer *buf)
{
    if (arg == NULL) {
        PyBuffer_Release(buf);
        return 1;
    }
    if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
        if (PyUnicode_READY(arg) < 0)
            return 0;
        if (!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(arg)) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                            "string argument should contain only ASCII characters");
            return 0;
        }
        assert(PyUnicode_KIND(arg) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
        buf->buf = (void *) PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(arg);
        buf->len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(arg);
        buf->obj = NULL;
        return 1;
    }
    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(arg, buf, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "argument should be bytes, buffer or ASCII string, "
                     "not '%.100s'", Py_TYPE(arg)->tp_name);
        return 0;
    }
    if (!PyBuffer_IsContiguous(buf, 'C')) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "argument should be a contiguous buffer, "
                     "not '%.100s'", Py_TYPE(arg)->tp_name);
        PyBuffer_Release(buf);
        return 0;
    }
    return Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED;
}

#include "clinic/binascii.c.h"

/*[clinic input]
binascii.a2b_uu

    data: ascii_buffer
    /

Decode a line of uuencoded data.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_a2b_uu_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=e027f8e0b0598742 input=7cafeaf73df63d1c]*/
{
    const unsigned char *ascii_data;
    unsigned char *bin_data;
    int leftbits = 0;
    unsigned char this_ch;
    unsigned int leftchar = 0;
    PyObject *rv;
    Py_ssize_t ascii_len, bin_len;
    binascii_state *state;

    ascii_data = data->buf;
    ascii_len = data->len;

    assert(ascii_len >= 0);

    /* First byte: binary data length (in bytes) */
    bin_len = (*ascii_data++ - ' ') & 077;
    ascii_len--;

    /* Allocate the buffer */
    if ( (rv=PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len)) == NULL )
        return NULL;
    bin_data = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv);

    for( ; bin_len > 0 ; ascii_len--, ascii_data++ ) {
        /* XXX is it really best to add NULs if there's no more data */
        this_ch = (ascii_len > 0) ? *ascii_data : 0;
        if ( this_ch == '\n' || this_ch == '\r' || ascii_len <= 0) {
            /*
            ** Whitespace. Assume some spaces got eaten at
            ** end-of-line. (We check this later)
            */
            this_ch = 0;
        } else {
            /* Check the character for legality
            ** The 64 in stead of the expected 63 is because
            ** there are a few uuencodes out there that use
            ** '`' as zero instead of space.
            */
            if ( this_ch < ' ' || this_ch > (' ' + 64)) {
                state = PyModule_GetState(module);
                if (state == NULL) {
                    return NULL;
                }
                PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Illegal char");
                Py_DECREF(rv);
                return NULL;
            }
            this_ch = (this_ch - ' ') & 077;
        }
        /*
        ** Shift it in on the low end, and see if there's
        ** a byte ready for output.
        */
        leftchar = (leftchar << 6) | (this_ch);
        leftbits += 6;
        if ( leftbits >= 8 ) {
            leftbits -= 8;
            *bin_data++ = (leftchar >> leftbits) & 0xff;
            leftchar &= ((1 << leftbits) - 1);
            bin_len--;
        }
    }
    /*
    ** Finally, check that if there's anything left on the line
    ** that it's whitespace only.
    */
    while( ascii_len-- > 0 ) {
        this_ch = *ascii_data++;
        /* Extra '`' may be written as padding in some cases */
        if ( this_ch != ' ' && this_ch != ' '+64 &&
             this_ch != '\n' && this_ch != '\r' ) {
            state = PyModule_GetState(module);
            if (state == NULL) {
                return NULL;
            }
            PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Trailing garbage");
            Py_DECREF(rv);
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    return rv;
}

/*[clinic input]
binascii.b2a_uu

    data: Py_buffer
    /
    *
    backtick: bool(accept={int}) = False

Uuencode line of data.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_b2a_uu_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, int backtick)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=b1b99de62d9bbeb8 input=b26bc8d32b6ed2f6]*/
{
    unsigned char *ascii_data;
    const unsigned char *bin_data;
    int leftbits = 0;
    unsigned char this_ch;
    unsigned int leftchar = 0;
    binascii_state *state;
    Py_ssize_t bin_len, out_len;
    _PyBytesWriter writer;

    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
    bin_data = data->buf;
    bin_len = data->len;
    if ( bin_len > 45 ) {
        /* The 45 is a limit that appears in all uuencode's */
        state = PyModule_GetState(module);
        if (state == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
        PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "At most 45 bytes at once");
        return NULL;
    }

    /* We're lazy and allocate to much (fixed up later) */
    out_len = 2 + (bin_len + 2) / 3 * 4;
    ascii_data = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, out_len);
    if (ascii_data == NULL)
        return NULL;

    /* Store the length */
    if (backtick && !bin_len)
        *ascii_data++ = '`';
    else
        *ascii_data++ = ' ' + (unsigned char)bin_len;

    for( ; bin_len > 0 || leftbits != 0 ; bin_len--, bin_data++ ) {
        /* Shift the data (or padding) into our buffer */
        if ( bin_len > 0 )              /* Data */
            leftchar = (leftchar << 8) | *bin_data;
        else                            /* Padding */
            leftchar <<= 8;
        leftbits += 8;

        /* See if there are 6-bit groups ready */
        while ( leftbits >= 6 ) {
            this_ch = (leftchar >> (leftbits-6)) & 0x3f;
            leftbits -= 6;
            if (backtick && !this_ch)
                *ascii_data++ = '`';
            else
                *ascii_data++ = this_ch + ' ';
        }
    }
    *ascii_data++ = '\n';       /* Append a courtesy newline */

    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, ascii_data);
}

/*[clinic input]
binascii.a2b_base64

    data: ascii_buffer
    /

Decode a line of base64 data.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_a2b_base64_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=0628223f19fd3f9b input=5872acf6e1cac243]*/
{
    assert(data->len >= 0);

    const unsigned char *ascii_data = data->buf;
    size_t ascii_len = data->len;

    /* Allocate the buffer */
    Py_ssize_t bin_len = ((ascii_len+3)/4)*3; /* Upper bound, corrected later */
    _PyBytesWriter writer;
    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
    unsigned char *bin_data = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, bin_len);
    if (bin_data == NULL)
        return NULL;
    unsigned char *bin_data_start = bin_data;

    int quad_pos = 0;
    unsigned char leftchar = 0;
    int pads = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ascii_len; i++) {
        unsigned char this_ch = ascii_data[i];

        /* Check for pad sequences and ignore
        ** the invalid ones.
        */
        if (this_ch == BASE64_PAD) {
            if (quad_pos >= 2 && quad_pos + ++pads >= 4) {
                /* A pad sequence means no more input.
                ** We've already interpreted the data
                ** from the quad at this point.
                */
                goto done;
            }
            continue;
        }

        this_ch = table_a2b_base64[this_ch];
        if (this_ch >= 64) {
            continue;
        }
        pads = 0;

        switch (quad_pos) {
            case 0:
                quad_pos = 1;
                leftchar = this_ch;
                break;
            case 1:
                quad_pos = 2;
                *bin_data++ = (leftchar << 2) | (this_ch >> 4);
                leftchar = this_ch & 0x0f;
                break;
            case 2:
                quad_pos = 3;
                *bin_data++ = (leftchar << 4) | (this_ch >> 2);
                leftchar = this_ch & 0x03;
                break;
            case 3:
                quad_pos = 0;
                *bin_data++ = (leftchar << 6) | (this_ch);
                leftchar = 0;
                break;
        }
    }

    if (quad_pos != 0) {
        binascii_state *state = PyModule_GetState(module);
        if (state == NULL) {
            /* error already set, from PyModule_GetState */
        } else if (quad_pos == 1) {
            /*
            ** There is exactly one extra valid, non-padding, base64 character.
            ** This is an invalid length, as there is no possible input that
            ** could encoded into such a base64 string.
            */
            PyErr_Format(state->Error,
                         "Invalid base64-encoded string: "
                         "number of data characters (%zd) cannot be 1 more "
                         "than a multiple of 4",
                         (bin_data - bin_data_start) / 3 * 4 + 1);
        } else {
            PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Incorrect padding");
        }
        _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
        return NULL;
    }

done:
    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, bin_data);
}


/*[clinic input]
binascii.b2a_base64

    data: Py_buffer
    /
    *
    newline: bool(accept={int}) = True

Base64-code line of data.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_b2a_base64_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, int newline)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=4ad62c8e8485d3b3 input=6083dac5777fa45d]*/
{
    unsigned char *ascii_data;
    const unsigned char *bin_data;
    int leftbits = 0;
    unsigned char this_ch;
    unsigned int leftchar = 0;
    Py_ssize_t bin_len, out_len;
    _PyBytesWriter writer;
    binascii_state *state;

    bin_data = data->buf;
    bin_len = data->len;
    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);

    assert(bin_len >= 0);

    if ( bin_len > BASE64_MAXBIN ) {
        state = PyModule_GetState(module);
        if (state == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
        PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Too much data for base64 line");
        return NULL;
    }

    /* We're lazy and allocate too much (fixed up later).
       "+2" leaves room for up to two pad characters.
       Note that 'b' gets encoded as 'Yg==\n' (1 in, 5 out). */
    out_len = bin_len*2 + 2;
    if (newline)
        out_len++;
    ascii_data = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, out_len);
    if (ascii_data == NULL)
        return NULL;

    for( ; bin_len > 0 ; bin_len--, bin_data++ ) {
        /* Shift the data into our buffer */
        leftchar = (leftchar << 8) | *bin_data;
        leftbits += 8;

        /* See if there are 6-bit groups ready */
        while ( leftbits >= 6 ) {
            this_ch = (leftchar >> (leftbits-6)) & 0x3f;
            leftbits -= 6;
            *ascii_data++ = table_b2a_base64[this_ch];
        }
    }
    if ( leftbits == 2 ) {
        *ascii_data++ = table_b2a_base64[(leftchar&3) << 4];
        *ascii_data++ = BASE64_PAD;
        *ascii_data++ = BASE64_PAD;
    } else if ( leftbits == 4 ) {
        *ascii_data++ = table_b2a_base64[(leftchar&0xf) << 2];
        *ascii_data++ = BASE64_PAD;
    }
    if (newline)
        *ascii_data++ = '\n';       /* Append a courtesy newline */

    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, ascii_data);
}

/*[clinic input]
binascii.a2b_hqx

    data: ascii_buffer
    /

Decode .hqx coding.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_a2b_hqx_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=4d6d8c54d54ea1c1 input=0d914c680e0eed55]*/
{
    const unsigned char *ascii_data;
    unsigned char *bin_data;
    int leftbits = 0;
    unsigned char this_ch;
    unsigned int leftchar = 0;
    PyObject *res;
    Py_ssize_t len;
    int done = 0;
    _PyBytesWriter writer;
    binascii_state *state;

    ascii_data = data->buf;
    len = data->len;
    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);

    assert(len >= 0);

    if (len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - 2)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();

    /* Allocate a string that is too big (fixed later)
       Add two to the initial length to prevent interning which
       would preclude subsequent resizing.  */
    bin_data = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, len + 2);
    if (bin_data == NULL)
        return NULL;

    for( ; len > 0 ; len--, ascii_data++ ) {
        /* Get the byte and look it up */
        this_ch = table_a2b_hqx[*ascii_data];
        if ( this_ch == SKIP )
            continue;
        if ( this_ch == FAIL ) {
            state = PyModule_GetState(module);
            if (state == NULL) {
                return NULL;
            }
            PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Illegal char");
            _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
            return NULL;
        }
        if ( this_ch == DONE ) {
            /* The terminating colon */
            done = 1;
            break;
        }

        /* Shift it into the buffer and see if any bytes are ready */
        leftchar = (leftchar << 6) | (this_ch);
        leftbits += 6;
        if ( leftbits >= 8 ) {
            leftbits -= 8;
            *bin_data++ = (leftchar >> leftbits) & 0xff;
            leftchar &= ((1 << leftbits) - 1);
        }
    }

    if ( leftbits && !done ) {
        state = PyModule_GetState(module);
        if (state == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
        PyErr_SetString(state->Incomplete,
                        "String has incomplete number of bytes");
        _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
        return NULL;
    }

    res = _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, bin_data);
    if (res == NULL)
        return NULL;
    return Py_BuildValue("Ni", res, done);
}


/*[clinic input]
binascii.rlecode_hqx

    data: Py_buffer
    /

Binhex RLE-code binary data.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_rlecode_hqx_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=393d79338f5f5629 input=e1f1712447a82b09]*/
{
    const unsigned char *in_data;
    unsigned char *out_data;
    unsigned char ch;
    Py_ssize_t in, inend, len;
    _PyBytesWriter writer;

    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
    in_data = data->buf;
    len = data->len;

    assert(len >= 0);

    if (len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / 2 - 2)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();

    /* Worst case: output is twice as big as input (fixed later) */
    out_data = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, len * 2 + 2);
    if (out_data == NULL)
        return NULL;

    for( in=0; in<len; in++) {
        ch = in_data[in];
        if ( ch == RUNCHAR ) {
            /* RUNCHAR. Escape it. */
            *out_data++ = RUNCHAR;
            *out_data++ = 0;
        } else {
            /* Check how many following are the same */
            for(inend=in+1;
                inend<len && in_data[inend] == ch &&
                    inend < in+255;
                inend++) ;
            if ( inend - in > 3 ) {
                /* More than 3 in a row. Output RLE. */
                *out_data++ = ch;
                *out_data++ = RUNCHAR;
                *out_data++ = (unsigned char) (inend-in);
                in = inend-1;
            } else {
                /* Less than 3. Output the byte itself */
                *out_data++ = ch;
            }
        }
    }

    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, out_data);
}


/*[clinic input]
binascii.b2a_hqx

    data: Py_buffer
    /

Encode .hqx data.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_b2a_hqx_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=d0aa5a704bc9f7de input=9596ebe019fe12ba]*/
{
    unsigned char *ascii_data;
    const unsigned char *bin_data;
    int leftbits = 0;
    unsigned char this_ch;
    unsigned int leftchar = 0;
    Py_ssize_t len;
    _PyBytesWriter writer;

    bin_data = data->buf;
    len = data->len;
    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);

    assert(len >= 0);

    if (len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / 2 - 2)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();

    /* Allocate a buffer that is at least large enough */
    ascii_data = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, len * 2 + 2);
    if (ascii_data == NULL)
        return NULL;

    for( ; len > 0 ; len--, bin_data++ ) {
        /* Shift into our buffer, and output any 6bits ready */
        leftchar = (leftchar << 8) | *bin_data;
        leftbits += 8;
        while ( leftbits >= 6 ) {
            this_ch = (leftchar >> (leftbits-6)) & 0x3f;
            leftbits -= 6;
            *ascii_data++ = table_b2a_hqx[this_ch];
        }
    }
    /* Output a possible runt byte */
    if ( leftbits ) {
        leftchar <<= (6-leftbits);
        *ascii_data++ = table_b2a_hqx[leftchar & 0x3f];
    }

    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, ascii_data);
}


/*[clinic input]
binascii.rledecode_hqx

    data: Py_buffer
    /

Decode hexbin RLE-coded string.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_rledecode_hqx_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=9826619565de1c6c input=54cdd49fc014402c]*/
{
    const unsigned char *in_data;
    unsigned char *out_data;
    unsigned char in_byte, in_repeat;
    Py_ssize_t in_len;
    _PyBytesWriter writer;

    in_data = data->buf;
    in_len = data->len;
    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
    binascii_state *state;

    assert(in_len >= 0);

    /* Empty string is a special case */
    if ( in_len == 0 )
        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
    else if (in_len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / 2)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();

    /* Allocate a buffer of reasonable size. Resized when needed */
    out_data = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, in_len);
    if (out_data == NULL)
        return NULL;

    /* Use overallocation */
    writer.overallocate = 1;

    /*
    ** We need two macros here to get/put bytes and handle
    ** end-of-buffer for input and output strings.
    */
#define INBYTE(b)                                                       \
    do {                                                                \
         if ( --in_len < 0 ) {                                          \
           state = PyModule_GetState(module);           \
           if (state == NULL) {                                         \
               return NULL;                                             \
           }                                                            \
           PyErr_SetString(state->Incomplete, "");                      \
           goto error;                                                  \
         }                                                              \
         b = *in_data++;                                                \
    } while(0)

    /*
    ** Handle first byte separately (since we have to get angry
    ** in case of an orphaned RLE code).
    */
    INBYTE(in_byte);

    if (in_byte == RUNCHAR) {
        INBYTE(in_repeat);
        /* only 1 byte will be written, but 2 bytes were preallocated:
           subtract 1 byte to prevent overallocation */
        writer.min_size--;

        if (in_repeat != 0) {
            /* Note Error, not Incomplete (which is at the end
            ** of the string only). This is a programmer error.
            */
            state = PyModule_GetState(module);
            if (state == NULL) {
                return NULL;
            }
            PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Orphaned RLE code at start");
            goto error;
        }
        *out_data++ = RUNCHAR;
    } else {
        *out_data++ = in_byte;
    }

    while( in_len > 0 ) {
        INBYTE(in_byte);

        if (in_byte == RUNCHAR) {
            INBYTE(in_repeat);
            /* only 1 byte will be written, but 2 bytes were preallocated:
               subtract 1 byte to prevent overallocation */
            writer.min_size--;

            if ( in_repeat == 0 ) {
                /* Just an escaped RUNCHAR value */
                *out_data++ = RUNCHAR;
            } else {
                /* Pick up value and output a sequence of it */
                in_byte = out_data[-1];

                /* enlarge the buffer if needed */
                if (in_repeat > 1) {
                    /* -1 because we already preallocated 1 byte */
                    out_data = _PyBytesWriter_Prepare(&writer, out_data,
                                                      in_repeat - 1);
                    if (out_data == NULL)
                        goto error;
                }

                while ( --in_repeat > 0 )
                    *out_data++ = in_byte;
            }
        } else {
            /* Normal byte */
            *out_data++ = in_byte;
        }
    }
    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, out_data);

error:
    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
    return NULL;
}


/*[clinic input]
binascii.crc_hqx -> unsigned_int

    data: Py_buffer
    crc: unsigned_int(bitwise=True)
    /

Compute CRC-CCITT incrementally.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static unsigned int
binascii_crc_hqx_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, unsigned int crc)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=8ec2a78590d19170 input=f18240ff8c705b79]*/
{
    const unsigned char *bin_data;
    Py_ssize_t len;

    crc &= 0xffff;
    bin_data = data->buf;
    len = data->len;

    while(len-- > 0) {
        crc = ((crc<<8)&0xff00) ^ crctab_hqx[(crc>>8)^*bin_data++];
    }

    return crc;
}

#ifndef USE_ZLIB_CRC32
/*  Crc - 32 BIT ANSI X3.66 CRC checksum files
    Also known as: ISO 3307
**********************************************************************|
*                                                                    *|
* Demonstration program to compute the 32-bit CRC used as the frame  *|
* check sequence in ADCCP (ANSI X3.66, also known as FIPS PUB 71     *|
* and FED-STD-1003, the U.S. versions of CCITT's X.25 link-level     *|
* protocol).  The 32-bit FCS was added via the Federal Register,     *|
* 1 June 1982, p.23798.  I presume but don't know for certain that   *|
* this polynomial is or will be included in CCITT V.41, which        *|
* defines the 16-bit CRC (often called CRC-CCITT) polynomial.  FIPS  *|
* PUB 78 says that the 32-bit FCS reduces otherwise undetected       *|
* errors by a factor of 10^-5 over 16-bit FCS.                       *|
*                                                                    *|
**********************************************************************|

 Copyright (C) 1986 Gary S. Brown.  You may use this program, or
 code or tables extracted from it, as desired without restriction.

 First, the polynomial itself and its table of feedback terms.  The
 polynomial is
 X^32+X^26+X^23+X^22+X^16+X^12+X^11+X^10+X^8+X^7+X^5+X^4+X^2+X^1+X^0
 Note that we take it "backwards" and put the highest-order term in
 the lowest-order bit.  The X^32 term is "implied"; the LSB is the
 X^31 term, etc.  The X^0 term (usually shown as "+1") results in
 the MSB being 1.

 Note that the usual hardware shift register implementation, which
 is what we're using (we're merely optimizing it by doing eight-bit
 chunks at a time) shifts bits into the lowest-order term.  In our
 implementation, that means shifting towards the right.  Why do we
 do it this way?  Because the calculated CRC must be transmitted in
 order from highest-order term to lowest-order term.  UARTs transmit
 characters in order from LSB to MSB.  By storing the CRC this way,
 we hand it to the UART in the order low-byte to high-byte; the UART
 sends each low-bit to hight-bit; and the result is transmission bit
 by bit from highest- to lowest-order term without requiring any bit
 shuffling on our part.  Reception works similarly.

 The feedback terms table consists of 256, 32-bit entries.  Notes:

  1. The table can be generated at runtime if desired; code to do so
     is shown later.  It might not be obvious, but the feedback
     terms simply represent the results of eight shift/xor opera-
     tions for all combinations of data and CRC register values.

  2. The CRC accumulation logic is the same for all CRC polynomials,
     be they sixteen or thirty-two bits wide.  You simply choose the
     appropriate table.  Alternatively, because the table can be
     generated at runtime, you can start by generating the table for
     the polynomial in question and use exactly the same "updcrc",
     if your application needn't simultaneously handle two CRC
     polynomials.  (Note, however, that XMODEM is strange.)

  3. For 16-bit CRCs, the table entries need be only 16 bits wide;
     of course, 32-bit entries work OK if the high 16 bits are zero.

  4. The values must be right-shifted by eight bits by the "updcrc"
     logic; the shift must be unsigned (bring in zeroes).  On some
     hardware you could probably optimize the shift in assembler by
     using byte-swap instructions.
********************************************************************/

static const unsigned int crc_32_tab[256] = {
0x00000000U, 0x77073096U, 0xee0e612cU, 0x990951baU, 0x076dc419U,
0x706af48fU, 0xe963a535U, 0x9e6495a3U, 0x0edb8832U, 0x79dcb8a4U,
0xe0d5e91eU, 0x97d2d988U, 0x09b64c2bU, 0x7eb17cbdU, 0xe7b82d07U,
0x90bf1d91U, 0x1db71064U, 0x6ab020f2U, 0xf3b97148U, 0x84be41deU,
0x1adad47dU, 0x6ddde4ebU, 0xf4d4b551U, 0x83d385c7U, 0x136c9856U,
0x646ba8c0U, 0xfd62f97aU, 0x8a65c9ecU, 0x14015c4fU, 0x63066cd9U,
0xfa0f3d63U, 0x8d080df5U, 0x3b6e20c8U, 0x4c69105eU, 0xd56041e4U,
0xa2677172U, 0x3c03e4d1U, 0x4b04d447U, 0xd20d85fdU, 0xa50ab56bU,
0x35b5a8faU, 0x42b2986cU, 0xdbbbc9d6U, 0xacbcf940U, 0x32d86ce3U,
0x45df5c75U, 0xdcd60dcfU, 0xabd13d59U, 0x26d930acU, 0x51de003aU,
0xc8d75180U, 0xbfd06116U, 0x21b4f4b5U, 0x56b3c423U, 0xcfba9599U,
0xb8bda50fU, 0x2802b89eU, 0x5f058808U, 0xc60cd9b2U, 0xb10be924U,
0x2f6f7c87U, 0x58684c11U, 0xc1611dabU, 0xb6662d3dU, 0x76dc4190U,
0x01db7106U, 0x98d220bcU, 0xefd5102aU, 0x71b18589U, 0x06b6b51fU,
0x9fbfe4a5U, 0xe8b8d433U, 0x7807c9a2U, 0x0f00f934U, 0x9609a88eU,
0xe10e9818U, 0x7f6a0dbbU, 0x086d3d2dU, 0x91646c97U, 0xe6635c01U,
0x6b6b51f4U, 0x1c6c6162U, 0x856530d8U, 0xf262004eU, 0x6c0695edU,
0x1b01a57bU, 0x8208f4c1U, 0xf50fc457U, 0x65b0d9c6U, 0x12b7e950U,
0x8bbeb8eaU, 0xfcb9887cU, 0x62dd1ddfU, 0x15da2d49U, 0x8cd37cf3U,
0xfbd44c65U, 0x4db26158U, 0x3ab551ceU, 0xa3bc0074U, 0xd4bb30e2U,
0x4adfa541U, 0x3dd895d7U, 0xa4d1c46dU, 0xd3d6f4fbU, 0x4369e96aU,
0x346ed9fcU, 0xad678846U, 0xda60b8d0U, 0x44042d73U, 0x33031de5U,
0xaa0a4c5fU, 0xdd0d7cc9U, 0x5005713cU, 0x270241aaU, 0xbe0b1010U,
0xc90c2086U, 0x5768b525U, 0x206f85b3U, 0xb966d409U, 0xce61e49fU,
0x5edef90eU, 0x29d9c998U, 0xb0d09822U, 0xc7d7a8b4U, 0x59b33d17U,
0x2eb40d81U, 0xb7bd5c3bU, 0xc0ba6cadU, 0xedb88320U, 0x9abfb3b6U,
0x03b6e20cU, 0x74b1d29aU, 0xead54739U, 0x9dd277afU, 0x04db2615U,
0x73dc1683U, 0xe3630b12U, 0x94643b84U, 0x0d6d6a3eU, 0x7a6a5aa8U,
0xe40ecf0bU, 0x9309ff9dU, 0x0a00ae27U, 0x7d079eb1U, 0xf00f9344U,
0x8708a3d2U, 0x1e01f268U, 0x6906c2feU, 0xf762575dU, 0x806567cbU,
0x196c3671U, 0x6e6b06e7U, 0xfed41b76U, 0x89d32be0U, 0x10da7a5aU,
0x67dd4accU, 0xf9b9df6fU, 0x8ebeeff9U, 0x17b7be43U, 0x60b08ed5U,
0xd6d6a3e8U, 0xa1d1937eU, 0x38d8c2c4U, 0x4fdff252U, 0xd1bb67f1U,
0xa6bc5767U, 0x3fb506ddU, 0x48b2364bU, 0xd80d2bdaU, 0xaf0a1b4cU,
0x36034af6U, 0x41047a60U, 0xdf60efc3U, 0xa867df55U, 0x316e8eefU,
0x4669be79U, 0xcb61b38cU, 0xbc66831aU, 0x256fd2a0U, 0x5268e236U,
0xcc0c7795U, 0xbb0b4703U, 0x220216b9U, 0x5505262fU, 0xc5ba3bbeU,
0xb2bd0b28U, 0x2bb45a92U, 0x5cb36a04U, 0xc2d7ffa7U, 0xb5d0cf31U,
0x2cd99e8bU, 0x5bdeae1dU, 0x9b64c2b0U, 0xec63f226U, 0x756aa39cU,
0x026d930aU, 0x9c0906a9U, 0xeb0e363fU, 0x72076785U, 0x05005713U,
0x95bf4a82U, 0xe2b87a14U, 0x7bb12baeU, 0x0cb61b38U, 0x92d28e9bU,
0xe5d5be0dU, 0x7cdcefb7U, 0x0bdbdf21U, 0x86d3d2d4U, 0xf1d4e242U,
0x68ddb3f8U, 0x1fda836eU, 0x81be16cdU, 0xf6b9265bU, 0x6fb077e1U,
0x18b74777U, 0x88085ae6U, 0xff0f6a70U, 0x66063bcaU, 0x11010b5cU,
0x8f659effU, 0xf862ae69U, 0x616bffd3U, 0x166ccf45U, 0xa00ae278U,
0xd70dd2eeU, 0x4e048354U, 0x3903b3c2U, 0xa7672661U, 0xd06016f7U,
0x4969474dU, 0x3e6e77dbU, 0xaed16a4aU, 0xd9d65adcU, 0x40df0b66U,
0x37d83bf0U, 0xa9bcae53U, 0xdebb9ec5U, 0x47b2cf7fU, 0x30b5ffe9U,
0xbdbdf21cU, 0xcabac28aU, 0x53b39330U, 0x24b4a3a6U, 0xbad03605U,
0xcdd70693U, 0x54de5729U, 0x23d967bfU, 0xb3667a2eU, 0xc4614ab8U,
0x5d681b02U, 0x2a6f2b94U, 0xb40bbe37U, 0xc30c8ea1U, 0x5a05df1bU,
0x2d02ef8dU
};
#endif  /* USE_ZLIB_CRC32 */

/*[clinic input]
binascii.crc32 -> unsigned_int

    data: Py_buffer
    crc: unsigned_int(bitwise=True) = 0
    /

Compute CRC-32 incrementally.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static unsigned int
binascii_crc32_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, unsigned int crc)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=52cf59056a78593b input=bbe340bc99d25aa8]*/

#ifdef USE_ZLIB_CRC32
/* This was taken from zlibmodule.c PyZlib_crc32 (but is PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN) */
{
    const Byte *buf;
    Py_ssize_t len;
    int signed_val;

    buf = (Byte*)data->buf;
    len = data->len;
    signed_val = crc32(crc, buf, len);
    return (unsigned int)signed_val & 0xffffffffU;
}
#else  /* USE_ZLIB_CRC32 */
{ /* By Jim Ahlstrom; All rights transferred to CNRI */
    const unsigned char *bin_data;
    Py_ssize_t len;
    unsigned int result;

    bin_data = data->buf;
    len = data->len;

    crc = ~ crc;
    while (len-- > 0) {
        crc = crc_32_tab[(crc ^ *bin_data++) & 0xff] ^ (crc >> 8);
        /* Note:  (crc >> 8) MUST zero fill on left */
    }

    result = (crc ^ 0xFFFFFFFF);
    return result & 0xffffffff;
}
#endif  /* USE_ZLIB_CRC32 */

/*[clinic input]
binascii.b2a_hex

    data: Py_buffer
    sep: object = NULL
        An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
    bytes_per_sep: int = 1
        How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
        right, negative values count from the left.

Hexadecimal representation of binary data.

The return value is a bytes object.  This function is also
available as "hexlify()".

Example:
>>> binascii.b2a_hex(b'\xb9\x01\xef')
b'b901ef'
>>> binascii.hexlify(b'\xb9\x01\xef', ':')
b'b9:01:ef'
>>> binascii.b2a_hex(b'\xb9\x01\xef', b'_', 2)
b'b9_01ef'
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_b2a_hex_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, PyObject *sep,
                      int bytes_per_sep)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=a26937946a81d2c7 input=ec0ade6ba2e43543]*/
{
    return _Py_strhex_bytes_with_sep((const char *)data->buf, data->len,
                                     sep, bytes_per_sep);
}

/*[clinic input]
binascii.hexlify = binascii.b2a_hex

Hexadecimal representation of binary data.

The return value is a bytes object.  This function is also
available as "b2a_hex()".
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_hexlify_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, PyObject *sep,
                      int bytes_per_sep)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=d12aa1b001b15199 input=bc317bd4e241f76b]*/
{
    return _Py_strhex_bytes_with_sep((const char *)data->buf, data->len,
                                     sep, bytes_per_sep);
}

/*[clinic input]
binascii.a2b_hex

    hexstr: ascii_buffer
    /

Binary data of hexadecimal representation.

hexstr must contain an even number of hex digits (upper or lower case).
This function is also available as "unhexlify()".
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_a2b_hex_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *hexstr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=0cc1a139af0eeecb input=9e1e7f2f94db24fd]*/
{
    const char* argbuf;
    Py_ssize_t arglen;
    PyObject *retval;
    char* retbuf;
    Py_ssize_t i, j;
    binascii_state *state;

    argbuf = hexstr->buf;
    arglen = hexstr->len;

    assert(arglen >= 0);

    /* XXX What should we do about strings with an odd length?  Should
     * we add an implicit leading zero, or a trailing zero?  For now,
     * raise an exception.
     */
    if (arglen % 2) {
        state = PyModule_GetState(module);
        if (state == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
        PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Odd-length string");
        return NULL;
    }

    retval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, (arglen/2));
    if (!retval)
        return NULL;
    retbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(retval);

    for (i=j=0; i < arglen; i += 2) {
        unsigned int top = _PyLong_DigitValue[Py_CHARMASK(argbuf[i])];
        unsigned int bot = _PyLong_DigitValue[Py_CHARMASK(argbuf[i+1])];
        if (top >= 16 || bot >= 16) {
            state = PyModule_GetState(module);
            if (state == NULL) {
                return NULL;
            }
            PyErr_SetString(state->Error,
                            "Non-hexadecimal digit found");
            goto finally;
        }
        retbuf[j++] = (top << 4) + bot;
    }
    return retval;

  finally:
    Py_DECREF(retval);
    return NULL;
}

/*[clinic input]
binascii.unhexlify = binascii.a2b_hex

Binary data of hexadecimal representation.

hexstr must contain an even number of hex digits (upper or lower case).
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_unhexlify_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *hexstr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=51a64c06c79629e3 input=dd8c012725f462da]*/
{
    return binascii_a2b_hex_impl(module, hexstr);
}

#define MAXLINESIZE 76


/*[clinic input]
binascii.a2b_qp

    data: ascii_buffer
    header: bool(accept={int}) = False

Decode a string of qp-encoded data.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_a2b_qp_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, int header)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=e99f7846cfb9bc53 input=bf6766fea76cce8f]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t in, out;
    char ch;
    const unsigned char *ascii_data;
    unsigned char *odata;
    Py_ssize_t datalen = 0;
    PyObject *rv;

    ascii_data = data->buf;
    datalen = data->len;

    /* We allocate the output same size as input, this is overkill.
     * The previous implementation used calloc() so we'll zero out the
     * memory here too, since PyMem_Malloc() does not guarantee that.
     */
    odata = (unsigned char *) PyMem_Malloc(datalen);
    if (odata == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    memset(odata, 0, datalen);

    in = out = 0;
    while (in < datalen) {
        if (ascii_data[in] == '=') {
            in++;
            if (in >= datalen) break;
            /* Soft line breaks */
            if ((ascii_data[in] == '\n') || (ascii_data[in] == '\r')) {
                if (ascii_data[in] != '\n') {
                    while (in < datalen && ascii_data[in] != '\n') in++;
                }
                if (in < datalen) in++;
            }
            else if (ascii_data[in] == '=') {
                /* broken case from broken python qp */
                odata[out++] = '=';
                in++;
            }
            else if ((in + 1 < datalen) &&
                     ((ascii_data[in] >= 'A' && ascii_data[in] <= 'F') ||
                      (ascii_data[in] >= 'a' && ascii_data[in] <= 'f') ||
                      (ascii_data[in] >= '0' && ascii_data[in] <= '9')) &&
                     ((ascii_data[in+1] >= 'A' && ascii_data[in+1] <= 'F') ||
                      (ascii_data[in+1] >= 'a' && ascii_data[in+1] <= 'f') ||
                      (ascii_data[in+1] >= '0' && ascii_data[in+1] <= '9'))) {
                /* hexval */
                ch = _PyLong_DigitValue[ascii_data[in]] << 4;
                in++;
                ch |= _PyLong_DigitValue[ascii_data[in]];
                in++;
                odata[out++] = ch;
            }
            else {
              odata[out++] = '=';
            }
        }
        else if (header && ascii_data[in] == '_') {
            odata[out++] = ' ';
            in++;
        }
        else {
            odata[out] = ascii_data[in];
            in++;
            out++;
        }
    }
    if ((rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)odata, out)) == NULL) {
        PyMem_Free(odata);
        return NULL;
    }
    PyMem_Free(odata);
    return rv;
}

static int
to_hex (unsigned char ch, unsigned char *s)
{
    unsigned int uvalue = ch;

    s[1] = "0123456789ABCDEF"[uvalue % 16];
    uvalue = (uvalue / 16);
    s[0] = "0123456789ABCDEF"[uvalue % 16];
    return 0;
}

/* XXX: This is ridiculously complicated to be backward compatible
 * (mostly) with the quopri module.  It doesn't re-create the quopri
 * module bug where text ending in CRLF has the CR encoded */

/*[clinic input]
binascii.b2a_qp

    data: Py_buffer
    quotetabs: bool(accept={int}) = False
    istext: bool(accept={int}) = True
    header: bool(accept={int}) = False

Encode a string using quoted-printable encoding.

On encoding, when istext is set, newlines are not encoded, and white
space at end of lines is.  When istext is not set, \r and \n (CR/LF)
are both encoded.  When quotetabs is set, space and tabs are encoded.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
binascii_b2a_qp_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, int quotetabs,
                     int istext, int header)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=e9884472ebb1a94c input=21fb7eea4a184ba6]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t in, out;
    const unsigned char *databuf;
    unsigned char *odata;
    Py_ssize_t datalen = 0, odatalen = 0;
    PyObject *rv;
    unsigned int linelen = 0;
    unsigned char ch;
    int crlf = 0;
    const unsigned char *p;

    databuf = data->buf;
    datalen = data->len;

    /* See if this string is using CRLF line ends */
    /* XXX: this function has the side effect of converting all of
     * the end of lines to be the same depending on this detection
     * here */
    p = (const unsigned char *) memchr(databuf, '\n', datalen);
    if ((p != NULL) && (p > databuf) && (*(p-1) == '\r'))
        crlf = 1;

    /* First, scan to see how many characters need to be encoded */
    in = 0;
    while (in < datalen) {
        Py_ssize_t delta = 0;
        if ((databuf[in] > 126) ||
            (databuf[in] == '=') ||
            (header && databuf[in] == '_') ||
            ((databuf[in] == '.') && (linelen == 0) &&
             (in + 1 == datalen || databuf[in+1] == '\n' ||
              databuf[in+1] == '\r' || databuf[in+1] == 0)) ||
            (!istext && ((databuf[in] == '\r') || (databuf[in] == '\n'))) ||
            ((databuf[in] == '\t' || databuf[in] == ' ') && (in + 1 == datalen)) ||
            ((databuf[in] < 33) &&
             (databuf[in] != '\r') && (databuf[in] != '\n') &&
             (quotetabs || ((databuf[in] != '\t') && (databuf[in] != ' ')))))
        {
            if ((linelen + 3) >= MAXLINESIZE) {
                linelen = 0;
                if (crlf)
                    delta += 3;
                else
                    delta += 2;
            }
            linelen += 3;
            delta += 3;
            in++;
        }
        else {
            if (istext &&
                ((databuf[in] == '\n') ||
                 ((in+1 < datalen) && (databuf[in] == '\r') &&
                 (databuf[in+1] == '\n'))))
            {
                linelen = 0;
                /* Protect against whitespace on end of line */
                if (in && ((databuf[in-1] == ' ') || (databuf[in-1] == '\t')))
                    delta += 2;
                if (crlf)
                    delta += 2;
                else
                    delta += 1;
                if (databuf[in] == '\r')
                    in += 2;
                else
                    in++;
            }
            else {
                if ((in + 1 != datalen) &&
                    (databuf[in+1] != '\n') &&
                    (linelen + 1) >= MAXLINESIZE) {
                    linelen = 0;
                    if (crlf)
                        delta += 3;
                    else
                        delta += 2;
                }
                linelen++;
                delta++;
                in++;
            }
        }
        if (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - delta < odatalen) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return NULL;
        }
        odatalen += delta;
    }

    /* We allocate the output same size as input, this is overkill.
     * The previous implementation used calloc() so we'll zero out the
     * memory here too, since PyMem_Malloc() does not guarantee that.
     */
    odata = (unsigned char *) PyMem_Malloc(odatalen);
    if (odata == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    memset(odata, 0, odatalen);

    in = out = linelen = 0;
    while (in < datalen) {
        if ((databuf[in] > 126) ||
            (databuf[in] == '=') ||
            (header && databuf[in] == '_') ||
            ((databuf[in] == '.') && (linelen == 0) &&
             (in + 1 == datalen || databuf[in+1] == '\n' ||
              databuf[in+1] == '\r' || databuf[in+1] == 0)) ||
            (!istext && ((databuf[in] == '\r') || (databuf[in] == '\n'))) ||
            ((databuf[in] == '\t' || databuf[in] == ' ') && (in + 1 == datalen)) ||
            ((databuf[in] < 33) &&
             (databuf[in] != '\r') && (databuf[in] != '\n') &&
             (quotetabs || ((databuf[in] != '\t') && (databuf[in] != ' ')))))
        {
            if ((linelen + 3 )>= MAXLINESIZE) {
                odata[out++] = '=';
                if (crlf) odata[out++] = '\r';
                odata[out++] = '\n';
                linelen = 0;
            }
            odata[out++] = '=';
            to_hex(databuf[in], &odata[out]);
            out += 2;
            in++;
            linelen += 3;
        }
        else {
            if (istext &&
                ((databuf[in] == '\n') ||
                 ((in+1 < datalen) && (databuf[in] == '\r') &&
                 (databuf[in+1] == '\n'))))
            {
                linelen = 0;
                /* Protect against whitespace on end of line */
                if (out && ((odata[out-1] == ' ') || (odata[out-1] == '\t'))) {
                    ch = odata[out-1];
                    odata[out-1] = '=';
                    to_hex(ch, &odata[out]);
                    out += 2;
                }

                if (crlf) odata[out++] = '\r';
                odata[out++] = '\n';
                if (databuf[in] == '\r')
                    in += 2;
                else
                    in++;
            }
            else {
                if ((in + 1 != datalen) &&
                    (databuf[in+1] != '\n') &&
                    (linelen + 1) >= MAXLINESIZE) {
                    odata[out++] = '=';
                    if (crlf) odata[out++] = '\r';
                    odata[out++] = '\n';
                    linelen = 0;
                }
                linelen++;
                if (header && databuf[in] == ' ') {
                    odata[out++] = '_';
                    in++;
                }
                else {
                    odata[out++] = databuf[in++];
                }
            }
        }
    }
    if ((rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)odata, out)) == NULL) {
        PyMem_Free(odata);
        return NULL;
    }
    PyMem_Free(odata);
    return rv;
}

/* List of functions defined in the module */

static struct PyMethodDef binascii_module_methods[] = {
    BINASCII_A2B_UU_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_B2A_UU_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_A2B_BASE64_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_B2A_BASE64_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_A2B_HQX_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_B2A_HQX_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_A2B_HEX_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_B2A_HEX_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_HEXLIFY_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_UNHEXLIFY_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_RLECODE_HQX_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_RLEDECODE_HQX_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_CRC_HQX_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_CRC32_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_A2B_QP_METHODDEF
    BINASCII_B2A_QP_METHODDEF
    {NULL, NULL}                             /* sentinel */
};


/* Initialization function for the module (*must* be called PyInit_binascii) */
PyDoc_STRVAR(doc_binascii, "Conversion between binary data and ASCII");

static int
binascii_exec(PyObject *m) {
    int result;
    binascii_state *state = PyModule_GetState(m);
    if (state == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    state->Error = PyErr_NewException("binascii.Error", PyExc_ValueError, NULL);
    if (state->Error == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }
    result = PyModule_AddObject(m, "Error", state->Error);
    if (result == -1) {
        return -1;
    }

    state->Incomplete = PyErr_NewException("binascii.Incomplete", NULL, NULL);
    if (state->Incomplete == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }
    result = PyModule_AddObject(m, "Incomplete", state->Incomplete);
    if (result == -1) {
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

static PyModuleDef_Slot binascii_slots[] = {
    {Py_mod_exec, binascii_exec},
    {0, NULL}
};

static struct PyModuleDef binasciimodule = {
    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
    "binascii",
    doc_binascii,
    sizeof(binascii_state),
    binascii_module_methods,
    binascii_slots,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL
};

PyMODINIT_FUNC
PyInit_binascii(void)
{
    return PyModuleDef_Init(&binasciimodule);
}