cpython/Doc/c-api/arg.rst

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _arg-parsing:
Parsing arguments and building values
=====================================
These functions are useful when creating your own extensions functions and
methods. Additional information and examples are available in
:ref:`extending-index`.
The first three of these functions described, :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple`,
:cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords`, and :cfunc:`PyArg_Parse`, all use *format
strings* which are used to tell the function about the expected arguments. The
format strings use the same syntax for each of these functions.
A format string consists of zero or more "format units." A format unit
describes one Python object; it is usually a single character or a parenthesized
sequence of format units. With a few exceptions, a format unit that is not a
parenthesized sequence normally corresponds to a single address argument to
these functions. In the following description, the quoted form is the format
unit; the entry in (round) parentheses is the Python object type that matches
the format unit; and the entry in [square] brackets is the type of the C
variable(s) whose address should be passed.
``s`` (string or Unicode object) [const char \*]
Convert a Python string or Unicode object to a C pointer to a character string.
You must not provide storage for the string itself; a pointer to an existing
string is stored into the character pointer variable whose address you pass.
The C string is NUL-terminated. The Python string must not contain embedded NUL
bytes; if it does, a :exc:`TypeError` exception is raised. Unicode objects are
converted to C strings using the default encoding. If this conversion fails, a
:exc:`UnicodeError` is raised.
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Starting with Python 2.5 the type of the length argument can be
controlled by defining the macro :cmacro:`PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN` before
including :file:`Python.h`. If the macro is defined, length is a
:ctype:`Py_ssize_t` rather than an int.
``s*`` (string, Unicode, or any buffer compatible object) [Py_buffer]
This is similar to ``s``, but the code fills a :ctype:`Py_buffer` structure
provided by the caller. In this case the Python string may contain embedded
null bytes. Unicode objects pass back a pointer to the default encoded
string version of the object if such a conversion is possible. The
underlying buffer is locked, so that the caller can subsequently use the
buffer even inside a ``Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS`` block. **The caller is
responsible** for calling ``PyBuffer_Release`` with the structure after it
has processed the data.
``s#`` (string, Unicode or any read buffer compatible object) [const char \*, int or :ctype:`Py_ssize_t`]
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This variant on ``s`` stores into two C variables, the first one a pointer to
a character string, the second one its length. In this case the Python
string may contain embedded null bytes. Unicode objects pass back a pointer
to the default encoded string version of the object if such a conversion is
possible. All other read-buffer compatible objects pass back a reference to
the raw internal data representation. Since this format doesn't allow
writable buffer compatible objects like byte arrays, ``s*`` is to be
preferred.
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The type of the length argument (int or :ctype:`Py_ssize_t`) is controlled by
defining the macro :cmacro:`PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN` before including
:file:`Python.h`. If the macro was defined, length is a :ctype:`Py_ssize_t`
Merged revisions 67348,67355,67359,67362,67364-67365,67367-67368,67398,67423-67424,67432,67440-67441,67444-67445,67454-67455,67457-67458 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67348 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-22 20:09:41 -0600 (Sat, 22 Nov 2008) | 1 line raise a better error ........ r67355 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-23 13:17:25 -0600 (Sun, 23 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4392: fix parameter name. ........ r67359 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-23 15:57:30 -0600 (Sun, 23 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4399: fix typo. ........ r67362 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-11-23 18:41:43 -0600 (Sun, 23 Nov 2008) | 2 lines Document PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN for PyArg_ParseTuple. ........ r67364 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-23 19:16:29 -0600 (Sun, 23 Nov 2008) | 2 lines replace reference to debugger-hooks ........ r67365 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-23 22:09:03 -0600 (Sun, 23 Nov 2008) | 1 line #4396 make the parser module correctly validate the with syntax ........ r67367 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-24 10:16:07 -0600 (Mon, 24 Nov 2008) | 2 lines Fix typo. ........ r67368 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-24 13:56:47 -0600 (Mon, 24 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4404: make clear what "path" is. ........ r67398 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-26 11:39:17 -0600 (Wed, 26 Nov 2008) | 1 line fix typo in sqlite3 docs ........ r67423 | jesse.noller | 2008-11-28 12:59:35 -0600 (Fri, 28 Nov 2008) | 2 lines issue4238: bsd support for cpu_count ........ r67424 | christian.heimes | 2008-11-28 13:33:33 -0600 (Fri, 28 Nov 2008) | 1 line Retain copyright of processing examples. This was requested by a Debian maintainer during packaging of the multiprocessing package for 2.4/2.5 ........ r67432 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-28 17:18:46 -0600 (Fri, 28 Nov 2008) | 1 line SVN format 9 is the same it seems ........ r67440 | jeremy.hylton | 2008-11-28 17:42:59 -0600 (Fri, 28 Nov 2008) | 4 lines Move definition int sval into branch of ifdef where it is used. Otherwise, you get a warning about an undefined variable. ........ r67441 | jeremy.hylton | 2008-11-28 18:09:16 -0600 (Fri, 28 Nov 2008) | 2 lines Reflow long lines. ........ r67444 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-11-28 20:03:32 -0600 (Fri, 28 Nov 2008) | 2 lines Fix a small typo in docstring ........ r67445 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-29 21:07:33 -0600 (Sat, 29 Nov 2008) | 1 line StringIO.close() stops you from using the buffer, too ........ r67454 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-30 08:43:23 -0600 (Sun, 30 Nov 2008) | 1 line note the version that works ........ r67455 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-11-30 13:28:27 -0600 (Sun, 30 Nov 2008) | 1 line Issue #4365: Add crtassem.h constants to the msvcrt module. ........ r67457 | christian.heimes | 2008-11-30 15:16:28 -0600 (Sun, 30 Nov 2008) | 1 line w# requires Py_ssize_t ........ r67458 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-30 15:46:16 -0600 (Sun, 30 Nov 2008) | 1 line fix pyspecific extensions that were broken by Sphinx's grand renaming ........
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rather than an int. This behavior will change in a future Python version to
only support :ctype:`Py_ssize_t` and drop int support. It is best to always
define :cmacro:`PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN`.
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``y`` (bytes object) [const char \*]
This variant on ``s`` converts a Python bytes or bytearray object to a C
pointer to a character string. The bytes object must not contain embedded
NUL bytes; if it does, a :exc:`TypeError` exception is raised.
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``y*`` (bytes object) [Py_buffer \*]
This is to ``s*`` as ``y`` is to ``s``.
``y#`` (bytes object) [const char \*, int]
This variant on ``s#`` stores into two C variables, the first one a pointer
to a character string, the second one its length. This only accepts bytes
objects, no byte arrays.
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``z`` (string or ``None``) [const char \*]
Like ``s``, but the Python object may also be ``None``, in which case the C
pointer is set to *NULL*.
``z*`` (string or ``None`` or any buffer compatible object) [Py_buffer]
This is to ``s*`` as ``z`` is to ``s``.
``z#`` (string or ``None`` or any read buffer compatible object) [const char \*, int]
This is to ``s#`` as ``z`` is to ``s``.
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``u`` (Unicode object) [Py_UNICODE \*]
Convert a Python Unicode object to a C pointer to a NUL-terminated buffer of
16-bit Unicode (UTF-16) data. As with ``s``, there is no need to provide
storage for the Unicode data buffer; a pointer to the existing Unicode data is
stored into the :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` pointer variable whose address you pass.
``u#`` (Unicode object) [Py_UNICODE \*, int]
This variant on ``u`` stores into two C variables, the first one a pointer to a
Unicode data buffer, the second one its length. Non-Unicode objects are handled
by interpreting their read-buffer pointer as pointer to a :ctype:`Py_UNICODE`
array.
``Z`` (Unicode or ``None``) [Py_UNICODE \*]
Like ``s``, but the Python object may also be ``None``, in which case the C
pointer is set to *NULL*.
``Z#`` (Unicode or ``None``) [Py_UNICODE \*, int]
This is to ``u#`` as ``Z`` is to ``u``.
``es`` (string, Unicode object or character buffer compatible object) [const char \*encoding, char \*\*buffer]
This variant on ``s`` is used for encoding Unicode and objects convertible to
Unicode into a character buffer. It only works for encoded data without embedded
NUL bytes.
This format requires two arguments. The first is only used as input, and
must be a :ctype:`const char\*` which points to the name of an encoding as a
NUL-terminated string, or *NULL*, in which case the default encoding is used.
An exception is raised if the named encoding is not known to Python. The
second argument must be a :ctype:`char\*\*`; the value of the pointer it
references will be set to a buffer with the contents of the argument text.
The text will be encoded in the encoding specified by the first argument.
:cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` will allocate a buffer of the needed size, copy the
encoded data into this buffer and adjust *\*buffer* to reference the newly
allocated storage. The caller is responsible for calling :cfunc:`PyMem_Free` to
free the allocated buffer after use.
``et`` (string, Unicode object or character buffer compatible object) [const char \*encoding, char \*\*buffer]
Same as ``es`` except that 8-bit string objects are passed through without
recoding them. Instead, the implementation assumes that the string object uses
the encoding passed in as parameter.
``es#`` (string, Unicode object or character buffer compatible object) [const char \*encoding, char \*\*buffer, int \*buffer_length]
This variant on ``s#`` is used for encoding Unicode and objects convertible to
Unicode into a character buffer. Unlike the ``es`` format, this variant allows
input data which contains NUL characters.
It requires three arguments. The first is only used as input, and must be a
:ctype:`const char\*` which points to the name of an encoding as a
NUL-terminated string, or *NULL*, in which case the default encoding is used.
An exception is raised if the named encoding is not known to Python. The
second argument must be a :ctype:`char\*\*`; the value of the pointer it
references will be set to a buffer with the contents of the argument text.
The text will be encoded in the encoding specified by the first argument.
The third argument must be a pointer to an integer; the referenced integer
will be set to the number of bytes in the output buffer.
There are two modes of operation:
If *\*buffer* points a *NULL* pointer, the function will allocate a buffer of
the needed size, copy the encoded data into this buffer and set *\*buffer* to
reference the newly allocated storage. The caller is responsible for calling
:cfunc:`PyMem_Free` to free the allocated buffer after usage.
If *\*buffer* points to a non-*NULL* pointer (an already allocated buffer),
:cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` will use this location as the buffer and interpret the
initial value of *\*buffer_length* as the buffer size. It will then copy the
encoded data into the buffer and NUL-terminate it. If the buffer is not large
enough, a :exc:`ValueError` will be set.
In both cases, *\*buffer_length* is set to the length of the encoded data
without the trailing NUL byte.
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``et#`` (string, Unicode object or character buffer compatible object) [const char \*encoding, char \*\*buffer, int \*buffer_length]
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Same as ``es#`` except that string objects are passed through without recoding
them. Instead, the implementation assumes that the string object uses the
encoding passed in as parameter.
Merged revisions 67952,67957-67958,67960-67961,67963,67973,67978,67995,68030,68057,68061 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67952 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 11:42:40 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4752: actually use custom handler in example. ........ r67957 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 12:49:19 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4754: improve winsound documentation. ........ r67958 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:02:59 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4682: 'b' is actually unsigned char. ........ r67960 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:04:44 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4695: fix backslashery. ........ r67961 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:06:04 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use :samp: role. ........ r67963 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:11:15 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4671: document that pydoc imports modules. ........ r67973 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-12-27 20:58:22 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Document Py_VaBuildValue. ........ r67978 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-28 05:58:49 -0600 (Sun, 28 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4731: clarify message about missing module prerequisites. ........ r67995 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-28 15:16:07 -0600 (Sun, 28 Dec 2008) | 1 line #4763 PyErr_ExceptionMatches won't blow up with NULL arguments ........ r68030 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-29 15:38:14 -0600 (Mon, 29 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix French ........ r68057 | vinay.sajip | 2008-12-30 01:01:25 -0600 (Tue, 30 Dec 2008) | 1 line Minor documentation change relating to NullHandler. ........ r68061 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-30 04:15:49 -0600 (Tue, 30 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4778: attributes can't be called. ........
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``b`` (integer) [unsigned char]
Convert a nonnegative Python integer to an unsigned tiny int, stored in a C
:ctype:`unsigned char`.
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``B`` (integer) [unsigned char]
Convert a Python integer to a tiny int without overflow checking, stored in a C
:ctype:`unsigned char`.
``h`` (integer) [short int]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`short int`.
``H`` (integer) [unsigned short int]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`unsigned short int`, without overflow
checking.
``i`` (integer) [int]
Convert a Python integer to a plain C :ctype:`int`.
``I`` (integer) [unsigned int]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`unsigned int`, without overflow
checking.
``l`` (integer) [long int]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`long int`.
``k`` (integer) [unsigned long]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`unsigned long` without
overflow checking.
``L`` (integer) [PY_LONG_LONG]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`long long`. This format is only
available on platforms that support :ctype:`long long` (or :ctype:`_int64` on
Windows).
``K`` (integer) [unsigned PY_LONG_LONG]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`unsigned long long`
without overflow checking. This format is only available on platforms that
support :ctype:`unsigned long long` (or :ctype:`unsigned _int64` on Windows).
``n`` (integer) [Py_ssize_t]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`Py_ssize_t`.
``c`` (string of length 1) [char]
Convert a Python character, represented as a byte string of length 1, to a C
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:ctype:`char`.
``C`` (string of length 1) [int]
Convert a Python character, represented as a unicode string of length 1, to a
C :ctype:`int`.
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``f`` (float) [float]
Convert a Python floating point number to a C :ctype:`float`.
``d`` (float) [double]
Convert a Python floating point number to a C :ctype:`double`.
``D`` (complex) [Py_complex]
Convert a Python complex number to a C :ctype:`Py_complex` structure.
``O`` (object) [PyObject \*]
Store a Python object (without any conversion) in a C object pointer. The C
program thus receives the actual object that was passed. The object's reference
count is not increased. The pointer stored is not *NULL*.
``O!`` (object) [*typeobject*, PyObject \*]
Store a Python object in a C object pointer. This is similar to ``O``, but
takes two C arguments: the first is the address of a Python type object, the
second is the address of the C variable (of type :ctype:`PyObject\*`) into which
the object pointer is stored. If the Python object does not have the required
type, :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
``O&`` (object) [*converter*, *anything*]
Convert a Python object to a C variable through a *converter* function. This
takes two arguments: the first is a function, the second is the address of a C
variable (of arbitrary type), converted to :ctype:`void \*`. The *converter*
function in turn is called as follows::
status = converter(object, address);
where *object* is the Python object to be converted and *address* is the
:ctype:`void\*` argument that was passed to the :cfunc:`PyArg_Parse\*` function.
The returned *status* should be ``1`` for a successful conversion and ``0`` if
the conversion has failed. When the conversion fails, the *converter* function
Merged revisions 61209-61214,61217-61222,61224-61226,61233-61237 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r61209 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-03 21:37:55 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 2 lines There are now sixteen isfoo functions. ........ r61210 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-03 21:39:00 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 2 lines 15 -> 16, the 2nd ........ r61211 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-03 22:22:47 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Actually import itertools. ........ r61212 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-03 22:31:50 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Expand a bit on genexp scopes. ........ r61213 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-03 23:04:55 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 1 line Remove dependency on itertools -- a simple genexp suffices. ........ r61214 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-03 23:19:58 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 1 line Issue 2226: Callable checked for the wrong abstract method. ........ r61217 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 01:40:32 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r61218 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 02:30:10 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Grammar fix; markup fix ........ r61219 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 02:47:38 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Fix sentence fragment ........ r61220 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 02:48:26 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r61221 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 02:49:37 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Add versionadded tags ........ r61222 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 02:50:32 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Thesis night results: add various items ........ r61224 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-04 05:17:08 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Beef-up docs and tests for itertools. Fix-up end-case for product(). ........ r61225 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-04 08:25:54 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fix some patch attributions. ........ r61226 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-04 08:33:30 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 2 lines #2230: document that PyArg_* leaves addresses alone on error. ........ r61233 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-04 17:22:46 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 3 lines Close the file before trying to remove the directory so it works on Windows. As reported by Trent Nelson on python-dev. ........ r61234 | thomas.heller | 2008-03-04 21:09:11 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 9 lines Merged changes from libffi3-branch. The bundled libffi copy is now in sync with the recently released libffi3.0.4 version, apart from some small changes to Modules/_ctypes/libffi/configure.ac. I gave up on using libffi3 files on os x. Instead, static configuration with files from pyobjc is used. ........ r61235 | thomas.heller | 2008-03-04 21:21:42 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Try to fix the build for PY_LINUX. ........ r61236 | fred.drake | 2008-03-04 22:14:04 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 2 lines fix typo ........ r61237 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-04 23:29:44 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Fix refleak in chain(). ........
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should raise an exception and leave the content of *address* unmodified.
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If the *converter* returns Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED, it may get called a second time
if the argument parsing eventually fails, giving the converter a chance to release
any memory that it had already allocated. In this second call, the *object* parameter
will be NULL; *address* will have the same value as in the original call.
.. versionchanged:: 3.1
Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED was added.
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``S`` (string) [PyStringObject \*]
Like ``O`` but requires that the Python object is a string object. Raises
:exc:`TypeError` if the object is not a string object. The C variable may also
be declared as :ctype:`PyObject\*`.
``U`` (Unicode string) [PyUnicodeObject \*]
Like ``O`` but requires that the Python object is a Unicode object. Raises
:exc:`TypeError` if the object is not a Unicode object. The C variable may also
be declared as :ctype:`PyObject\*`.
``t#`` (read-only character buffer) [char \*, int]
Like ``s#``, but accepts any object which implements the read-only buffer
interface. The :ctype:`char\*` variable is set to point to the first byte of
the buffer, and the :ctype:`int` is set to the length of the buffer. Only
single-segment buffer objects are accepted; :exc:`TypeError` is raised for all
others.
``w`` (read-write character buffer) [char \*]
Similar to ``s``, but accepts any object which implements the read-write buffer
interface. The caller must determine the length of the buffer by other means,
or use ``w#`` instead. Only single-segment buffer objects are accepted;
:exc:`TypeError` is raised for all others.
``w*`` (read-write byte-oriented buffer) [Py_buffer]
This is to ``w`` what ``s*`` is to ``s``.
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``w#`` (read-write character buffer) [char \*, int]
Like ``s#``, but accepts any object which implements the read-write buffer
Merged revisions 71898-71900,71910,71914-71919 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r71898 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:24:30 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71899 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:27:00 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 3 lines The type for ppos has been Py_ssize_t since 2.5, reflect this in the documentation. ........ r71900 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:28:02 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat paragraph. ........ r71910 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 19:59:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 4 lines Issue #4129: Belatedly document which C API functions had their argument(s) or return type changed from int or int * to Py_ssize_t or Py_ssize_t * as this might cause problems on 64-bit platforms. ........ r71914 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:31:20 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71915 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:46:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4129: Document more int -> Py_ssize_t changes. ........ r71916 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:53:48 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71917 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:57:32 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reference to an int type, whereas it's a Py_ssize_t as the synopsis states. ........ r71918 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:04:15 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Since I edited this file, reformat for future edits. ........ r71919 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:10:52 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........
2009-04-26 18:06:15 -03:00
interface. The :ctype:`char \*` variable is set to point to the first byte
of the buffer, and the :ctype:`int` is set to the length of the buffer.
Only single-segment buffer objects are accepted; :exc:`TypeError` is raised
for all others.
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``(items)`` (tuple) [*matching-items*]
The object must be a Python sequence whose length is the number of format units
in *items*. The C arguments must correspond to the individual format units in
*items*. Format units for sequences may be nested.
It is possible to pass "long" integers (integers whose value exceeds the
platform's :const:`LONG_MAX`) however no proper range checking is done --- the
most significant bits are silently truncated when the receiving field is too
small to receive the value (actually, the semantics are inherited from downcasts
in C --- your mileage may vary).
A few other characters have a meaning in a format string. These may not occur
inside nested parentheses. They are:
``|``
Indicates that the remaining arguments in the Python argument list are optional.
The C variables corresponding to optional arguments should be initialized to
their default value --- when an optional argument is not specified,
:cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` does not touch the contents of the corresponding C
variable(s).
``:``
The list of format units ends here; the string after the colon is used as the
function name in error messages (the "associated value" of the exception that
:cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` raises).
``;``
The list of format units ends here; the string after the semicolon is used as
Merged revisions 67889-67892,67895,67898,67904-67907,67912,67918,67920-67921,67923-67924,67926-67927,67930,67943 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r67889 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:04:32 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line sphinx.web is long gone ................ r67890 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:12:26 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line update readme ................ r67891 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:14:47 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line there are way too many places which need to have the current version added ................ r67892 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:29:32 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 9 lines Merged revisions 67809 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r67809 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-15 21:54:45 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix logic error ........ ................ r67895 | neal.norwitz | 2008-12-21 08:28:32 -0600 (Sun, 21 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add Tarek for work on distutils. ................ r67898 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-21 15:00:53 -0600 (Sun, 21 Dec 2008) | 1 line compute DISTVERSION with patchlevel.py ................ r67904 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-22 14:44:58 -0600 (Mon, 22 Dec 2008) | 1 line less attitude ................ r67905 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-22 14:51:15 -0600 (Mon, 22 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix #4720: the format to PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords can now start with '|' ................ r67906 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-22 14:52:53 -0600 (Mon, 22 Dec 2008) | 1 line add NEWS note ................ r67907 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-22 16:12:19 -0600 (Mon, 22 Dec 2008) | 1 line silence compiler warning ................ r67912 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-23 06:37:21 -0600 (Tue, 23 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Fix missing "svn" command. ................ r67918 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-23 09:44:25 -0600 (Tue, 23 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Markup fix. ................ r67920 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-23 14:09:28 -0600 (Tue, 23 Dec 2008) | 1 line use a global variable, so the compiler doesn't optimize the assignment out ................ r67921 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-23 14:12:33 -0600 (Tue, 23 Dec 2008) | 1 line make global static ................ r67923 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-24 09:10:27 -0600 (Wed, 24 Dec 2008) | 1 line #4736 BufferRWPair.closed shouldn't try to call another property as a function ................ r67924 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-24 10:10:05 -0600 (Wed, 24 Dec 2008) | 1 line pretend exceptions don't exist a while longer ................ r67926 | tarek.ziade | 2008-12-24 13:10:05 -0600 (Wed, 24 Dec 2008) | 1 line fixed #4400 : distutils .pypirc default generated file was broken. ................ r67927 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-26 17:26:30 -0600 (Fri, 26 Dec 2008) | 1 line python version is included in file name now ................ r67930 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2008-12-26 22:19:48 -0600 (Fri, 26 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Issue #4740: Use HIGHEST_PROTOCOL in pickle test. (There is no behavior difference in 2.x because HIGHEST_PROTOCOL == 2) ................ r67943 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-12-27 04:02:59 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Fix bogus unicode tests in pickletester. ................
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the error message *instead* of the default error message. ``:`` and ``;``
mutually exclude each other.
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Note that any Python object references which are provided to the caller are
*borrowed* references; do not decrement their reference count!
Additional arguments passed to these functions must be addresses of variables
whose type is determined by the format string; these are used to store values
from the input tuple. There are a few cases, as described in the list of format
units above, where these parameters are used as input values; they should match
what is specified for the corresponding format unit in that case.
Merged revisions 61209-61214,61217-61222,61224-61226,61233-61237 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r61209 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-03 21:37:55 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 2 lines There are now sixteen isfoo functions. ........ r61210 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-03 21:39:00 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 2 lines 15 -> 16, the 2nd ........ r61211 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-03 22:22:47 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Actually import itertools. ........ r61212 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-03 22:31:50 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Expand a bit on genexp scopes. ........ r61213 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-03 23:04:55 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 1 line Remove dependency on itertools -- a simple genexp suffices. ........ r61214 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-03 23:19:58 +0100 (Mon, 03 Mar 2008) | 1 line Issue 2226: Callable checked for the wrong abstract method. ........ r61217 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 01:40:32 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r61218 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 02:30:10 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Grammar fix; markup fix ........ r61219 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 02:47:38 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Fix sentence fragment ........ r61220 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 02:48:26 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r61221 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 02:49:37 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Add versionadded tags ........ r61222 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-03-04 02:50:32 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Thesis night results: add various items ........ r61224 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-04 05:17:08 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Beef-up docs and tests for itertools. Fix-up end-case for product(). ........ r61225 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-04 08:25:54 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fix some patch attributions. ........ r61226 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-04 08:33:30 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 2 lines #2230: document that PyArg_* leaves addresses alone on error. ........ r61233 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-04 17:22:46 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 3 lines Close the file before trying to remove the directory so it works on Windows. As reported by Trent Nelson on python-dev. ........ r61234 | thomas.heller | 2008-03-04 21:09:11 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 9 lines Merged changes from libffi3-branch. The bundled libffi copy is now in sync with the recently released libffi3.0.4 version, apart from some small changes to Modules/_ctypes/libffi/configure.ac. I gave up on using libffi3 files on os x. Instead, static configuration with files from pyobjc is used. ........ r61235 | thomas.heller | 2008-03-04 21:21:42 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Try to fix the build for PY_LINUX. ........ r61236 | fred.drake | 2008-03-04 22:14:04 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 2 lines fix typo ........ r61237 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-04 23:29:44 +0100 (Tue, 04 Mar 2008) | 1 line Fix refleak in chain(). ........
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For the conversion to succeed, the *arg* object must match the format
and the format must be exhausted. On success, the
:cfunc:`PyArg_Parse\*` functions return true, otherwise they return
false and raise an appropriate exception. When the
:cfunc:`PyArg_Parse\*` functions fail due to conversion failure in one
of the format units, the variables at the addresses corresponding to that
and the following format units are left untouched.
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.. cfunction:: int PyArg_ParseTuple(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
Parse the parameters of a function that takes only positional parameters into
local variables. Returns true on success; on failure, it returns false and
raises the appropriate exception.
.. cfunction:: int PyArg_VaParse(PyObject *args, const char *format, va_list vargs)
Identical to :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple`, except that it accepts a va_list rather
than a variable number of arguments.
.. cfunction:: int PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, const char *format, char *keywords[], ...)
Parse the parameters of a function that takes both positional and keyword
parameters into local variables. Returns true on success; on failure, it
returns false and raises the appropriate exception.
.. cfunction:: int PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, const char *format, char *keywords[], va_list vargs)
Identical to :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords`, except that it accepts a
va_list rather than a variable number of arguments.
.. XXX deprecated, will be removed
.. cfunction:: int PyArg_Parse(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
Function used to deconstruct the argument lists of "old-style" functions ---
these are functions which use the :const:`METH_OLDARGS` parameter parsing
method. This is not recommended for use in parameter parsing in new code, and
most code in the standard interpreter has been modified to no longer use this
for that purpose. It does remain a convenient way to decompose other tuples,
however, and may continue to be used for that purpose.
.. cfunction:: int PyArg_UnpackTuple(PyObject *args, const char *name, Py_ssize_t min, Py_ssize_t max, ...)
A simpler form of parameter retrieval which does not use a format string to
specify the types of the arguments. Functions which use this method to retrieve
their parameters should be declared as :const:`METH_VARARGS` in function or
method tables. The tuple containing the actual parameters should be passed as
*args*; it must actually be a tuple. The length of the tuple must be at least
*min* and no more than *max*; *min* and *max* may be equal. Additional
arguments must be passed to the function, each of which should be a pointer to a
:ctype:`PyObject\*` variable; these will be filled in with the values from
*args*; they will contain borrowed references. The variables which correspond
to optional parameters not given by *args* will not be filled in; these should
be initialized by the caller. This function returns true on success and false if
*args* is not a tuple or contains the wrong number of elements; an exception
will be set if there was a failure.
This is an example of the use of this function, taken from the sources for the
:mod:`_weakref` helper module for weak references::
static PyObject *
weakref_ref(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
PyObject *object;
PyObject *callback = NULL;
PyObject *result = NULL;
if (PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "ref", 1, 2, &object, &callback)) {
result = PyWeakref_NewRef(object, callback);
}
return result;
}
The call to :cfunc:`PyArg_UnpackTuple` in this example is entirely equivalent to
this call to :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple`::
PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O:ref", &object, &callback)
.. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_BuildValue(const char *format, ...)
Create a new value based on a format string similar to those accepted by the
:cfunc:`PyArg_Parse\*` family of functions and a sequence of values. Returns
the value or *NULL* in the case of an error; an exception will be raised if
*NULL* is returned.
:cfunc:`Py_BuildValue` does not always build a tuple. It builds a tuple only if
its format string contains two or more format units. If the format string is
empty, it returns ``None``; if it contains exactly one format unit, it returns
whatever object is described by that format unit. To force it to return a tuple
of size 0 or one, parenthesize the format string.
When memory buffers are passed as parameters to supply data to build objects, as
for the ``s`` and ``s#`` formats, the required data is copied. Buffers provided
by the caller are never referenced by the objects created by
:cfunc:`Py_BuildValue`. In other words, if your code invokes :cfunc:`malloc`
and passes the allocated memory to :cfunc:`Py_BuildValue`, your code is
responsible for calling :cfunc:`free` for that memory once
:cfunc:`Py_BuildValue` returns.
In the following description, the quoted form is the format unit; the entry in
(round) parentheses is the Python object type that the format unit will return;
and the entry in [square] brackets is the type of the C value(s) to be passed.
The characters space, tab, colon and comma are ignored in format strings (but
not within format units such as ``s#``). This can be used to make long format
strings a tad more readable.
``s`` (string) [char \*]
Convert a null-terminated C string to a Python object. If the C string pointer
is *NULL*, ``None`` is used.
``s#`` (string) [char \*, int]
Convert a C string and its length to a Python object. If the C string pointer
is *NULL*, the length is ignored and ``None`` is returned.
``y`` (bytes) [char \*]
This converts a C string to a Python :func:`bytes` object. If the C
string pointer is *NULL*, ``None`` is returned.
``y#`` (bytes) [char \*, int]
This converts a C string and its lengths to a Python object. If the C
string pointer is *NULL*, ``None`` is returned.
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``z`` (string or ``None``) [char \*]
Same as ``s``.
``z#`` (string or ``None``) [char \*, int]
Same as ``s#``.
``u`` (Unicode string) [Py_UNICODE \*]
Convert a null-terminated buffer of Unicode (UCS-2 or UCS-4) data to a Python
Unicode object. If the Unicode buffer pointer is *NULL*, ``None`` is returned.
``u#`` (Unicode string) [Py_UNICODE \*, int]
Convert a Unicode (UCS-2 or UCS-4) data buffer and its length to a Python
Unicode object. If the Unicode buffer pointer is *NULL*, the length is ignored
and ``None`` is returned.
``U`` (string) [char \*]
Convert a null-terminated C string to a Python unicode object. If the C string
pointer is *NULL*, ``None`` is used.
``U#`` (string) [char \*, int]
Convert a C string and its length to a Python unicode object. If the C string
pointer is *NULL*, the length is ignored and ``None`` is returned.
``i`` (integer) [int]
Convert a plain C :ctype:`int` to a Python integer object.
``b`` (integer) [char]
Convert a plain C :ctype:`char` to a Python integer object.
``h`` (integer) [short int]
Convert a plain C :ctype:`short int` to a Python integer object.
``l`` (integer) [long int]
Convert a C :ctype:`long int` to a Python integer object.
``B`` (integer) [unsigned char]
Convert a C :ctype:`unsigned char` to a Python integer object.
``H`` (integer) [unsigned short int]
Convert a C :ctype:`unsigned short int` to a Python integer object.
``I`` (integer) [unsigned int]
Convert a C :ctype:`unsigned int` to a Python integer object.
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``k`` (integer) [unsigned long]
Convert a C :ctype:`unsigned long` to a Python integer object.
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``L`` (long) [PY_LONG_LONG]
Convert a C :ctype:`long long` to a Python integer object. Only available
on platforms that support :ctype:`long long`.
``K`` (long) [unsigned PY_LONG_LONG]
Convert a C :ctype:`unsigned long long` to a Python integer object. Only
available on platforms that support :ctype:`unsigned long long`.
``n`` (int) [Py_ssize_t]
Convert a C :ctype:`Py_ssize_t` to a Python integer.
``c`` (string of length 1) [char]
Convert a C :ctype:`int` representing a byte to a Python byte string of
length 1.
``C`` (string of length 1) [int]
Convert a C :ctype:`int` representing a character to Python unicode
string of length 1.
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``d`` (float) [double]
Convert a C :ctype:`double` to a Python floating point number.
``f`` (float) [float]
Same as ``d``.
``D`` (complex) [Py_complex \*]
Convert a C :ctype:`Py_complex` structure to a Python complex number.
``O`` (object) [PyObject \*]
Pass a Python object untouched (except for its reference count, which is
incremented by one). If the object passed in is a *NULL* pointer, it is assumed
that this was caused because the call producing the argument found an error and
set an exception. Therefore, :cfunc:`Py_BuildValue` will return *NULL* but won't
raise an exception. If no exception has been raised yet, :exc:`SystemError` is
set.
``S`` (object) [PyObject \*]
Same as ``O``.
``N`` (object) [PyObject \*]
Same as ``O``, except it doesn't increment the reference count on the object.
Useful when the object is created by a call to an object constructor in the
argument list.
``O&`` (object) [*converter*, *anything*]
Convert *anything* to a Python object through a *converter* function. The
function is called with *anything* (which should be compatible with :ctype:`void
\*`) as its argument and should return a "new" Python object, or *NULL* if an
error occurred.
``(items)`` (tuple) [*matching-items*]
Convert a sequence of C values to a Python tuple with the same number of items.
``[items]`` (list) [*matching-items*]
Convert a sequence of C values to a Python list with the same number of items.
``{items}`` (dictionary) [*matching-items*]
Convert a sequence of C values to a Python dictionary. Each pair of consecutive
C values adds one item to the dictionary, serving as key and value,
respectively.
If there is an error in the format string, the :exc:`SystemError` exception is
set and *NULL* returned.
Merged revisions 67952,67957-67958,67960-67961,67963,67973,67978,67995,68030,68057,68061 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67952 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 11:42:40 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4752: actually use custom handler in example. ........ r67957 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 12:49:19 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4754: improve winsound documentation. ........ r67958 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:02:59 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4682: 'b' is actually unsigned char. ........ r67960 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:04:44 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4695: fix backslashery. ........ r67961 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:06:04 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use :samp: role. ........ r67963 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:11:15 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4671: document that pydoc imports modules. ........ r67973 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-12-27 20:58:22 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Document Py_VaBuildValue. ........ r67978 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-28 05:58:49 -0600 (Sun, 28 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4731: clarify message about missing module prerequisites. ........ r67995 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-28 15:16:07 -0600 (Sun, 28 Dec 2008) | 1 line #4763 PyErr_ExceptionMatches won't blow up with NULL arguments ........ r68030 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-29 15:38:14 -0600 (Mon, 29 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix French ........ r68057 | vinay.sajip | 2008-12-30 01:01:25 -0600 (Tue, 30 Dec 2008) | 1 line Minor documentation change relating to NullHandler. ........ r68061 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-30 04:15:49 -0600 (Tue, 30 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4778: attributes can't be called. ........
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.. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_VaBuildValue(const char *format, va_list vargs)
Identical to :cfunc:`Py_BuildValue`, except that it accepts a va_list
rather than a variable number of arguments.