cpython/Lib/test/test_unicode.py

""" Test script for the Unicode implementation.

Written by Marc-Andre Lemburg (mal@lemburg.com).

(c) Copyright CNRI, All Rights Reserved. NO WARRANTY.

"""#"
from test_support import verify, verbose
import sys

def test(method, input, output, *args):
    if verbose:
        print '%s.%s%s =? %s... ' % (repr(input), method, args, repr(output)),
    try:
        f = getattr(input, method)
        value = apply(f, args)
    except:
        value = sys.exc_type
        exc = sys.exc_info()[:2]
    else:
        exc = None
    if value != output or type(value) is not type(output):
        if verbose:
            print 'no'
        print '*',f, `input`, `output`, `value`
        if exc:
            print '  value == %s: %s' % (exc)
    else:
        if verbose:
            print 'yes'

test('capitalize', u' hello ', u' hello ')
test('capitalize', u'hello ', u'Hello ')
test('capitalize', u'aaaa', u'Aaaa')
test('capitalize', u'AaAa', u'Aaaa')

test('count', u'aaa', 3, u'a')
test('count', u'aaa', 0, u'b')
test('count', 'aaa', 3, u'a')
test('count', 'aaa', 0, u'b')
test('count', u'aaa', 3, 'a')
test('count', u'aaa', 0, 'b')

test('title', u' hello ', u' Hello ')
test('title', u'hello ', u'Hello ')
test('title', u"fOrMaT thIs aS titLe String", u'Format This As Title String')
test('title', u"fOrMaT,thIs-aS*titLe;String", u'Format,This-As*Title;String')
test('title', u"getInt", u'Getint')

test('find', u'abcdefghiabc', 0, u'abc')
test('find', u'abcdefghiabc', 9, u'abc', 1)
test('find', u'abcdefghiabc', -1, u'def', 4)

test('rfind', u'abcdefghiabc', 9, u'abc')

test('lower', u'HeLLo', u'hello')
test('lower', u'hello', u'hello')

test('upper', u'HeLLo', u'HELLO')
test('upper', u'HELLO', u'HELLO')

if 0:
    transtable = '\000\001\002\003\004\005\006\007\010\011\012\013\014\015\016\017\020\021\022\023\024\025\026\027\030\031\032\033\034\035\036\037 !"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`xyzdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\177\200\201\202\203\204\205\206\207\210\211\212\213\214\215\216\217\220\221\222\223\224\225\226\227\230\231\232\233\234\235\236\237\240\241\242\243\244\245\246\247\250\251\252\253\254\255\256\257\260\261\262\263\264\265\266\267\270\271\272\273\274\275\276\277\300\301\302\303\304\305\306\307\310\311\312\313\314\315\316\317\320\321\322\323\324\325\326\327\330\331\332\333\334\335\336\337\340\341\342\343\344\345\346\347\350\351\352\353\354\355\356\357\360\361\362\363\364\365\366\367\370\371\372\373\374\375\376\377'

    test('maketrans', u'abc', transtable, u'xyz')
    test('maketrans', u'abc', ValueError, u'xyzq')

test('split', u'this is the split function',
     [u'this', u'is', u'the', u'split', u'function'])
test('split', u'a|b|c|d', [u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'], u'|')
test('split', u'a|b|c|d', [u'a', u'b', u'c|d'], u'|', 2)
test('split', u'a b c d', [u'a', u'b c d'], None, 1)
test('split', u'a b c d', [u'a', u'b', u'c d'], None, 2)
test('split', u'a b c d', [u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'], None, 3)
test('split', u'a b c d', [u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'], None, 4)
test('split', u'a b c d', [u'a b c d'], None, 0)
test('split', u'a  b  c  d', [u'a', u'b', u'c  d'], None, 2)
test('split', u'a b c d ', [u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'])
test('split', u'a//b//c//d', [u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'], u'//')
test('split', u'a//b//c//d', [u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'], '//')
test('split', 'a//b//c//d', [u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'], u'//')
test('split', u'endcase test', [u'endcase ', u''], u'test')
test('split', u'endcase test', [u'endcase ', u''], 'test')
test('split', 'endcase test', [u'endcase ', u''], u'test')


# join now works with any sequence type
class Sequence:
    def __init__(self, seq): self.seq = seq
    def __len__(self): return len(self.seq)
    def __getitem__(self, i): return self.seq[i]

test('join', u' ', u'a b c d', [u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'])
test('join', u' ', u'a b c d', ['a', 'b', u'c', u'd'])
test('join', u'', u'abcd', (u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'))
test('join', u' ', u'w x y z', Sequence('wxyz'))
test('join', u' ', TypeError, 7)
test('join', u' ', TypeError, Sequence([7, u'hello', 123L]))
test('join', ' ', u'a b c d', [u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'])
test('join', ' ', u'a b c d', ['a', 'b', u'c', u'd'])
test('join', '', u'abcd', (u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'))
test('join', ' ', u'w x y z', Sequence(u'wxyz'))
test('join', ' ', TypeError, 7)

result = u''
for i in range(10):
    if i > 0:
        result = result + u':'
    result = result + u'x'*10
test('join', u':', result, [u'x' * 10] * 10)
test('join', u':', result, (u'x' * 10,) * 10)

test('strip', u'   hello   ', u'hello')
test('lstrip', u'   hello   ', u'hello   ')
test('rstrip', u'   hello   ', u'   hello')
test('strip', u'hello', u'hello')

test('swapcase', u'HeLLo cOmpUteRs', u'hEllO CoMPuTErS')

if 0:
    test('translate', u'xyzabcdef', u'xyzxyz', transtable, u'def')

    table = string.maketrans('a', u'A')
    test('translate', u'abc', u'Abc', table)
    test('translate', u'xyz', u'xyz', table)

test('replace', u'one!two!three!', u'one@two!three!', u'!', u'@', 1)
test('replace', u'one!two!three!', u'onetwothree', '!', '')
test('replace', u'one!two!three!', u'one@two@three!', u'!', u'@', 2)
test('replace', u'one!two!three!', u'one@two@three@', u'!', u'@', 3)
test('replace', u'one!two!three!', u'one@two@three@', u'!', u'@', 4)
test('replace', u'one!two!three!', u'one!two!three!', u'!', u'@', 0)
test('replace', u'one!two!three!', u'one@two@three@', u'!', u'@')
test('replace', u'one!two!three!', u'one!two!three!', u'x', u'@')
test('replace', u'one!two!three!', u'one!two!three!', u'x', u'@', 2)

test('startswith', u'hello', 1, u'he')
test('startswith', u'hello', 1, u'hello')
test('startswith', u'hello', 0, u'hello world')
test('startswith', u'hello', 1, u'')
test('startswith', u'hello', 0, u'ello')
test('startswith', u'hello', 1, u'ello', 1)
test('startswith', u'hello', 1, u'o', 4)
test('startswith', u'hello', 0, u'o', 5)
test('startswith', u'hello', 1, u'', 5)
test('startswith', u'hello', 0, u'lo', 6)
test('startswith', u'helloworld', 1, u'lowo', 3)
test('startswith', u'helloworld', 1, u'lowo', 3, 7)
test('startswith', u'helloworld', 0, u'lowo', 3, 6)

test('endswith', u'hello', 1, u'lo')
test('endswith', u'hello', 0, u'he')
test('endswith', u'hello', 1, u'')
test('endswith', u'hello', 0, u'hello world')
test('endswith', u'helloworld', 0, u'worl')
test('endswith', u'helloworld', 1, u'worl', 3, 9)
test('endswith', u'helloworld', 1, u'world', 3, 12)
test('endswith', u'helloworld', 1, u'lowo', 1, 7)
test('endswith', u'helloworld', 1, u'lowo', 2, 7)
test('endswith', u'helloworld', 1, u'lowo', 3, 7)
test('endswith', u'helloworld', 0, u'lowo', 4, 7)
test('endswith', u'helloworld', 0, u'lowo', 3, 8)
test('endswith', u'ab', 0, u'ab', 0, 1)
test('endswith', u'ab', 0, u'ab', 0, 0)

test('expandtabs', u'abc\rab\tdef\ng\thi', u'abc\rab      def\ng       hi')
test('expandtabs', u'abc\rab\tdef\ng\thi', u'abc\rab      def\ng       hi', 8)
test('expandtabs', u'abc\rab\tdef\ng\thi', u'abc\rab  def\ng   hi', 4)
test('expandtabs', u'abc\r\nab\tdef\ng\thi', u'abc\r\nab  def\ng   hi', 4)

if 0:
    test('capwords', u'abc def ghi', u'Abc Def Ghi')
    test('capwords', u'abc\tdef\nghi', u'Abc Def Ghi')
    test('capwords', u'abc\t   def  \nghi', u'Abc Def Ghi')

# Comparisons:
print 'Testing Unicode comparisons...',
verify(u'abc' == 'abc')
verify('abc' == u'abc')
verify(u'abc' == u'abc')
verify(u'abcd' > 'abc')
verify('abcd' > u'abc')
verify(u'abcd' > u'abc')
verify(u'abc' < 'abcd')
verify('abc' < u'abcd')
verify(u'abc' < u'abcd')
print 'done.'

if 0:
    # Move these tests to a Unicode collation module test...

    print 'Testing UTF-16 code point order comparisons...',
    #No surrogates, no fixup required.
    verify(u'\u0061' < u'\u20ac')
    # Non surrogate below surrogate value, no fixup required
    verify(u'\u0061' < u'\ud800\udc02')

    # Non surrogate above surrogate value, fixup required
    def test_lecmp(s, s2):
        verify(s <  s2 , "comparison failed on %s < %s" % (s, s2))

    def test_fixup(s):
        s2 = u'\ud800\udc01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\ud900\udc01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\uda00\udc01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\udb00\udc01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\ud800\udd01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\ud900\udd01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\uda00\udd01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\udb00\udd01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\ud800\ude01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\ud900\ude01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\uda00\ude01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\udb00\ude01'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\ud800\udfff'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\ud900\udfff'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\uda00\udfff'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)
        s2 = u'\udb00\udfff'
        test_lecmp(s, s2)

    test_fixup(u'\ue000')
    test_fixup(u'\uff61')

    # Surrogates on both sides, no fixup required
    verify(u'\ud800\udc02' < u'\ud84d\udc56')
    print 'done.'

test('ljust', u'abc',  u'abc       ', 10)
test('rjust', u'abc',  u'       abc', 10)
test('center', u'abc', u'   abc    ', 10)
test('ljust', u'abc',  u'abc   ', 6)
test('rjust', u'abc',  u'   abc', 6)
test('center', u'abc', u' abc  ', 6)
test('ljust', u'abc', u'abc', 2)
test('rjust', u'abc', u'abc', 2)
test('center', u'abc', u'abc', 2)

test('islower', u'a', 1)
test('islower', u'A', 0)
test('islower', u'\n', 0)
test('islower', u'\u1FFc', 0)
test('islower', u'abc', 1)
test('islower', u'aBc', 0)
test('islower', u'abc\n', 1)

test('isupper', u'a', 0)
test('isupper', u'A', 1)
test('isupper', u'\n', 0)
test('isupper', u'\u1FFc', 0)
test('isupper', u'ABC', 1)
test('isupper', u'AbC', 0)
test('isupper', u'ABC\n', 1)

test('istitle', u'a', 0)
test('istitle', u'A', 1)
test('istitle', u'\n', 0)
test('istitle', u'\u1FFc', 1)
test('istitle', u'A Titlecased Line', 1)
test('istitle', u'A\nTitlecased Line', 1)
test('istitle', u'A Titlecased, Line', 1)
test('istitle', u'Greek \u1FFcitlecases ...', 1)
test('istitle', u'Not a capitalized String', 0)
test('istitle', u'Not\ta Titlecase String', 0)
test('istitle', u'Not--a Titlecase String', 0)

test('isalpha', u'a', 1)
test('isalpha', u'A', 1)
test('isalpha', u'\n', 0)
test('isalpha', u'\u1FFc', 1)
test('isalpha', u'abc', 1)
test('isalpha', u'aBc123', 0)
test('isalpha', u'abc\n', 0)

test('isalnum', u'a', 1)
test('isalnum', u'A', 1)
test('isalnum', u'\n', 0)
test('isalnum', u'123abc456', 1)
test('isalnum', u'a1b3c', 1)
test('isalnum', u'aBc000 ', 0)
test('isalnum', u'abc\n', 0)

test('splitlines', u"abc\ndef\n\rghi", [u'abc', u'def', u'', u'ghi'])
test('splitlines', u"abc\ndef\n\r\nghi", [u'abc', u'def', u'', u'ghi'])
test('splitlines', u"abc\ndef\r\nghi", [u'abc', u'def', u'ghi'])
test('splitlines', u"abc\ndef\r\nghi\n", [u'abc', u'def', u'ghi'])
test('splitlines', u"abc\ndef\r\nghi\n\r", [u'abc', u'def', u'ghi', u''])
test('splitlines', u"\nabc\ndef\r\nghi\n\r", [u'', u'abc', u'def', u'ghi', u''])
test('splitlines', u"\nabc\ndef\r\nghi\n\r", [u'\n', u'abc\n', u'def\r\n', u'ghi\n', u'\r'], 1)

test('translate', u"abababc", u'bbbc', {ord('a'):None})
test('translate', u"abababc", u'iiic', {ord('a'):None, ord('b'):ord('i')})
test('translate', u"abababc", u'iiix', {ord('a'):None, ord('b'):ord('i'), ord('c'):u'x'})

# Contains:
print 'Testing Unicode contains method...',
verify(('a' in u'abdb') == 1)
verify(('a' in u'bdab') == 1)
verify(('a' in u'bdaba') == 1)
verify(('a' in u'bdba') == 1)
verify(('a' in u'bdba') == 1)
verify((u'a' in u'bdba') == 1)
verify((u'a' in u'bdb') == 0)
verify((u'a' in 'bdb') == 0)
verify((u'a' in 'bdba') == 1)
verify((u'a' in ('a',1,None)) == 1)
verify((u'a' in (1,None,'a')) == 1)
verify((u'a' in (1,None,u'a')) == 1)
verify(('a' in ('a',1,None)) == 1)
verify(('a' in (1,None,'a')) == 1)
verify(('a' in (1,None,u'a')) == 1)
verify(('a' in ('x',1,u'y')) == 0)
verify(('a' in ('x',1,None)) == 0)
print 'done.'

# Formatting:
print 'Testing Unicode formatting strings...',
verify(u"%s, %s" % (u"abc", "abc") == u'abc, abc')
verify(u"%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % (u"abc", "abc", 1, 2, 3) == u'abc, abc, 1, 2.000000,  3.00')
verify(u"%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % (u"abc", "abc", 1, -2, 3) == u'abc, abc, 1, -2.000000,  3.00')
verify(u"%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % (u"abc", "abc", -1, -2, 3.5) == u'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000,  3.50')
verify(u"%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % (u"abc", "abc", -1, -2, 3.57) == u'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000,  3.57')
verify(u"%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % (u"abc", "abc", -1, -2, 1003.57) == u'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000, 1003.57')
verify(u"%c" % (u"a",) == u'a')
verify(u"%c" % ("a",) == u'a')
verify(u"%c" % (34,) == u'"')
verify(u"%c" % (36,) == u'$')
value = u"%r, %r" % (u"abc", "abc")
if value != u"u'abc', 'abc'":
    print '*** formatting failed for "%s"' % 'u"%r, %r" % (u"abc", "abc")'

verify(u"%(x)s, %(y)s" % {'x':u"abc", 'y':"def"} == u'abc, def')
try:
    value = u"%(x)s, %(<28>)s" % {'x':u"abc", u'<EFBFBD>'.encode('utf-8'):"def"}
except KeyError:
    print '*** formatting failed for "%s"' % "u'abc, def'"
else:
    verify(value == u'abc, def')

# formatting jobs delegated from the string implementation:
verify('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':u"abc"} == u'...abc...')
verify('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc"} == '...abc...')
verify('...%(foo)s...' % {u'foo':"abc"} == '...abc...')
verify('...%(foo)s...' % {u'foo':u"abc"} == u'...abc...')
verify('...%(foo)s...' % {u'foo':u"abc",'def':123} ==  u'...abc...')
verify('...%(foo)s...' % {u'foo':u"abc",u'def':123} == u'...abc...')
verify('...%s...%s...%s...%s...' % (1,2,3,u"abc") == u'...1...2...3...abc...')
verify('...%%...%%s...%s...%s...%s...%s...' % (1,2,3,u"abc") == u'...%...%s...1...2...3...abc...')
verify('...%s...' % u"abc" == u'...abc...')
print 'done.'

# Test builtin codecs
print 'Testing builtin codecs...',

# UTF-8 specific encoding tests:
verify(u'\u20ac'.encode('utf-8') == \
       ''.join((chr(0xe2), chr(0x82), chr(0xac))) )
verify(u'\ud800\udc02'.encode('utf-8') == \
       ''.join((chr(0xf0), chr(0x90), chr(0x80), chr(0x82))) )
verify(u'\ud84d\udc56'.encode('utf-8') == \
       ''.join((chr(0xf0), chr(0xa3), chr(0x91), chr(0x96))) )
# UTF-8 specific decoding tests
verify(unicode(''.join((chr(0xf0), chr(0xa3), chr(0x91), chr(0x96))),
               'utf-8') == u'\ud84d\udc56' )
verify(unicode(''.join((chr(0xf0), chr(0x90), chr(0x80), chr(0x82))),
               'utf-8') == u'\ud800\udc02' )
verify(unicode(''.join((chr(0xe2), chr(0x82), chr(0xac))),
               'utf-8') == u'\u20ac' )

# Other possible utf-8 test cases:
# * strict decoding testing for all of the
#   UTF8_ERROR cases in PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8



verify(unicode('hello','ascii') == u'hello')
verify(unicode('hello','utf-8') == u'hello')
verify(unicode('hello','utf8') == u'hello')
verify(unicode('hello','latin-1') == u'hello')

class String:
    x = ''
    def __str__(self):
        return self.x

o = String()

o.x = 'abc'
verify(unicode(o) == u'abc')
verify(str(o) == 'abc')

o.x = u'abc'
verify(unicode(o) == u'abc')
verify(str(o) == 'abc')

try:
    u'Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii')
    u'Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii','strict')
except ValueError:
    pass
else:
    raise TestFailed, "u'Andr\202'.encode('ascii') failed to raise an exception"
verify(u'Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii','ignore') == "Andr x")
verify(u'Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii','replace') == "Andr? x")

try:
    unicode('Andr\202 x','ascii')
    unicode('Andr\202 x','ascii','strict')
except ValueError:
    pass
else:
    raise TestFailed, "unicode('Andr\202') failed to raise an exception"
verify(unicode('Andr\202 x','ascii','ignore') == u"Andr x")
verify(unicode('Andr\202 x','ascii','replace') == u'Andr\uFFFD x')

verify(u'hello'.encode('ascii') == 'hello')
verify(u'hello'.encode('utf-8') == 'hello')
verify(u'hello'.encode('utf8') == 'hello')
verify(u'hello'.encode('utf-16-le') == 'h\000e\000l\000l\000o\000')
verify(u'hello'.encode('utf-16-be') == '\000h\000e\000l\000l\000o')
verify(u'hello'.encode('latin-1') == 'hello')

u = u''.join(map(unichr, range(1024)))
for encoding in ('utf-8', 'utf-16', 'utf-16-le', 'utf-16-be',
                 'raw_unicode_escape', 'unicode_escape', 'unicode_internal'):
    verify(unicode(u.encode(encoding),encoding) == u)

u = u''.join(map(unichr, range(256)))
for encoding in (
    'latin-1',
    ):
    try:
        verify(unicode(u.encode(encoding),encoding) == u)
    except TestFailed:
        print '*** codec "%s" failed round-trip' % encoding
    except ValueError,why:
        print '*** codec for "%s" failed: %s' % (encoding, why)

u = u''.join(map(unichr, range(128)))
for encoding in (
    'ascii',
    ):
    try:
        verify(unicode(u.encode(encoding),encoding) == u)
    except TestFailed:
        print '*** codec "%s" failed round-trip' % encoding
    except ValueError,why:
        print '*** codec for "%s" failed: %s' % (encoding, why)

print 'done.'

print 'Testing standard mapping codecs...',

print '0-127...',
s = ''.join(map(chr, range(128)))
for encoding in (
    'cp037', 'cp1026',
    'cp437', 'cp500', 'cp737', 'cp775', 'cp850',
    'cp852', 'cp855', 'cp860', 'cp861', 'cp862',
    'cp863', 'cp865', 'cp866',
    'iso8859_10', 'iso8859_13', 'iso8859_14', 'iso8859_15',
    'iso8859_2', 'iso8859_3', 'iso8859_4', 'iso8859_5', 'iso8859_6',
    'iso8859_7', 'iso8859_9', 'koi8_r', 'latin_1',
    'mac_cyrillic', 'mac_latin2',

    'cp1250', 'cp1251', 'cp1252', 'cp1253', 'cp1254', 'cp1255',
    'cp1256', 'cp1257', 'cp1258',
    'cp856', 'cp857', 'cp864', 'cp869', 'cp874',

    'mac_greek', 'mac_iceland','mac_roman', 'mac_turkish',
    'cp1006', 'cp875', 'iso8859_8',

    ### These have undefined mappings:
    #'cp424',

    ):
    try:
        verify(unicode(s,encoding).encode(encoding) == s)
    except TestFailed:
        print '*** codec "%s" failed round-trip' % encoding
    except ValueError,why:
        print '*** codec for "%s" failed: %s' % (encoding, why)

print '128-255...',
s = ''.join(map(chr, range(128,256)))
for encoding in (
    'cp037', 'cp1026',
    'cp437', 'cp500', 'cp737', 'cp775', 'cp850',
    'cp852', 'cp855', 'cp860', 'cp861', 'cp862',
    'cp863', 'cp865', 'cp866',
    'iso8859_10', 'iso8859_13', 'iso8859_14', 'iso8859_15',
    'iso8859_2', 'iso8859_4', 'iso8859_5',
    'iso8859_9', 'koi8_r', 'latin_1',
    'mac_cyrillic', 'mac_latin2',

    ### These have undefined mappings:
    #'cp1250', 'cp1251', 'cp1252', 'cp1253', 'cp1254', 'cp1255',
    #'cp1256', 'cp1257', 'cp1258',
    #'cp424', 'cp856', 'cp857', 'cp864', 'cp869', 'cp874',
    #'iso8859_3', 'iso8859_6', 'iso8859_7',
    #'mac_greek', 'mac_iceland','mac_roman', 'mac_turkish',

    ### These fail the round-trip:
    #'cp1006', 'cp875', 'iso8859_8',

    ):
    try:
        verify(unicode(s,encoding).encode(encoding) == s)
    except TestFailed:
        print '*** codec "%s" failed round-trip' % encoding
    except ValueError,why:
        print '*** codec for "%s" failed: %s' % (encoding, why)

print 'done.'

print 'Testing Unicode string concatenation...',
verify((u"abc" u"def") == u"abcdef")
verify(("abc" u"def") == u"abcdef")
verify((u"abc" "def") == u"abcdef")
verify((u"abc" u"def" "ghi") == u"abcdefghi")
verify(("abc" "def" u"ghi") == u"abcdefghi")
print 'done.'