cpython/Doc/library/time.rst

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:mod:`time` --- Time access and conversions
===========================================
.. module:: time
:synopsis: Time access and conversions.
--------------
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This module provides various time-related functions. For related
functionality, see also the :mod:`datetime` and :mod:`calendar` modules.
Although this module is always available,
not all functions are available on all platforms. Most of the functions
defined in this module call platform C library functions with the same name. It
may sometimes be helpful to consult the platform documentation, because the
semantics of these functions varies among platforms.
An explanation of some terminology and conventions is in order.
.. _epoch:
.. index:: single: epoch
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* The :dfn:`epoch` is the point where the time starts, and is platform
dependent. For Unix, the epoch is January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC).
To find out what the epoch is on a given platform, look at
``time.gmtime(0)``.
.. _leap seconds: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second
.. index:: seconds since the epoch
* The term :dfn:`seconds since the epoch` refers to the total number
of elapsed seconds since the epoch, typically excluding
`leap seconds`_. Leap seconds are excluded from this total on all
POSIX-compliant platforms.
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.. index:: single: Year 2038
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* The functions in this module may not handle dates and times before the epoch or
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far in the future. The cut-off point in the future is determined by the C
library; for 32-bit systems, it is typically in 2038.
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.. index::
single: Year 2000
single: Y2K
.. _time-y2kissues:
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* **Year 2000 (Y2K) issues**: Python depends on the platform's C library, which
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generally doesn't have year 2000 issues, since all dates and times are
represented internally as seconds since the epoch. Function :func:`strptime`
can parse 2-digit years when given ``%y`` format code. When 2-digit years are
parsed, they are converted according to the POSIX and ISO C standards: values
69--99 are mapped to 1969--1999, and values 0--68 are mapped to 2000--2068.
.. index::
single: UTC
single: Coordinated Universal Time
single: Greenwich Mean Time
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* UTC is Coordinated Universal Time (formerly known as Greenwich Mean Time, or
GMT). The acronym UTC is not a mistake but a compromise between English and
French.
.. index:: single: Daylight Saving Time
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* DST is Daylight Saving Time, an adjustment of the timezone by (usually) one
hour during part of the year. DST rules are magic (determined by local law) and
can change from year to year. The C library has a table containing the local
rules (often it is read from a system file for flexibility) and is the only
source of True Wisdom in this respect.
* The precision of the various real-time functions may be less than suggested by
the units in which their value or argument is expressed. E.g. on most Unix
systems, the clock "ticks" only 50 or 100 times a second.
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* On the other hand, the precision of :func:`.time` and :func:`sleep` is better
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than their Unix equivalents: times are expressed as floating point numbers,
:func:`.time` returns the most accurate time available (using Unix
:c:func:`gettimeofday` where available), and :func:`sleep` will accept a time
with a nonzero fraction (Unix :c:func:`select` is used to implement this, where
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available).
* The time value as returned by :func:`gmtime`, :func:`localtime`, and
:func:`strptime`, and accepted by :func:`asctime`, :func:`mktime` and
:func:`strftime`, is a sequence of 9 integers. The return values of
:func:`gmtime`, :func:`localtime`, and :func:`strptime` also offer attribute
names for individual fields.
See :class:`struct_time` for a description of these objects.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
The :class:`struct_time` type was extended to provide the :attr:`tm_gmtoff`
and :attr:`tm_zone` attributes when platform supports corresponding
``struct tm`` members.
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
The :class:`struct_time` attributes :attr:`tm_gmtoff` and :attr:`tm_zone`
are now available on all platforms.
Merged revisions 69998-69999,70002,70022-70023,70025-70026,70061,70086,70145,70171,70183,70188,70235,70244,70275,70281 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r69998 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-02-26 13:04:40 -0600 (Thu, 26 Feb 2009) | 1 line the startship is rather outdated now ........ r69999 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-02-26 13:05:59 -0600 (Thu, 26 Feb 2009) | 1 line comma ........ r70002 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-02-26 16:34:30 -0600 (Thu, 26 Feb 2009) | 1 line The curses panel library is now supported ........ r70022 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-27 10:23:18 -0600 (Fri, 27 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5361: fix typo. ........ r70023 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-27 10:39:26 -0600 (Fri, 27 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5363: fix cmpfiles() docs. Another instance where a prose description is twice as long as the code. ........ r70025 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-27 10:52:55 -0600 (Fri, 27 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5344: fix punctuation. ........ r70026 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-27 10:59:03 -0600 (Fri, 27 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5365: add quick look conversion table for different time representations. ........ r70061 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2009-02-28 09:24:00 -0600 (Sat, 28 Feb 2009) | 1 line Binary flag is needed on windows. ........ r70086 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-01 21:35:12 -0600 (Sun, 01 Mar 2009) | 1 line fix a silly problem of caching gone wrong #5401 ........ r70145 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-03 16:51:57 -0600 (Tue, 03 Mar 2009) | 1 line making the writing more formal ........ r70171 | facundo.batista | 2009-03-04 15:18:17 -0600 (Wed, 04 Mar 2009) | 3 lines Fixed a typo. ........ r70183 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-04 18:17:57 -0600 (Wed, 04 Mar 2009) | 1 line add example ........ r70188 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2009-03-05 03:34:14 -0600 (Thu, 05 Mar 2009) | 1 line Fixed memory leak on failure. ........ r70235 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-07 18:21:17 -0600 (Sat, 07 Mar 2009) | 1 line fix funky indentation ........ r70244 | martin.v.loewis | 2009-03-08 09:06:19 -0500 (Sun, 08 Mar 2009) | 2 lines Add Chris Withers. ........ r70275 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-09 11:35:48 -0500 (Mon, 09 Mar 2009) | 2 lines Add missing space. ........ r70281 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-09 15:38:56 -0500 (Mon, 09 Mar 2009) | 1 line gzip and bz2 are context managers ........
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* Use the following functions to convert between time representations:
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| From | To | Use |
+=========================+=========================+=========================+
| seconds since the epoch | :class:`struct_time` in | :func:`gmtime` |
| | UTC | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| seconds since the epoch | :class:`struct_time` in | :func:`localtime` |
| | local time | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| :class:`struct_time` in | seconds since the epoch | :func:`calendar.timegm` |
| UTC | | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| :class:`struct_time` in | seconds since the epoch | :func:`mktime` |
| local time | | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
.. _time-functions:
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Functions
---------
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.. function:: asctime([t])
Convert a tuple or :class:`struct_time` representing a time as returned by
:func:`gmtime` or :func:`localtime` to a string of the following
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form: ``'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993'``. If *t* is not provided, the current time
as returned by :func:`localtime` is used. Locale information is not used by
:func:`asctime`.
.. note::
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Unlike the C function of the same name, :func:`asctime` does not add a
trailing newline.
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.. function:: pthread_getcpuclockid(thread_id)
Return the *clk_id* of the thread-specific CPU-time clock for the specified *thread_id*.
Use :func:`threading.get_ident` or the :attr:`~threading.Thread.ident`
attribute of :class:`threading.Thread` objects to get a suitable value
for *thread_id*.
.. warning::
Passing an invalid or expired *thread_id* may result in
undefined behavior, such as segmentation fault.
.. availability:: Unix (see the man page for :manpage:`pthread_getcpuclockid(3)` for
further information).
.. versionadded:: 3.7
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.. function:: clock_getres(clk_id)
Return the resolution (precision) of the specified clock *clk_id*. Refer to
:ref:`time-clock-id-constants` for a list of accepted values for *clk_id*.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. function:: clock_gettime(clk_id) -> float
Return the time of the specified clock *clk_id*. Refer to
:ref:`time-clock-id-constants` for a list of accepted values for *clk_id*.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. function:: clock_gettime_ns(clk_id) -> int
Similar to :func:`clock_gettime` but return time as nanoseconds.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: clock_settime(clk_id, time: float)
Set the time of the specified clock *clk_id*. Currently,
:data:`CLOCK_REALTIME` is the only accepted value for *clk_id*.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. function:: clock_settime_ns(clk_id, time: int)
Similar to :func:`clock_settime` but set time with nanoseconds.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
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.. function:: ctime([secs])
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a string representing
local time. If *secs* is not provided or :const:`None`, the current time as
returned by :func:`.time` is used. ``ctime(secs)`` is equivalent to
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``asctime(localtime(secs))``. Locale information is not used by :func:`ctime`.
.. function:: get_clock_info(name)
Get information on the specified clock as a namespace object.
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Supported clock names and the corresponding functions to read their value
are:
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* ``'clock'``: :func:`time.clock`
* ``'monotonic'``: :func:`time.monotonic`
* ``'perf_counter'``: :func:`time.perf_counter`
* ``'process_time'``: :func:`time.process_time`
* ``'thread_time'``: :func:`time.thread_time`
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* ``'time'``: :func:`time.time`
The result has the following attributes:
- *adjustable*: ``True`` if the clock can be changed automatically (e.g. by
a NTP daemon) or manually by the system administrator, ``False`` otherwise
- *implementation*: The name of the underlying C function used to get
the clock value. Refer to :ref:`time-clock-id-constants` for possible values.
- *monotonic*: ``True`` if the clock cannot go backward,
``False`` otherwise
- *resolution*: The resolution of the clock in seconds (:class:`float`)
.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. function:: gmtime([secs])
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a :class:`struct_time` in
UTC in which the dst flag is always zero. If *secs* is not provided or
:const:`None`, the current time as returned by :func:`.time` is used. Fractions
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of a second are ignored. See above for a description of the
:class:`struct_time` object. See :func:`calendar.timegm` for the inverse of this
function.
.. function:: localtime([secs])
Like :func:`gmtime` but converts to local time. If *secs* is not provided or
:const:`None`, the current time as returned by :func:`.time` is used. The dst
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flag is set to ``1`` when DST applies to the given time.
.. function:: mktime(t)
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This is the inverse function of :func:`localtime`. Its argument is the
:class:`struct_time` or full 9-tuple (since the dst flag is needed; use ``-1``
as the dst flag if it is unknown) which expresses the time in *local* time, not
UTC. It returns a floating point number, for compatibility with :func:`.time`.
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If the input value cannot be represented as a valid time, either
:exc:`OverflowError` or :exc:`ValueError` will be raised (which depends on
whether the invalid value is caught by Python or the underlying C libraries).
The earliest date for which it can generate a time is platform-dependent.
.. function:: monotonic() -> float
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Return the value (in fractional seconds) of a monotonic clock, i.e. a clock
that cannot go backwards. The clock is not affected by system clock updates.
The reference point of the returned value is undefined, so that only the
difference between the results of consecutive calls is valid.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
The function is now always available and always system-wide.
.. function:: monotonic_ns() -> int
Similar to :func:`monotonic`, but return time as nanoseconds.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: perf_counter() -> float
.. index::
single: benchmarking
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Return the value (in fractional seconds) of a performance counter, i.e. a
clock with the highest available resolution to measure a short duration. It
does include time elapsed during sleep and is system-wide. The reference
point of the returned value is undefined, so that only the difference between
the results of consecutive calls is valid.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: perf_counter_ns() -> int
Similar to :func:`perf_counter`, but return time as nanoseconds.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: process_time() -> float
.. index::
single: CPU time
single: processor time
single: benchmarking
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Return the value (in fractional seconds) of the sum of the system and user
CPU time of the current process. It does not include time elapsed during
sleep. It is process-wide by definition. The reference point of the
returned value is undefined, so that only the difference between the results
of consecutive calls is valid.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: process_time_ns() -> int
Similar to :func:`process_time` but return time as nanoseconds.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
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.. function:: sleep(secs)
Suspend execution of the calling thread for the given number of seconds.
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The argument may be a floating point number to indicate a more precise sleep
time. The actual suspension time may be less than that requested because any
caught signal will terminate the :func:`sleep` following execution of that
signal's catching routine. Also, the suspension time may be longer than
requested by an arbitrary amount because of the scheduling of other activity
in the system.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
The function now sleeps at least *secs* even if the sleep is interrupted
by a signal, except if the signal handler raises an exception (see
:pep:`475` for the rationale).
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.. index::
single: % (percent); datetime format
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.. function:: strftime(format[, t])
Convert a tuple or :class:`struct_time` representing a time as returned by
:func:`gmtime` or :func:`localtime` to a string as specified by the *format*
argument. If *t* is not provided, the current time as returned by
:func:`localtime` is used. *format* must be a string. :exc:`ValueError` is
raised if any field in *t* is outside of the allowed range.
0 is a legal argument for any position in the time tuple; if it is normally
illegal the value is forced to a correct one.
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The following directives can be embedded in the *format* string. They are shown
without the optional field width and precision specification, and are replaced
by the indicated characters in the :func:`strftime` result:
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| Directive | Meaning | Notes |
+===========+================================================+=======+
| ``%a`` | Locale's abbreviated weekday name. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%A`` | Locale's full weekday name. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%b`` | Locale's abbreviated month name. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%B`` | Locale's full month name. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%c`` | Locale's appropriate date and time | |
| | representation. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%d`` | Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%H`` | Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number | |
| | [00,23]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%I`` | Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number | |
| | [01,12]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%j`` | Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%m`` | Month as a decimal number [01,12]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%M`` | Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%p`` | Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM. | \(1) |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%S`` | Second as a decimal number [00,61]. | \(2) |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%U`` | Week number of the year (Sunday as the first | \(3) |
| | day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. | |
| | All days in a new year preceding the first | |
| | Sunday are considered to be in week 0. | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%w`` | Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%W`` | Week number of the year (Monday as the first | \(3) |
| | day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. | |
| | All days in a new year preceding the first | |
| | Monday are considered to be in week 0. | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%x`` | Locale's appropriate date representation. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%X`` | Locale's appropriate time representation. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%y`` | Year without century as a decimal number | |
| | [00,99]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%Y`` | Year with century as a decimal number. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%z`` | Time zone offset indicating a positive or | |
| | negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the | |
| | form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal| |
| | hour digits and M represents decimal minute | |
| | digits [-23:59, +23:59]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%Z`` | Time zone name (no characters if no time zone | |
| | exists). | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%%`` | A literal ``'%'`` character. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
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Notes:
(1)
When used with the :func:`strptime` function, the ``%p`` directive only affects
the output hour field if the ``%I`` directive is used to parse the hour.
(2)
The range really is ``0`` to ``61``; value ``60`` is valid in
timestamps representing `leap seconds`_ and value ``61`` is supported
for historical reasons.
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(3)
When used with the :func:`strptime` function, ``%U`` and ``%W`` are only used in
calculations when the day of the week and the year are specified.
Here is an example, a format for dates compatible with that specified in the
:rfc:`2822` Internet email standard. [#]_ ::
>>> from time import gmtime, strftime
>>> strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S +0000", gmtime())
'Thu, 28 Jun 2001 14:17:15 +0000'
Additional directives may be supported on certain platforms, but only the
ones listed here have a meaning standardized by ANSI C. To see the full set
of format codes supported on your platform, consult the :manpage:`strftime(3)`
documentation.
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On some platforms, an optional field width and precision specification can
immediately follow the initial ``'%'`` of a directive in the following order;
this is also not portable. The field width is normally 2 except for ``%j`` where
it is 3.
.. index::
single: % (percent); datetime format
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.. function:: strptime(string[, format])
Parse a string representing a time according to a format. The return value
is a :class:`struct_time` as returned by :func:`gmtime` or
:func:`localtime`.
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The *format* parameter uses the same directives as those used by
:func:`strftime`; it defaults to ``"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"`` which matches the
formatting returned by :func:`ctime`. If *string* cannot be parsed according
to *format*, or if it has excess data after parsing, :exc:`ValueError` is
raised. The default values used to fill in any missing data when more
accurate values cannot be inferred are ``(1900, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1)``.
Both *string* and *format* must be strings.
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Merged revisions 61724-61725,61731-61735,61737,61739,61741,61743-61744,61753,61761,61765-61767,61769,61773,61776-61778,61780-61783,61788,61793,61796,61807,61813 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r61724 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 01:01:12 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 49 lines Merged revisions 61602-61723 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r61626 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 17:19:16 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added fixer for implicit local imports. See #2414. ........ r61628 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 17:57:43 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added a class for tests which should not run if a particular import is found. ........ r61629 | collin.winter | 2008-03-19 17:58:19 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Two more relative import fixes in pgen2. ........ r61635 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 20:16:03 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Fixed print fixer so it will do the Right Thing when it encounters __future__.print_function. 2to3 gets upset, though, so the tests have been commented out. ........ r61637 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 21:37:17 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 3 lines Added a fixer for itertools imports (from itertools import imap, ifilterfalse --> from itertools import filterfalse) ........ r61645 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 23:22:35 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line SVN is happier when you add the files you create... -_-' ........ r61654 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 01:09:56 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added an explicit sort order to fixers -- fixes problems like #2427 ........ r61664 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 04:32:40 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 3 lines Fixes #2428 -- comments are no longer eatten by __future__ fixer. ........ r61673 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 17:22:40 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added 2to3 node pretty-printer ........ r61679 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 20:50:42 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Made node printing a little bit prettier ........ r61723 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 00:59:27 +0100 (Sa, 22 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 2 lines Fix whitespace. ........ ................ r61725 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 01:02:41 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Install lib2to3. ................ r61731 | facundo.batista | 2008-03-22 03:45:37 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Small fix that complicated the test actually when that test failed. ................ r61732 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-03-22 05:08:44 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Added warning for the removal of 'hotshot' in Py3k. ................ r61733 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:07:29 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines #1918: document that weak references *to* an object are cleared before the object's __del__ is called, to ensure that the weak reference callback (if any) finds the object healthy. ................ r61734 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:56:23 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Activate the Sphinx doctest extension and convert howto/functional to use it. ................ r61735 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:58:38 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Allow giving source names on the cmdline. ................ r61737 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 12:00:48 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fixup this HOWTO's doctest blocks so that they can be run with sphinx' doctest builder. ................ r61739 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 12:47:10 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test decimal.rst doctests as far as possible with sphinx doctest. ................ r61741 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 13:04:26 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make doctests in re docs usable with sphinx' doctest. ................ r61743 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 13:59:37 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make more doctests in pprint docs testable. ................ r61744 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 14:07:06 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines No need to specify explicit "doctest_block" anymore. ................ r61753 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 21:08:43 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fix-up syntax problems. ................ r61761 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:06:20 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Make collections' doctests executable. (The <BLANKLINE>s will be stripped from presentation output.) ................ r61765 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:21:57 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test doctests in datetime docs. ................ r61766 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:26:44 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test doctests in operator docs. ................ r61767 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:38:33 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Enable doctests in functions.rst. Already found two errors :) ................ r61769 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 23:04:10 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 3 lines Enable doctest running for several other documents. We have now over 640 doctests that are run with "make doctest". ................ r61773 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 01:55:46 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Simplify demo code. ................ r61776 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 04:43:33 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 7 lines Try to make this test a little more robust and not fail with: timeout (10.0025) is more than 2 seconds more than expected (0.001) I'm assuming this problem is caused by DNS lookup. This change does a DNS lookup of the hostname before trying to connect, so the time is not included. ................ r61777 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 05:08:30 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Speed up the test by avoiding socket timeouts. ................ r61778 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 05:43:09 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Skip the epoll test if epoll() does not work ................ r61780 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 06:47:20 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Suppress failure (to avoid a flaky test) if we cannot connect to svn.python.org ................ r61781 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:13:25 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Move itertools before future_builtins since the latter depends on the former. From a clean build importing future_builtins would fail since itertools wasn't built yet. ................ r61782 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:16:04 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Try to prevent the alarm going off early in tearDown ................ r61783 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:19:57 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Remove compiler warnings (on Alpha at least) about using chars as array subscripts. Using chars are dangerous b/c they are signed on some platforms and unsigned on others. ................ r61788 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-23 09:05:30 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make the doctests presentation-friendlier. ................ r61793 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-03-23 10:55:29 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines #1477: ur'\U0010FFFF' raised in narrow unicode builds. Corrected the raw-unicode-escape codec to use UTF-16 surrogates in this case, just like the unicode-escape codec. ................ r61796 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 14:32:32 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Issue 1681432: Add triangular distribution the random module. ................ r61807 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 20:37:53 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Adopt Nick's suggestion for useful default arguments. Clean-up floating point issues by adding true division and float constants. ................ r61813 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-23 22:04:43 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 6 lines Fix gzip to deal with CRC's being signed values in Python 2.x properly and to read 32bit values as unsigned to start with rather than applying signedness fixups allover the place afterwards. This hopefully fixes the test_tarfile failure on the alpha/tru64 buildbot. ................
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For example:
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>>> import time
Merged revisions 61724-61725,61731-61735,61737,61739,61741,61743-61744,61753,61761,61765-61767,61769,61773,61776-61778,61780-61783,61788,61793,61796,61807,61813 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r61724 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 01:01:12 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 49 lines Merged revisions 61602-61723 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r61626 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 17:19:16 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added fixer for implicit local imports. See #2414. ........ r61628 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 17:57:43 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added a class for tests which should not run if a particular import is found. ........ r61629 | collin.winter | 2008-03-19 17:58:19 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Two more relative import fixes in pgen2. ........ r61635 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 20:16:03 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Fixed print fixer so it will do the Right Thing when it encounters __future__.print_function. 2to3 gets upset, though, so the tests have been commented out. ........ r61637 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 21:37:17 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 3 lines Added a fixer for itertools imports (from itertools import imap, ifilterfalse --> from itertools import filterfalse) ........ r61645 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 23:22:35 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line SVN is happier when you add the files you create... -_-' ........ r61654 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 01:09:56 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added an explicit sort order to fixers -- fixes problems like #2427 ........ r61664 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 04:32:40 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 3 lines Fixes #2428 -- comments are no longer eatten by __future__ fixer. ........ r61673 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 17:22:40 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added 2to3 node pretty-printer ........ r61679 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 20:50:42 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Made node printing a little bit prettier ........ r61723 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 00:59:27 +0100 (Sa, 22 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 2 lines Fix whitespace. ........ ................ r61725 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 01:02:41 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Install lib2to3. ................ r61731 | facundo.batista | 2008-03-22 03:45:37 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Small fix that complicated the test actually when that test failed. ................ r61732 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-03-22 05:08:44 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Added warning for the removal of 'hotshot' in Py3k. ................ r61733 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:07:29 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines #1918: document that weak references *to* an object are cleared before the object's __del__ is called, to ensure that the weak reference callback (if any) finds the object healthy. ................ r61734 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:56:23 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Activate the Sphinx doctest extension and convert howto/functional to use it. ................ r61735 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:58:38 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Allow giving source names on the cmdline. ................ r61737 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 12:00:48 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fixup this HOWTO's doctest blocks so that they can be run with sphinx' doctest builder. ................ r61739 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 12:47:10 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test decimal.rst doctests as far as possible with sphinx doctest. ................ r61741 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 13:04:26 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make doctests in re docs usable with sphinx' doctest. ................ r61743 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 13:59:37 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make more doctests in pprint docs testable. ................ r61744 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 14:07:06 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines No need to specify explicit "doctest_block" anymore. ................ r61753 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 21:08:43 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fix-up syntax problems. ................ r61761 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:06:20 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Make collections' doctests executable. (The <BLANKLINE>s will be stripped from presentation output.) ................ r61765 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:21:57 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test doctests in datetime docs. ................ r61766 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:26:44 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test doctests in operator docs. ................ r61767 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:38:33 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Enable doctests in functions.rst. Already found two errors :) ................ r61769 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 23:04:10 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 3 lines Enable doctest running for several other documents. We have now over 640 doctests that are run with "make doctest". ................ r61773 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 01:55:46 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Simplify demo code. ................ r61776 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 04:43:33 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 7 lines Try to make this test a little more robust and not fail with: timeout (10.0025) is more than 2 seconds more than expected (0.001) I'm assuming this problem is caused by DNS lookup. This change does a DNS lookup of the hostname before trying to connect, so the time is not included. ................ r61777 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 05:08:30 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Speed up the test by avoiding socket timeouts. ................ r61778 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 05:43:09 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Skip the epoll test if epoll() does not work ................ r61780 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 06:47:20 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Suppress failure (to avoid a flaky test) if we cannot connect to svn.python.org ................ r61781 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:13:25 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Move itertools before future_builtins since the latter depends on the former. From a clean build importing future_builtins would fail since itertools wasn't built yet. ................ r61782 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:16:04 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Try to prevent the alarm going off early in tearDown ................ r61783 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:19:57 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Remove compiler warnings (on Alpha at least) about using chars as array subscripts. Using chars are dangerous b/c they are signed on some platforms and unsigned on others. ................ r61788 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-23 09:05:30 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make the doctests presentation-friendlier. ................ r61793 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-03-23 10:55:29 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines #1477: ur'\U0010FFFF' raised in narrow unicode builds. Corrected the raw-unicode-escape codec to use UTF-16 surrogates in this case, just like the unicode-escape codec. ................ r61796 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 14:32:32 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Issue 1681432: Add triangular distribution the random module. ................ r61807 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 20:37:53 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Adopt Nick's suggestion for useful default arguments. Clean-up floating point issues by adding true division and float constants. ................ r61813 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-23 22:04:43 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 6 lines Fix gzip to deal with CRC's being signed values in Python 2.x properly and to read 32bit values as unsigned to start with rather than applying signedness fixups allover the place afterwards. This hopefully fixes the test_tarfile failure on the alpha/tru64 buildbot. ................
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>>> time.strptime("30 Nov 00", "%d %b %y") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
time.struct_time(tm_year=2000, tm_mon=11, tm_mday=30, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0,
tm_sec=0, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=335, tm_isdst=-1)
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Support for the ``%Z`` directive is based on the values contained in ``tzname``
and whether ``daylight`` is true. Because of this, it is platform-specific
except for recognizing UTC and GMT which are always known (and are considered to
be non-daylight savings timezones).
Only the directives specified in the documentation are supported. Because
``strftime()`` is implemented per platform it can sometimes offer more
directives than those listed. But ``strptime()`` is independent of any platform
and thus does not necessarily support all directives available that are not
documented as supported.
.. class:: struct_time
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The type of the time value sequence returned by :func:`gmtime`,
:func:`localtime`, and :func:`strptime`. It is an object with a :term:`named
tuple` interface: values can be accessed by index and by attribute name. The
following values are present:
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Index | Attribute | Values |
+=======+===================+=================================+
| 0 | :attr:`tm_year` | (for example, 1993) |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 1 | :attr:`tm_mon` | range [1, 12] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 2 | :attr:`tm_mday` | range [1, 31] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 3 | :attr:`tm_hour` | range [0, 23] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 4 | :attr:`tm_min` | range [0, 59] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
2011-01-10 15:14:38 -04:00
| 5 | :attr:`tm_sec` | range [0, 61]; see **(2)** in |
| | | :func:`strftime` description |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 6 | :attr:`tm_wday` | range [0, 6], Monday is 0 |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 7 | :attr:`tm_yday` | range [1, 366] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 8 | :attr:`tm_isdst` | 0, 1 or -1; see below |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| N/A | :attr:`tm_zone` | abbreviation of timezone name |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| N/A | :attr:`tm_gmtoff` | offset east of UTC in seconds |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
Note that unlike the C structure, the month value is a range of [1, 12], not
[0, 11].
In calls to :func:`mktime`, :attr:`tm_isdst` may be set to 1 when daylight
savings time is in effect, and 0 when it is not. A value of -1 indicates that
this is not known, and will usually result in the correct state being filled in.
When a tuple with an incorrect length is passed to a function expecting a
:class:`struct_time`, or having elements of the wrong type, a
:exc:`TypeError` is raised.
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.. function:: time() -> float
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Return the time in seconds since the epoch_ as a floating point
number. The specific date of the epoch and the handling of
`leap seconds`_ is platform dependent.
On Windows and most Unix systems, the epoch is January 1, 1970,
00:00:00 (UTC) and leap seconds are not counted towards the time
in seconds since the epoch. This is commonly referred to as
`Unix time <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time>`_.
To find out what the epoch is on a given platform, look at
``gmtime(0)``.
Note that even though the time is always returned as a floating point
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number, not all systems provide time with a better precision than 1 second.
While this function normally returns non-decreasing values, it can return a
lower value than a previous call if the system clock has been set back
between the two calls.
The number returned by :func:`.time` may be converted into a more common
time format (i.e. year, month, day, hour, etc...) in UTC by passing it to
:func:`gmtime` function or in local time by passing it to the
:func:`localtime` function. In both cases a
:class:`struct_time` object is returned, from which the components
of the calendar date may be accessed as attributes.
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.. function:: thread_time() -> float
.. index::
single: CPU time
single: processor time
single: benchmarking
Return the value (in fractional seconds) of the sum of the system and user
CPU time of the current thread. It does not include time elapsed during
sleep. It is thread-specific by definition. The reference point of the
returned value is undefined, so that only the difference between the results
of consecutive calls in the same thread is valid.
.. availability:: Windows, Linux, Unix systems supporting
``CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID``.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: thread_time_ns() -> int
Similar to :func:`thread_time` but return time as nanoseconds.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: time_ns() -> int
Similar to :func:`time` but returns time as an integer number of nanoseconds
since the epoch_.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
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.. function:: tzset()
Reset the time conversion rules used by the library routines. The environment
variable :envvar:`TZ` specifies how this is done. It will also set the variables
``tzname`` (from the :envvar:`TZ` environment variable), ``timezone`` (non-DST
seconds West of UTC), ``altzone`` (DST seconds west of UTC) and ``daylight``
(to 0 if this timezone does not have any daylight saving time rules, or to
nonzero if there is a time, past, present or future when daylight saving time
applies).
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.. availability:: Unix.
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.. note::
Although in many cases, changing the :envvar:`TZ` environment variable may
affect the output of functions like :func:`localtime` without calling
:func:`tzset`, this behavior should not be relied on.
The :envvar:`TZ` environment variable should contain no whitespace.
The standard format of the :envvar:`TZ` environment variable is (whitespace
added for clarity)::
std offset [dst [offset [,start[/time], end[/time]]]]
Where the components are:
``std`` and ``dst``
Three or more alphanumerics giving the timezone abbreviations. These will be
propagated into time.tzname
``offset``
The offset has the form: ``± hh[:mm[:ss]]``. This indicates the value
added the local time to arrive at UTC. If preceded by a '-', the timezone
is east of the Prime Meridian; otherwise, it is west. If no offset follows
dst, summer time is assumed to be one hour ahead of standard time.
``start[/time], end[/time]``
Indicates when to change to and back from DST. The format of the
start and end dates are one of the following:
:samp:`J{n}`
The Julian day *n* (1 <= *n* <= 365). Leap days are not counted, so in
all years February 28 is day 59 and March 1 is day 60.
:samp:`{n}`
The zero-based Julian day (0 <= *n* <= 365). Leap days are counted, and
it is possible to refer to February 29.
:samp:`M{m}.{n}.{d}`
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The *d*'th day (0 <= *d* <= 6) of week *n* of month *m* of the year (1
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<= *n* <= 5, 1 <= *m* <= 12, where week 5 means "the last *d* day in
month *m*" which may occur in either the fourth or the fifth
week). Week 1 is the first week in which the *d*'th day occurs. Day
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zero is a Sunday.
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``time`` has the same format as ``offset`` except that no leading sign
('-' or '+') is allowed. The default, if time is not given, is 02:00:00.
::
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'EST+05EDT,M4.1.0,M10.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'02:07:36 05/08/03 EDT'
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'AEST-10AEDT-11,M10.5.0,M3.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'16:08:12 05/08/03 AEST'
On many Unix systems (including \*BSD, Linux, Solaris, and Darwin), it is more
convenient to use the system's zoneinfo (:manpage:`tzfile(5)`) database to
specify the timezone rules. To do this, set the :envvar:`TZ` environment
variable to the path of the required timezone datafile, relative to the root of
the systems 'zoneinfo' timezone database, usually located at
:file:`/usr/share/zoneinfo`. For example, ``'US/Eastern'``,
``'Australia/Melbourne'``, ``'Egypt'`` or ``'Europe/Amsterdam'``. ::
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'US/Eastern'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EST', 'EDT')
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'Egypt'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EET', 'EEST')
.. _time-clock-id-constants:
Clock ID Constants
------------------
These constants are used as parameters for :func:`clock_getres` and
:func:`clock_gettime`.
.. data:: CLOCK_BOOTTIME
Identical to :data:`CLOCK_MONOTONIC`, except it also includes any time that
the system is suspended.
This allows applications to get a suspend-aware monotonic clock without
having to deal with the complications of :data:`CLOCK_REALTIME`, which may
have discontinuities if the time is changed using ``settimeofday()`` or
similar.
.. availability:: Linux 2.6.39 or later.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. data:: CLOCK_HIGHRES
The Solaris OS has a ``CLOCK_HIGHRES`` timer that attempts to use an optimal
hardware source, and may give close to nanosecond resolution.
``CLOCK_HIGHRES`` is the nonadjustable, high-resolution clock.
.. availability:: Solaris.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_MONOTONIC
Clock that cannot be set and represents monotonic time since some unspecified
starting point.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
Similar to :data:`CLOCK_MONOTONIC`, but provides access to a raw
hardware-based time that is not subject to NTP adjustments.
.. availability:: Linux 2.6.28 and newer, macOS 10.12 and newer.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
High-resolution per-process timer from the CPU.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_PROF
High-resolution per-process timer from the CPU.
.. availability:: FreeBSD, NetBSD 7 or later, OpenBSD.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. data:: CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
Thread-specific CPU-time clock.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_UPTIME
Time whose absolute value is the time the system has been running and not
suspended, providing accurate uptime measurement, both absolute and
interval.
.. availability:: FreeBSD, OpenBSD 5.5 or later.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. data:: CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW
Clock that increments monotonically, tracking the time since an arbitrary
point, unaffected by frequency or time adjustments and not incremented while
the system is asleep.
.. availability:: macOS 10.12 and newer.
.. versionadded:: 3.8
The following constant is the only parameter that can be sent to
:func:`clock_settime`.
.. data:: CLOCK_REALTIME
System-wide real-time clock. Setting this clock requires appropriate
privileges.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. _time-timezone-constants:
Timezone Constants
-------------------
.. data:: altzone
The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of UTC, if one is defined.
This is negative if the local DST timezone is east of UTC (as in Western Europe,
including the UK). Only use this if ``daylight`` is nonzero. See note below.
.. data:: daylight
Nonzero if a DST timezone is defined. See note below.
.. data:: timezone
The offset of the local (non-DST) timezone, in seconds west of UTC (negative in
most of Western Europe, positive in the US, zero in the UK). See note below.
.. data:: tzname
A tuple of two strings: the first is the name of the local non-DST timezone, the
second is the name of the local DST timezone. If no DST timezone is defined,
the second string should not be used. See note below.
.. note::
For the above Timezone constants (:data:`altzone`, :data:`daylight`, :data:`timezone`,
and :data:`tzname`), the value is determined by the timezone rules in effect
at module load time or the last time :func:`tzset` is called and may be incorrect
for times in the past. It is recommended to use the :attr:`tm_gmtoff` and
:attr:`tm_zone` results from :func:`localtime` to obtain timezone information.
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.. seealso::
Module :mod:`datetime`
More object-oriented interface to dates and times.
Module :mod:`locale`
Internationalization services. The locale setting affects the interpretation
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of many format specifiers in :func:`strftime` and :func:`strptime`.
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Module :mod:`calendar`
General calendar-related functions. :func:`~calendar.timegm` is the
inverse of :func:`gmtime` from this module.
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.. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [#] The use of ``%Z`` is now deprecated, but the ``%z`` escape that expands to the
preferred hour/minute offset is not supported by all ANSI C libraries. Also, a
strict reading of the original 1982 :rfc:`822` standard calls for a two-digit
year (%y rather than %Y), but practice moved to 4-digit years long before the
year 2000. After that, :rfc:`822` became obsolete and the 4-digit year has
been first recommended by :rfc:`1123` and then mandated by :rfc:`2822`.
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