cpython/Doc/library/logging.rst

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:mod:`logging` --- Logging facility for Python
==============================================
.. module:: logging
:synopsis: Flexible error logging system for applications.
.. moduleauthor:: Vinay Sajip <vinay_sajip@red-dove.com>
.. sectionauthor:: Vinay Sajip <vinay_sajip@red-dove.com>
.. index:: pair: Errors; logging
This module defines functions and classes which implement a flexible error
logging system for applications.
Logging is performed by calling methods on instances of the :class:`Logger`
class (hereafter called :dfn:`loggers`). Each instance has a name, and they are
#1370: Finish the merge r58749, log below, by resolving all conflicts in Doc/. Merged revisions 58221-58741 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r58221 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-20 10:57:59 -0700 (Thu, 20 Sep 2007) | 2 lines Patch #1181: add os.environ.clear() method. ........ r58225 | sean.reifschneider | 2007-09-20 23:33:28 -0700 (Thu, 20 Sep 2007) | 3 lines Issue1704287: "make install" fails unless you do "make" first. Make oldsharedmods and sharedmods in "libinstall". ........ r58232 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-09-22 13:18:03 -0700 (Sat, 22 Sep 2007) | 4 lines Patch # 188 by Philip Jenvey. Make tell() mark CRLF as a newline. With unit test. ........ r58242 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-24 10:55:47 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 2 lines Fix typo and double word. ........ r58245 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-24 10:59:28 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 2 lines #1196: document default radix for int(). ........ r58247 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-24 11:08:24 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 2 lines #1177: accept 2xx responses for https too, not only http. ........ r58249 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-09-24 16:45:51 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 1 line Remove stray odd character; grammar fix ........ r58250 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-09-24 16:46:28 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r58251 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-09-24 17:09:42 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 1 line Add various items ........ r58268 | vinay.sajip | 2007-09-26 22:34:45 -0700 (Wed, 26 Sep 2007) | 1 line Change to flush and close logic to fix #1760556. ........ r58269 | vinay.sajip | 2007-09-26 22:38:51 -0700 (Wed, 26 Sep 2007) | 1 line Change to basicConfig() to fix #1021. ........ r58270 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-26 23:26:58 -0700 (Wed, 26 Sep 2007) | 2 lines #1208: document match object's boolean value. ........ r58271 | vinay.sajip | 2007-09-26 23:56:13 -0700 (Wed, 26 Sep 2007) | 1 line Minor date change. ........ r58272 | vinay.sajip | 2007-09-27 00:35:10 -0700 (Thu, 27 Sep 2007) | 1 line Change to LogRecord.__init__() to fix #1206. Note that archaic use of type(x) == types.DictType is because of keeping 1.5.2 compatibility. While this is much less relevant these days, there probably needs to be a separate commit for removing all archaic constructs at the same time. ........ r58288 | brett.cannon | 2007-09-30 12:45:10 -0700 (Sun, 30 Sep 2007) | 9 lines tuple.__repr__ did not consider a reference loop as it is not possible from Python code; but it is possible from C. object.__str__ had the issue of not expecting a type to doing something within it's tp_str implementation that could trigger an infinite recursion, but it could in C code.. Both found thanks to BaseException and how it handles its repr. Closes issue #1686386. Thanks to Thomas Herve for taking an initial stab at coming up with a solution. ........ r58289 | brett.cannon | 2007-09-30 13:37:19 -0700 (Sun, 30 Sep 2007) | 3 lines Fix error introduced by r58288; if a tuple is length 0 return its repr and don't worry about any self-referring tuples. ........ r58294 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-02 10:01:24 -0700 (Tue, 02 Oct 2007) | 11 lines Made the various is_* operations return booleans. This was discussed with Cawlishaw by mail, and he basically confirmed that to these is_* operations, there's no need to return Decimal(0) and Decimal(1) if the language supports the False and True booleans. Also added a few tests for the these functions in extra.decTest, since they are mostly untested (apart from the doctests). Thanks Mark Dickinson ........ r58295 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-02 11:21:18 -0700 (Tue, 02 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Added a class to store the digits of log(10), so that they can be made available when necessary without recomputing. Thanks Mark Dickinson ........ r58299 | mark.summerfield | 2007-10-03 01:53:21 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Added note in footnote about string comparisons about unicodedata.normalize(). ........ r58304 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-03 14:18:11 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 1 line enumerate() is no longer bounded to using sequences shorter than LONG_MAX. The possibility of overflow was sending some newsgroup posters into a tizzy. ........ r58305 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-03 17:20:27 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 1 line itertools.count() no longer limited to sys.maxint. ........ r58306 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-03 18:49:54 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Assume that the user knows when he wants to end the line; don't insert something he didn't select or complete. ........ r58307 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-03 19:07:50 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Remove unused theme that was causing a fault in p3k. ........ r58308 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-03 19:09:17 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Clean up EditorWindow close. ........ r58309 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-03 19:53:07 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 7 lines textView cleanup. Patch 1718043 Tal Einat. M idlelib/EditorWindow.py M idlelib/aboutDialog.py M idlelib/textView.py M idlelib/NEWS.txt ........ r58310 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-03 20:11:12 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 3 lines configDialog cleanup. Patch 1730217 Tal Einat. ........ r58311 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-03 23:00:48 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Coverity #151: Remove deadcode. All this code already exists above starting at line 653. ........ r58325 | fred.drake | 2007-10-04 19:46:12 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 1 line wrap lines to <80 characters before fixing errors ........ r58326 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-04 19:47:07 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 6 lines Add __asdict__() to NamedTuple and refine the docs. Add maxlen support to deque() and fixup docs. Partially fix __reduce__(). The None as a third arg was no longer supported. Still needs work on __reduce__() to handle recursive inputs. ........ r58327 | fred.drake | 2007-10-04 19:48:32 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 3 lines move descriptions of ac_(in|out)_buffer_size to the right place http://bugs.python.org/issue1053 ........ r58329 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-04 20:39:17 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 3 lines dict could be NULL, so we need to XDECREF. Fix a compiler warning about passing a PyTypeObject* instead of PyObject*. ........ r58330 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-04 20:41:19 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Fix Coverity #158: Check the correct variable. ........ r58332 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-04 22:01:38 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 7 lines Fix Coverity #159. This code was broken if save() returned a negative number since i contained a boolean value and then we compared i < 0 which should never be true. Will backport (assuming it's necessary) ........ r58334 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-04 22:29:17 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 1 line Add a note about fixing some more warnings found by Coverity. ........ r58338 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-05 12:07:31 -0700 (Fri, 05 Oct 2007) | 1 line Restore BEGIN/END THREADS macros which were squashed in the previous checkin ........ r58343 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-06 00:48:10 -0700 (Sat, 06 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Stab in the dark attempt to fix the test_bsddb3 failure on sparc and S-390 ubuntu buildbots. ........ r58344 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-06 00:51:59 -0700 (Sat, 06 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Allows BerkeleyDB 4.6.x >= 4.6.21 for the bsddb module. ........ r58348 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-06 08:47:37 -0700 (Sat, 06 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Use the host the author likely meant in the first place. pop.gmail.com is reliable. gmail.org is someones personal domain. ........ r58351 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-06 12:16:28 -0700 (Sat, 06 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Ensure that this test will pass even if another test left an unwritable TESTFN. Also use the safe unlink in test_support instead of rolling our own here. ........ r58368 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-08 00:50:24 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 3 lines #1123: fix the docs for the str.split(None, sep) case. Also expand a few other methods' docs, which had more info in the deprecated string module docs. ........ r58369 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-08 01:06:05 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Update docstring of sched, also remove an unused assignment. ........ r58370 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-08 02:14:28 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 5 lines Add comments to NamedTuple code. Let the field spec be either a string or a non-string sequence (suggested by Martin Blais with use cases). Improve the error message in the case of a SyntaxError (caused by a duplicate field name). ........ r58371 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-08 02:56:29 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 1 line Missed a line in the docs ........ r58372 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-08 03:11:51 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 1 line Better variable names ........ r58376 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-08 07:12:47 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 3 lines #1199: docs for tp_as_{number,sequence,mapping}, by Amaury Forgeot d'Arc. No need to merge this to py3k! ........ r58380 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-08 14:26:58 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 1 line Eliminate camelcase function name ........ r58381 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-08 16:23:03 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 1 line Eliminate camelcase function name ........ r58382 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-08 18:36:23 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 1 line Make the error messages more specific ........ r58384 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-08 23:02:21 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 10 lines Splits Modules/_bsddb.c up into bsddb.h and _bsddb.c and adds a C API object available as bsddb.db.api. This is based on the patch submitted by Duncan Grisby here: http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=1551895&group_id=13900&atid=313900 See this thread for additional info: http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=E1GAVDK-0002rk-Iw%40apasphere.com&forum_name=pybsddb-users It also cleans up the code a little by removing some ifdef/endifs for python prior to 2.1 and for unsupported Berkeley DB <= 3.2. ........ r58385 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-08 23:50:43 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 5 lines Fix a double free when positioning a database cursor to a non-existant string key (and probably a few other situations with string keys). This was reported with a patch as pybsddb sourceforge bug 1708868 by jjjhhhlll at gmail. ........ r58386 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-09 00:19:11 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Use the highest cPickle protocol in bsddb.dbshelve. This comes from sourceforge pybsddb patch 1551443 by w_barnes. ........ r58394 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-09 11:26:02 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 2 lines remove another sleepycat reference ........ r58396 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-09 12:31:30 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Allow interrupt only when executing user code in subprocess Patch 1225 Tal Einat modified from IDLE-Spoon. ........ r58399 | brett.cannon | 2007-10-09 17:07:50 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 5 lines Remove file-level typedefs that were inconsistently used throughout the file. Just move over to the public API names. Closes issue1238. ........ r58401 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-09 17:26:46 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 1 line Accept Jim Jewett's api suggestion to use None instead of -1 to indicate unbounded deques. ........ r58403 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-09 17:55:40 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Allow cursor color change w/o restart. Patch 1725576 Tal Einat. ........ r58404 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-09 18:06:47 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 2 lines show paste if > 80 columns. Patch 1659326 Tal Einat. ........ r58415 | thomas.heller | 2007-10-11 12:51:32 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 5 lines On OS X, use os.uname() instead of gestalt.sysv(...) to get the operating system version. This allows to use ctypes when Python was configured with --disable-toolbox-glue. ........ r58419 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:01:01 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 1 line Get rid of warning about not being able to create an existing directory. ........ r58420 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:01:30 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 1 line Get rid of warnings on a bunch of platforms by using a proper prototype. ........ r58421 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:01:54 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Get rid of compiler warning about retval being used (returned) without being initialized. (gcc warning and Coverity 202) ........ r58422 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:03:23 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fix Coverity 168: Close the file before returning (exiting). ........ r58423 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:04:18 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Fix Coverity 180: Don't overallocate. We don't need structs, but pointers. Also fix a memory leak. ........ r58424 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:05:19 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 5 lines Fix Coverity 185-186: If the passed in FILE is NULL, uninitialized memory would be accessed. Will backport. ........ r58425 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:52:34 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 1 line Get this module to compile with bsddb versions prior to 4.3 ........ r58430 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-10-12 01:56:52 -0700 (Fri, 12 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Bug #1216: Restore support for Visual Studio 2002. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r58433 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-12 10:53:11 -0700 (Fri, 12 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fix test of count.__repr__() to ignore the 'L' if the count is a long ........ r58434 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-12 11:44:06 -0700 (Fri, 12 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Fixes http://bugs.python.org/issue1233 - bsddb.dbshelve.DBShelf.append was useless due to inverted logic. Also adds a test case for RECNO dbs to test_dbshelve. ........ r58445 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-13 06:20:03 -0700 (Sat, 13 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Fix email example. ........ r58450 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-13 16:02:05 -0700 (Sat, 13 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Fix an uncollectable reference leak in bsddb.db.DBShelf.append ........ r58453 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-13 17:18:40 -0700 (Sat, 13 Oct 2007) | 8 lines Let the O/S supply a port if none of the default ports can be used. This should make the tests more robust at the expense of allowing tests to be sloppier by not requiring them to cleanup after themselves. (It will legitamitely help when running two test suites simultaneously or if another process is already using one of the predefined ports.) Also simplifies (slightLy) the exception handling elsewhere. ........ r58459 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-14 11:30:21 -0700 (Sun, 14 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Don't raise a string exception, they don't work anymore. ........ r58460 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-14 11:40:37 -0700 (Sun, 14 Oct 2007) | 1 line Use unittest for assertions ........ r58468 | armin.rigo | 2007-10-15 00:48:35 -0700 (Mon, 15 Oct 2007) | 2 lines test_bigbits was not testing what it seemed to. ........ r58471 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-10-15 08:54:11 -0700 (Mon, 15 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Change a PyErr_Print() into a PyErr_Clear(), per discussion in issue 1031213. ........ r58500 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-16 12:18:30 -0700 (Tue, 16 Oct 2007) | 1 line Improve error messages ........ r58506 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-16 14:28:32 -0700 (Tue, 16 Oct 2007) | 1 line More docs, error messages, and tests ........ r58507 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-16 15:58:03 -0700 (Tue, 16 Oct 2007) | 1 line Add items ........ r58508 | brett.cannon | 2007-10-16 16:24:06 -0700 (Tue, 16 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Remove ``:const:`` notation on None in parameter list. Since the markup is not rendered for parameters it just showed up as ``:const:`None` `` in the output. ........ r58509 | brett.cannon | 2007-10-16 16:26:45 -0700 (Tue, 16 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Re-order some functions whose parameters differ between PyObject and const char * so that they are next to each other. ........ r58522 | armin.rigo | 2007-10-17 11:46:37 -0700 (Wed, 17 Oct 2007) | 5 lines Fix the overflow checking of list_repeat. Introduce overflow checking into list_inplace_repeat. Backport candidate, possibly. ........ r58530 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-17 20:16:03 -0700 (Wed, 17 Oct 2007) | 7 lines Issue #1580738. When HTTPConnection reads the whole stream with read(), it closes itself. When the stream is read in several calls to read(n), it should behave in the same way if HTTPConnection knows where the end of the stream is (through self.length). Added a test case for this behaviour. ........ r58531 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-17 20:44:48 -0700 (Wed, 17 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Issue 1289, just a typo. ........ r58532 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-18 00:56:54 -0700 (Thu, 18 Oct 2007) | 4 lines cleanup test_dbtables to use mkdtemp. cleanup dbtables to pass txn as a keyword argument whenever possible to avoid bugs and confusion. (dbtables.py line 447 self.db.get using txn as a non-keyword was an actual bug due to this) ........ r58533 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-18 01:34:20 -0700 (Thu, 18 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Fix a weird bug in dbtables: if it chose a random rowid string that contained NULL bytes it would cause the database all sorts of problems in the future leading to very strange random failures and corrupt dbtables.bsdTableDb dbs. ........ r58534 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-18 09:32:02 -0700 (Thu, 18 Oct 2007) | 3 lines A cleaner fix than the one committed last night. Generate random rowids that do not contain null bytes. ........ r58537 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-18 10:17:57 -0700 (Thu, 18 Oct 2007) | 2 lines mention bsddb fixes. ........ r58538 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-18 14:13:06 -0700 (Thu, 18 Oct 2007) | 1 line Remove useless warning ........ r58539 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-19 00:31:20 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 2 lines squelch the warning that this test is supposed to trigger. ........ r58542 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-19 05:32:39 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Clarify wording for apply(). ........ r58544 | mark.summerfield | 2007-10-19 05:48:17 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Added a cross-ref to each other. ........ r58545 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-19 10:38:49 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 2 lines #1284: "S" means "seen", not unread. ........ r58548 | thomas.heller | 2007-10-19 11:11:41 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Fix ctypes on 32-bit systems when Python is configured --with-system-ffi. See also https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/72505. Ported from release25-maint branch. ........ r58550 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-19 12:25:57 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 8 lines The constructor from tuple was way too permissive: it allowed bad coefficient numbers, floats in the sign, and other details that generated directly the wrong number in the best case, or triggered misfunctionality in the alorithms. Test cases added for these issues. Thanks Mark Dickinson. ........ r58559 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 06:22:53 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Fix code being interpreted as a target. ........ r58561 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 06:36:24 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Document new "cmdoption" directive. ........ r58562 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 08:21:22 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Make a path more Unix-standardy. ........ r58564 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 10:51:39 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Document new directive "envvar". ........ r58567 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 11:08:14 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 6 lines * Add new toplevel chapter, "Using Python." (how to install, configure and setup python on different platforms -- at least in theory.) * Move the Python on Mac docs in that chapter. * Add a new chapter about the command line invocation, by stargaming. ........ r58568 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 11:33:20 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Change title, for now. ........ r58569 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 11:39:25 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add entry to ACKS. ........ r58570 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 12:05:45 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Clarify -E docs. ........ r58571 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 12:08:36 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Even more clarification. ........ r58572 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-20 12:25:37 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fix protocol name ........ r58573 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-20 12:35:18 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 1 line Various items ........ r58574 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-20 12:39:35 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 1 line Use correct header line ........ r58576 | armin.rigo | 2007-10-21 02:14:15 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Add a crasher for the long-standing issue with closing a file while another thread uses it. ........ r58577 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:01:56 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Remove duplicate crasher. ........ r58578 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:24:20 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Unify "byte code" to "bytecode". Also sprinkle :term: markup for it. ........ r58579 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:32:54 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add markup to new function descriptions. ........ r58580 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:45:46 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add :term:s for descriptors. ........ r58581 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:46:24 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Unify "file-descriptor" to "file descriptor". ........ r58582 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:52:38 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add :term: for generators. ........ r58583 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 05:10:28 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add :term:s for iterator. ........ r58584 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 05:15:05 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add :term:s for "new-style class". ........ r58588 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-21 21:47:54 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 1 line Add Chris Monson so he can edit PEPs. ........ r58594 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-10-22 09:27:19 -0700 (Mon, 22 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Issue #1307, patch by Derek Shockey. When "MAIL" is received without args, an exception happens instead of sending a 501 syntax error response. ........ r58598 | travis.oliphant | 2007-10-22 19:40:56 -0700 (Mon, 22 Oct 2007) | 1 line Add phuang patch from Issue 708374 which adds offset parameter to mmap module. ........ r58601 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-22 22:44:27 -0700 (Mon, 22 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Bug #1313, fix typo (wrong variable name) in example. ........ r58609 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-23 11:21:35 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Update Pygments version from externals. ........ r58618 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-10-23 12:25:41 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Issue 1307 by Derek Shockey, fox the same bug for RCPT. Neal: please backport! ........ r58620 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-23 13:37:41 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 1 line Shorter name for namedtuple() ........ r58621 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-23 13:55:47 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 1 line Update name ........ r58622 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-23 14:23:07 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fixup news entry ........ r58623 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-23 18:28:33 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 1 line Optimize sum() for integer and float inputs. ........ r58624 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-23 19:05:51 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fixup error return and add support for intermixed ints and floats/ ........ r58628 | vinay.sajip | 2007-10-24 03:47:06 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 1 line Bug #1321: Fixed logic error in TimedRotatingFileHandler.__init__() ........ r58641 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-24 12:11:08 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Issue 1290. CharacterData.__repr__ was constructing a string in response that keeped having a non-ascii character. ........ r58643 | thomas.heller | 2007-10-24 12:50:45 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 1 line Added unittest for calling a function with paramflags (backport from py3k branch). ........ r58645 | matthias.klose | 2007-10-24 13:00:44 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 2 lines - Build using system ffi library on arm*-linux*. ........ r58651 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-24 14:40:38 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Bug #1287: make os.environ.pop() work as expected. ........ r58652 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-24 19:26:58 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 1 line Missing DECREFs ........ r58653 | matthias.klose | 2007-10-24 23:37:24 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 2 lines - Build using system ffi library on arm*-linux*, pass --with-system-ffi to CONFIG_ARGS ........ r58655 | thomas.heller | 2007-10-25 12:47:32 -0700 (Thu, 25 Oct 2007) | 2 lines ffi_type_longdouble may be already #defined. See issue 1324. ........ r58656 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-25 15:43:45 -0700 (Thu, 25 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Correct an ancient bug in an unused path by removing that path: register() is now idempotent. ........ r58660 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-25 17:10:09 -0700 (Thu, 25 Oct 2007) | 4 lines 1. Add comments to provide top-level documentation. 2. Refactor to use more descriptive names. 3. Enhance tests in main(). ........ r58675 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-26 11:30:41 -0700 (Fri, 26 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Fix new pop() method on os.environ on ignorecase-platforms. ........ r58696 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-27 15:32:21 -0700 (Sat, 27 Oct 2007) | 1 line Update URL for Pygments. 0.8.1 is no longer available ........ r58697 | hyeshik.chang | 2007-10-28 04:19:02 -0700 (Sun, 28 Oct 2007) | 3 lines - Add support for FreeBSD 8 which is recently forked from FreeBSD 7. - Regenerate IN module for most recent maintenance tree of FreeBSD 6 and 7. ........ r58698 | hyeshik.chang | 2007-10-28 05:38:09 -0700 (Sun, 28 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Enable platform-specific tweaks for FreeBSD 8 (exactly same to FreeBSD 7's yet) ........ r58700 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-28 12:03:59 -0700 (Sun, 28 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add confirmation dialog before printing. Patch 1717170 Tal Einat. ........ r58706 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-10-29 13:52:45 -0700 (Mon, 29 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Patch 1353 by Jacob Winther. Add mp4 mapping to mimetypes.py. ........ r58709 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-10-29 15:15:05 -0700 (Mon, 29 Oct 2007) | 6 lines Backport fixes for the code that decodes octal escapes (and for PyString also hex escapes) -- this was reaching beyond the end of the input string buffer, even though it is not supposed to be \0-terminated. This has no visible effect but is clearly the correct thing to do. (In 3.0 it had a visible effect after removing ob_sstate from PyString.) ........ r58710 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-29 19:38:54 -0700 (Mon, 29 Oct 2007) | 7 lines check in Tal Einat's update to tabpage.py Patch 1612746 M configDialog.py M NEWS.txt AM tabbedpages.py ........ r58715 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-30 10:51:18 -0700 (Tue, 30 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Use correct markup. ........ r58716 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-30 10:57:12 -0700 (Tue, 30 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Make example about hiding None return values at the prompt clearer. ........ r58728 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-30 23:33:20 -0700 (Tue, 30 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fix some compiler warnings for signed comparisons on Unix and Windows. ........ r58731 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-10-31 10:19:33 -0700 (Wed, 31 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Adding Christian Heimes. ........ r58737 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-31 14:57:58 -0700 (Wed, 31 Oct 2007) | 1 line Clarify the reasons why pickle is almost always better than marshal ........ r58739 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-31 15:15:49 -0700 (Wed, 31 Oct 2007) | 1 line Sets are marshalable. ........
2007-11-01 17:32:30 -03:00
conceptually arranged in a namespace hierarchy using dots (periods) as
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
separators. For example, a logger named "scan" is the parent of loggers
"scan.text", "scan.html" and "scan.pdf". Logger names can be anything you want,
and indicate the area of an application in which a logged message originates.
Logged messages also have levels of importance associated with them. The default
levels provided are :const:`DEBUG`, :const:`INFO`, :const:`WARNING`,
:const:`ERROR` and :const:`CRITICAL`. As a convenience, you indicate the
importance of a logged message by calling an appropriate method of
:class:`Logger`. The methods are :meth:`debug`, :meth:`info`, :meth:`warning`,
:meth:`error` and :meth:`critical`, which mirror the default levels. You are not
constrained to use these levels: you can specify your own and use a more general
:class:`Logger` method, :meth:`log`, which takes an explicit level argument.
Logging tutorial
----------------
The key benefit of having the logging API provided by a standard library module
is that all Python modules can participate in logging, so your application log
can include messages from third-party modules.
It is, of course, possible to log messages with different verbosity levels or to
different destinations. Support for writing log messages to files, HTTP
GET/POST locations, email via SMTP, generic sockets, or OS-specific logging
Merged revisions 60481,60485,60489-60492,60494-60496,60498-60499,60501-60503,60505-60506,60508-60509,60523-60524,60532,60543,60545,60547-60548,60552,60554,60556-60559,60561-60562,60569,60571-60572,60574,60576-60583,60585-60586,60589,60591,60594-60595,60597-60598,60600-60601,60606-60612,60615,60617,60619-60621,60623-60625,60627-60629,60631,60633,60635,60647,60650,60652,60654,60656,60658-60659,60664-60666,60668-60670,60672,60676,60678,60680-60683,60685-60686,60688,60690,60692-60694,60697-60700,60705-60706,60708,60711,60714,60720,60724-60730,60732,60736,60742,60744,60746,60748,60750-60751,60753,60756-60757,60759-60761,60763-60764,60766,60769-60770,60774-60784,60787-60789,60793,60796,60799-60809,60812-60813,60815-60821,60823-60826,60828-60829,60831-60834,60836,60838-60839,60846-60849,60852-60854,60856-60859,60861-60870,60874-60875,60880-60881,60886,60888-60890,60892,60894-60898,60900-60931,60933-60958 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60901 | eric.smith | 2008-02-19 14:21:56 +0100 (Tue, 19 Feb 2008) | 1 line Added PEP 3101. ........ r60907 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-20 20:12:36 +0100 (Wed, 20 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Fixes contributed by Ori Avtalion. ........ r60909 | eric.smith | 2008-02-21 00:34:22 +0100 (Thu, 21 Feb 2008) | 1 line Trim leading zeros from a floating point exponent, per C99. See issue 1600. As far as I know, this only affects Windows. Add float type 'n' to PyOS_ascii_formatd (see PEP 3101 for 'n' description). ........ r60910 | eric.smith | 2008-02-21 00:39:28 +0100 (Thu, 21 Feb 2008) | 1 line Now that PyOS_ascii_formatd supports the 'n' format, simplify the float formatting code to just call it. ........ r60918 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-02-21 15:23:38 +0100 (Thu, 21 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Close manifest file. This change doesn't make any difference to CPython, but is a necessary fix for Jython. ........ r60921 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-02-21 18:46:16 +0100 (Thu, 21 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Remove news about float repr() -- issue 1580 is still in limbo. ........ r60923 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-02-21 19:18:37 +0100 (Thu, 21 Feb 2008) | 5 lines Removed uses of dict.has_key() from distutils, and uses of callable() from copy_reg.py, so the interpreter now starts up without warnings when '-3' is given. More work like this needs to be done in the rest of the stdlib. ........ r60924 | thomas.heller | 2008-02-21 19:28:48 +0100 (Thu, 21 Feb 2008) | 4 lines configure.ac: Remove the configure check for _Bool, it is already done in the top-level Python configure script. configure, fficonfig.h.in: regenerated. ........ r60925 | thomas.heller | 2008-02-21 19:52:20 +0100 (Thu, 21 Feb 2008) | 3 lines Replace 'has_key()' with 'in'. Replace 'raise Error, stuff' with 'raise Error(stuff)'. ........ r60927 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-02-21 20:24:53 +0100 (Thu, 21 Feb 2008) | 1 line Update more instances of has_key(). ........ r60928 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-02-21 20:46:35 +0100 (Thu, 21 Feb 2008) | 3 lines Fix a few typos and layout glitches (more work is needed). Move 2.5 news to Misc/HISTORY. ........ r60936 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-21 21:33:38 +0100 (Thu, 21 Feb 2008) | 2 lines #2079: typo in userdict docs. ........ r60938 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-21 21:38:13 +0100 (Thu, 21 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Part of #2154: minimal syntax fixes in doc example snippets. ........ r60942 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-02-22 04:16:42 +0100 (Fri, 22 Feb 2008) | 1 line First draft for itertools.product(). Docs and other updates forthcoming. ........ r60955 | nick.coghlan | 2008-02-22 11:54:06 +0100 (Fri, 22 Feb 2008) | 1 line Try to make command line error messages from runpy easier to understand (and suppress traceback cruft from the implicitly invoked runpy machinery) ........ r60956 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-22 13:31:45 +0100 (Fri, 22 Feb 2008) | 2 lines A lot more typo fixes by Ori Avtalion. ........ r60957 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-22 13:56:34 +0100 (Fri, 22 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Don't reference pyshell. ........ r60958 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-22 13:57:05 +0100 (Fri, 22 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Another fix. ........
2008-02-22 12:37:40 -04:00
mechanisms are all supported by the standard module. You can also create your
own log destination class if you have special requirements not met by any of the
built-in classes.
Simple examples
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. sectionauthor:: Doug Hellmann
.. (see <http://blog.doughellmann.com/2007/05/pymotw-logging.html>)
Most applications are probably going to want to log to a file, so let's start
with that case. Using the :func:`basicConfig` function, we can set up the
default handler so that debug messages are written to a file::
import logging
LOG_FILENAME = '/tmp/logging_example.out'
logging.basicConfig(filename=LOG_FILENAME,level=logging.DEBUG,)
logging.debug('This message should go to the log file')
And now if we open the file and look at what we have, we should find the log
message::
DEBUG:root:This message should go to the log file
If you run the script repeatedly, the additional log messages are appended to
the file. To create a new file each time, you can pass a filemode argument to
:func:`basicConfig` with a value of ``'w'``. Rather than managing the file size
yourself, though, it is simpler to use a :class:`RotatingFileHandler`::
import glob
import logging
import logging.handlers
LOG_FILENAME = '/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out'
# Set up a specific logger with our desired output level
my_logger = logging.getLogger('MyLogger')
my_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# Add the log message handler to the logger
handler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(
LOG_FILENAME, maxBytes=20, backupCount=5)
my_logger.addHandler(handler)
# Log some messages
for i in range(20):
my_logger.debug('i = %d' % i)
# See what files are created
logfiles = glob.glob('%s*' % LOG_FILENAME)
for filename in logfiles:
print(filename)
The result should be 6 separate files, each with part of the log history for the
application::
/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out
/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.1
/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.2
/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.3
/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.4
/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.5
The most current file is always :file:`/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out`,
and each time it reaches the size limit it is renamed with the suffix
``.1``. Each of the existing backup files is renamed to increment the suffix
(``.1`` becomes ``.2``, etc.) and the ``.5`` file is erased.
Obviously this example sets the log length much much too small as an extreme
example. You would want to set *maxBytes* to an appropriate value.
Another useful feature of the logging API is the ability to produce different
messages at different log levels. This allows you to instrument your code with
debug messages, for example, but turning the log level down so that those debug
messages are not written for your production system. The default levels are
``CRITICAL``, ``ERROR``, ``WARNING``, ``INFO``, ``DEBUG`` and ``UNSET``.
The logger, handler, and log message call each specify a level. The log message
is only emitted if the handler and logger are configured to emit messages of
that level or lower. For example, if a message is ``CRITICAL``, and the logger
is set to ``ERROR``, the message is emitted. If a message is a ``WARNING``, and
the logger is set to produce only ``ERROR``\s, the message is not emitted::
import logging
import sys
LEVELS = {'debug': logging.DEBUG,
'info': logging.INFO,
'warning': logging.WARNING,
'error': logging.ERROR,
'critical': logging.CRITICAL}
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
level_name = sys.argv[1]
level = LEVELS.get(level_name, logging.NOTSET)
logging.basicConfig(level=level)
logging.debug('This is a debug message')
logging.info('This is an info message')
logging.warning('This is a warning message')
logging.error('This is an error message')
logging.critical('This is a critical error message')
Run the script with an argument like 'debug' or 'warning' to see which messages
show up at different levels::
$ python logging_level_example.py debug
DEBUG:root:This is a debug message
INFO:root:This is an info message
WARNING:root:This is a warning message
ERROR:root:This is an error message
CRITICAL:root:This is a critical error message
$ python logging_level_example.py info
INFO:root:This is an info message
WARNING:root:This is a warning message
ERROR:root:This is an error message
CRITICAL:root:This is a critical error message
You will notice that these log messages all have ``root`` embedded in them. The
logging module supports a hierarchy of loggers with different names. An easy
way to tell where a specific log message comes from is to use a separate logger
object for each of your modules. Each new logger "inherits" the configuration
of its parent, and log messages sent to a logger include the name of that
logger. Optionally, each logger can be configured differently, so that messages
from different modules are handled in different ways. Let's look at a simple
example of how to log from different modules so it is easy to trace the source
of the message::
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING)
logger1 = logging.getLogger('package1.module1')
logger2 = logging.getLogger('package2.module2')
logger1.warning('This message comes from one module')
logger2.warning('And this message comes from another module')
And the output::
$ python logging_modules_example.py
WARNING:package1.module1:This message comes from one module
WARNING:package2.module2:And this message comes from another module
There are many more options for configuring logging, including different log
message formatting options, having messages delivered to multiple destinations,
and changing the configuration of a long-running application on the fly using a
socket interface. All of these options are covered in depth in the library
module documentation.
Loggers
^^^^^^^
The logging library takes a modular approach and offers the several categories
of components: loggers, handlers, filters, and formatters. Loggers expose the
interface that application code directly uses. Handlers send the log records to
the appropriate destination. Filters provide a finer grained facility for
determining which log records to send on to a handler. Formatters specify the
layout of the resultant log record.
:class:`Logger` objects have a threefold job. First, they expose several
methods to application code so that applications can log messages at runtime.
Second, logger objects determine which log messages to act upon based upon
severity (the default filtering facility) or filter objects. Third, logger
objects pass along relevant log messages to all interested log handlers.
The most widely used methods on logger objects fall into two categories:
configuration and message sending.
* :meth:`Logger.setLevel` specifies the lowest-severity log message a logger
will handle, where debug is the lowest built-in severity level and critical is
the highest built-in severity. For example, if the severity level is info,
the logger will handle only info, warning, error, and critical messages and
will ignore debug messages.
* :meth:`Logger.addFilter` and :meth:`Logger.removeFilter` add and remove filter
objects from the logger object. This tutorial does not address filters.
With the logger object configured, the following methods create log messages:
* :meth:`Logger.debug`, :meth:`Logger.info`, :meth:`Logger.warning`,
:meth:`Logger.error`, and :meth:`Logger.critical` all create log records with
a message and a level that corresponds to their respective method names. The
message is actually a format string, which may contain the standard string
substitution syntax of :const:`%s`, :const:`%d`, :const:`%f`, and so on. The
rest of their arguments is a list of objects that correspond with the
substitution fields in the message. With regard to :const:`**kwargs`, the
logging methods care only about a keyword of :const:`exc_info` and use it to
determine whether to log exception information.
* :meth:`Logger.exception` creates a log message similar to
:meth:`Logger.error`. The difference is that :meth:`Logger.exception` dumps a
stack trace along with it. Call this method only from an exception handler.
* :meth:`Logger.log` takes a log level as an explicit argument. This is a
little more verbose for logging messages than using the log level convenience
methods listed above, but this is how to log at custom log levels.
:func:`getLogger` returns a reference to a logger instance with the specified
if it it is provided, or ``root`` if not. The names are period-separated
hierarchical structures. Multiple calls to :func:`getLogger` with the same name
will return a reference to the same logger object. Loggers that are further
down in the hierarchical list are children of loggers higher up in the list.
For example, given a logger with a name of ``foo``, loggers with names of
``foo.bar``, ``foo.bar.baz``, and ``foo.bam`` are all children of ``foo``.
Child loggers propagate messages up to their parent loggers. Because of this,
it is unnecessary to define and configure all the loggers an application uses.
It is sufficient to configure a top-level logger and create child loggers as
needed.
Handlers
^^^^^^^^
:class:`Handler` objects are responsible for dispatching the appropriate log
messages (based on the log messages' severity) to the handler's specified
destination. Logger objects can add zero or more handler objects to themselves
with an :func:`addHandler` method. As an example scenario, an application may
want to send all log messages to a log file, all log messages of error or higher
to stdout, and all messages of critical to an email address. This scenario
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2008-02-22 12:37:40 -04:00
requires three individual handlers where each handler is responsible for sending
messages of a specific severity to a specific location.
The standard library includes quite a few handler types; this tutorial uses only
:class:`StreamHandler` and :class:`FileHandler` in its examples.
There are very few methods in a handler for application developers to concern
themselves with. The only handler methods that seem relevant for application
developers who are using the built-in handler objects (that is, not creating
custom handlers) are the following configuration methods:
* The :meth:`Handler.setLevel` method, just as in logger objects, specifies the
lowest severity that will be dispatched to the appropriate destination. Why
are there two :func:`setLevel` methods? The level set in the logger
determines which severity of messages it will pass to its handlers. The level
set in each handler determines which messages that handler will send on.
:func:`setFormatter` selects a Formatter object for this handler to use.
* :func:`addFilter` and :func:`removeFilter` respectively configure and
deconfigure filter objects on handlers.
Application code should not directly instantiate and use handlers. Instead, the
:class:`Handler` class is a base class that defines the interface that all
Handlers should have and establishes some default behavior that child classes
can use (or override).
Formatters
^^^^^^^^^^
Formatter objects configure the final order, structure, and contents of the log
message. Unlike the base :class:`logging.Handler` class, application code may
instantiate formatter classes, although you could likely subclass the formatter
if your application needs special behavior. The constructor takes two optional
arguments: a message format string and a date format string. If there is no
message format string, the default is to use the raw message. If there is no
date format string, the default date format is::
%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S
with the milliseconds tacked on at the end.
The message format string uses ``%(<dictionary key>)s`` styled string
substitution; the possible keys are documented in :ref:`formatter-objects`.
The following message format string will log the time in a human-readable
format, the severity of the message, and the contents of the message, in that
order::
"%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
Configuring Logging
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Programmers can configure logging either by creating loggers, handlers, and
formatters explicitly in a main module with the configuration methods listed
above (using Python code), or by creating a logging config file. The following
code is an example of configuring a very simple logger, a console handler, and a
simple formatter in a Python module::
import logging
# create logger
logger = logging.getLogger("simple_example")
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# create console handler and set level to debug
ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# create formatter
formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")
# add formatter to ch
ch.setFormatter(formatter)
# add ch to logger
logger.addHandler(ch)
# "application" code
logger.debug("debug message")
logger.info("info message")
logger.warn("warn message")
logger.error("error message")
logger.critical("critical message")
Running this module from the command line produces the following output::
$ python simple_logging_module.py
2005-03-19 15:10:26,618 - simple_example - DEBUG - debug message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,620 - simple_example - INFO - info message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,695 - simple_example - WARNING - warn message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,697 - simple_example - ERROR - error message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,773 - simple_example - CRITICAL - critical message
The following Python module creates a logger, handler, and formatter nearly
identical to those in the example listed above, with the only difference being
the names of the objects::
import logging
import logging.config
logging.config.fileConfig("logging.conf")
# create logger
logger = logging.getLogger("simpleExample")
# "application" code
logger.debug("debug message")
logger.info("info message")
logger.warn("warn message")
logger.error("error message")
logger.critical("critical message")
Here is the logging.conf file::
[loggers]
keys=root,simpleExample
[handlers]
keys=consoleHandler
[formatters]
keys=simpleFormatter
[logger_root]
level=DEBUG
handlers=consoleHandler
[logger_simpleExample]
level=DEBUG
handlers=consoleHandler
qualname=simpleExample
propagate=0
[handler_consoleHandler]
class=StreamHandler
level=DEBUG
formatter=simpleFormatter
args=(sys.stdout,)
[formatter_simpleFormatter]
format=%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s
datefmt=
The output is nearly identical to that of the non-config-file-based example::
$ python simple_logging_config.py
2005-03-19 15:38:55,977 - simpleExample - DEBUG - debug message
2005-03-19 15:38:55,979 - simpleExample - INFO - info message
2005-03-19 15:38:56,054 - simpleExample - WARNING - warn message
2005-03-19 15:38:56,055 - simpleExample - ERROR - error message
2005-03-19 15:38:56,130 - simpleExample - CRITICAL - critical message
You can see that the config file approach has a few advantages over the Python
code approach, mainly separation of configuration and code and the ability of
noncoders to easily modify the logging properties.
Logging Levels
--------------
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
The numeric values of logging levels are given in the following table. These are
primarily of interest if you want to define your own levels, and need them to
have specific values relative to the predefined levels. If you define a level
with the same numeric value, it overwrites the predefined value; the predefined
name is lost.
+--------------+---------------+
| Level | Numeric value |
+==============+===============+
| ``CRITICAL`` | 50 |
+--------------+---------------+
| ``ERROR`` | 40 |
+--------------+---------------+
| ``WARNING`` | 30 |
+--------------+---------------+
| ``INFO`` | 20 |
+--------------+---------------+
| ``DEBUG`` | 10 |
+--------------+---------------+
| ``NOTSET`` | 0 |
+--------------+---------------+
Levels can also be associated with loggers, being set either by the developer or
through loading a saved logging configuration. When a logging method is called
on a logger, the logger compares its own level with the level associated with
the method call. If the logger's level is higher than the method call's, no
logging message is actually generated. This is the basic mechanism controlling
the verbosity of logging output.
Logging messages are encoded as instances of the :class:`LogRecord` class. When
a logger decides to actually log an event, a :class:`LogRecord` instance is
created from the logging message.
Logging messages are subjected to a dispatch mechanism through the use of
:dfn:`handlers`, which are instances of subclasses of the :class:`Handler`
class. Handlers are responsible for ensuring that a logged message (in the form
of a :class:`LogRecord`) ends up in a particular location (or set of locations)
which is useful for the target audience for that message (such as end users,
support desk staff, system administrators, developers). Handlers are passed
:class:`LogRecord` instances intended for particular destinations. Each logger
can have zero, one or more handlers associated with it (via the
:meth:`addHandler` method of :class:`Logger`). In addition to any handlers
directly associated with a logger, *all handlers associated with all ancestors
of the logger* are called to dispatch the message.
Just as for loggers, handlers can have levels associated with them. A handler's
level acts as a filter in the same way as a logger's level does. If a handler
decides to actually dispatch an event, the :meth:`emit` method is used to send
the message to its destination. Most user-defined subclasses of :class:`Handler`
will need to override this :meth:`emit`.
In addition to the base :class:`Handler` class, many useful subclasses are
provided:
#. :class:`StreamHandler` instances send error messages to streams (file-like
objects).
#. :class:`FileHandler` instances send error messages to disk files.
#. :class:`BaseRotatingHandler` is the base class for handlers that rotate log
files at a certain point. It is not meant to be instantiated directly. Instead,
use :class:`RotatingFileHandler` or :class:`TimedRotatingFileHandler`.
#. :class:`RotatingFileHandler` instances send error messages to disk files,
with support for maximum log file sizes and log file rotation.
#. :class:`TimedRotatingFileHandler` instances send error messages to disk files
rotating the log file at certain timed intervals.
#. :class:`SocketHandler` instances send error messages to TCP/IP sockets.
#. :class:`DatagramHandler` instances send error messages to UDP sockets.
#. :class:`SMTPHandler` instances send error messages to a designated email
address.
#. :class:`SysLogHandler` instances send error messages to a Unix syslog daemon,
possibly on a remote machine.
#. :class:`NTEventLogHandler` instances send error messages to a Windows
NT/2000/XP event log.
#. :class:`MemoryHandler` instances send error messages to a buffer in memory,
which is flushed whenever specific criteria are met.
#. :class:`HTTPHandler` instances send error messages to an HTTP server using
either ``GET`` or ``POST`` semantics.
The :class:`StreamHandler` and :class:`FileHandler` classes are defined in the
core logging package. The other handlers are defined in a sub- module,
:mod:`logging.handlers`. (There is also another sub-module,
:mod:`logging.config`, for configuration functionality.)
Logged messages are formatted for presentation through instances of the
:class:`Formatter` class. They are initialized with a format string suitable for
use with the % operator and a dictionary.
For formatting multiple messages in a batch, instances of
:class:`BufferingFormatter` can be used. In addition to the format string (which
is applied to each message in the batch), there is provision for header and
trailer format strings.
When filtering based on logger level and/or handler level is not enough,
instances of :class:`Filter` can be added to both :class:`Logger` and
:class:`Handler` instances (through their :meth:`addFilter` method). Before
deciding to process a message further, both loggers and handlers consult all
their filters for permission. If any filter returns a false value, the message
is not processed further.
The basic :class:`Filter` functionality allows filtering by specific logger
name. If this feature is used, messages sent to the named logger and its
children are allowed through the filter, and all others dropped.
In addition to the classes described above, there are a number of module- level
functions.
.. function:: getLogger([name])
Return a logger with the specified name or, if no name is specified, return a
logger which is the root logger of the hierarchy. If specified, the name is
typically a dot-separated hierarchical name like *"a"*, *"a.b"* or *"a.b.c.d"*.
Choice of these names is entirely up to the developer who is using logging.
All calls to this function with a given name return the same logger instance.
This means that logger instances never need to be passed between different parts
of an application.
.. function:: getLoggerClass()
Return either the standard :class:`Logger` class, or the last class passed to
:func:`setLoggerClass`. This function may be called from within a new class
definition, to ensure that installing a customised :class:`Logger` class will
not undo customisations already applied by other code. For example::
class MyLogger(logging.getLoggerClass()):
# ... override behaviour here
.. function:: debug(msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with level :const:`DEBUG` on the root logger. The *msg* is the
message format string, and the *args* are the arguments which are merged into
*msg* using the string formatting operator. (Note that this means that you can
use keywords in the format string, together with a single dictionary argument.)
There are two keyword arguments in *kwargs* which are inspected: *exc_info*
which, if it does not evaluate as false, causes exception information to be
added to the logging message. If an exception tuple (in the format returned by
:func:`sys.exc_info`) is provided, it is used; otherwise, :func:`sys.exc_info`
is called to get the exception information.
The other optional keyword argument is *extra* which can be used to pass a
dictionary which is used to populate the __dict__ of the LogRecord created for
the logging event with user-defined attributes. These custom attributes can then
be used as you like. For example, they could be incorporated into logged
messages. For example::
FORMAT = "%(asctime)-15s %(clientip)s %(user)-8s %(message)s"
logging.basicConfig(format=FORMAT)
d = {'clientip': '192.168.0.1', 'user': 'fbloggs'}
logging.warning("Protocol problem: %s", "connection reset", extra=d)
would print something like ::
2006-02-08 22:20:02,165 192.168.0.1 fbloggs Protocol problem: connection reset
The keys in the dictionary passed in *extra* should not clash with the keys used
by the logging system. (See the :class:`Formatter` documentation for more
information on which keys are used by the logging system.)
If you choose to use these attributes in logged messages, you need to exercise
some care. In the above example, for instance, the :class:`Formatter` has been
set up with a format string which expects 'clientip' and 'user' in the attribute
dictionary of the LogRecord. If these are missing, the message will not be
logged because a string formatting exception will occur. So in this case, you
always need to pass the *extra* dictionary with these keys.
While this might be annoying, this feature is intended for use in specialized
circumstances, such as multi-threaded servers where the same code executes in
many contexts, and interesting conditions which arise are dependent on this
context (such as remote client IP address and authenticated user name, in the
above example). In such circumstances, it is likely that specialized
:class:`Formatter`\ s would be used with particular :class:`Handler`\ s.
.. function:: info(msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with level :const:`INFO` on the root logger. The arguments are
interpreted as for :func:`debug`.
.. function:: warning(msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with level :const:`WARNING` on the root logger. The arguments are
interpreted as for :func:`debug`.
.. function:: error(msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with level :const:`ERROR` on the root logger. The arguments are
interpreted as for :func:`debug`.
.. function:: critical(msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with level :const:`CRITICAL` on the root logger. The arguments
are interpreted as for :func:`debug`.
.. function:: exception(msg[, *args])
Logs a message with level :const:`ERROR` on the root logger. The arguments are
interpreted as for :func:`debug`. Exception info is added to the logging
message. This function should only be called from an exception handler.
.. function:: log(level, msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with level *level* on the root logger. The other arguments are
interpreted as for :func:`debug`.
.. function:: disable(lvl)
Provides an overriding level *lvl* for all loggers which takes precedence over
the logger's own level. When the need arises to temporarily throttle logging
output down across the whole application, this function can be useful.
.. function:: addLevelName(lvl, levelName)
Associates level *lvl* with text *levelName* in an internal dictionary, which is
used to map numeric levels to a textual representation, for example when a
:class:`Formatter` formats a message. This function can also be used to define
your own levels. The only constraints are that all levels used must be
registered using this function, levels should be positive integers and they
should increase in increasing order of severity.
.. function:: getLevelName(lvl)
Returns the textual representation of logging level *lvl*. If the level is one
of the predefined levels :const:`CRITICAL`, :const:`ERROR`, :const:`WARNING`,
:const:`INFO` or :const:`DEBUG` then you get the corresponding string. If you
have associated levels with names using :func:`addLevelName` then the name you
have associated with *lvl* is returned. If a numeric value corresponding to one
of the defined levels is passed in, the corresponding string representation is
returned. Otherwise, the string "Level %s" % lvl is returned.
.. function:: makeLogRecord(attrdict)
Creates and returns a new :class:`LogRecord` instance whose attributes are
defined by *attrdict*. This function is useful for taking a pickled
:class:`LogRecord` attribute dictionary, sent over a socket, and reconstituting
it as a :class:`LogRecord` instance at the receiving end.
.. function:: basicConfig([**kwargs])
Does basic configuration for the logging system by creating a
:class:`StreamHandler` with a default :class:`Formatter` and adding it to the
root logger. The function does nothing if any handlers have been defined for
the root logger. The functions :func:`debug`, :func:`info`, :func:`warning`,
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
:func:`error` and :func:`critical` will call :func:`basicConfig` automatically
if no handlers are defined for the root logger.
The following keyword arguments are supported.
+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Format | Description |
+==============+=============================================+
| ``filename`` | Specifies that a FileHandler be created, |
| | using the specified filename, rather than a |
| | StreamHandler. |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| ``filemode`` | Specifies the mode to open the file, if |
| | filename is specified (if filemode is |
| | unspecified, it defaults to 'a'). |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| ``format`` | Use the specified format string for the |
| | handler. |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| ``datefmt`` | Use the specified date/time format. |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| ``level`` | Set the root logger level to the specified |
| | level. |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| ``stream`` | Use the specified stream to initialize the |
| | StreamHandler. Note that this argument is |
| | incompatible with 'filename' - if both are |
| | present, 'stream' is ignored. |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
.. function:: shutdown()
Informs the logging system to perform an orderly shutdown by flushing and
Merged revisions 61431,61433-61436,61439,61444,61449-61450,61453,61458,61465,61468,61471-61474,61480,61483-61484,61488,61495-61496,61498,61503-61504,61507,61509-61510,61515-61518 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r61431 | vinay.sajip | 2008-03-16 22:35:58 +0100 (So, 16 Mär 2008) | 1 line Clarified documentation on use of shutdown(). ........ r61433 | mark.summerfield | 2008-03-17 09:28:15 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 5 lines Added a footnote to each pointing out that for XML output if an encoding string is given it should conform to the appropriate XML standards---for example, "UTF-8" is okay, but "UTF8" is not. ........ r61434 | eric.smith | 2008-03-17 12:01:01 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 7 lines Issue 2264: empty float presentation type needs to have at least one digit past the decimal point. Added "Z" format_char to PyOS_ascii_formatd to support empty float presentation type. Renamed buf_size in PyOS_ascii_formatd to more accurately reflect it's meaning. Modified format.__float__ to use the new "Z" format as the default. Added test cases. ........ r61435 | eric.smith | 2008-03-17 13:14:29 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Reformated lines > 79 chars. Deleted unused macro ISXDIGIT. ........ r61436 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-17 15:40:53 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 13 lines Allow Gnu gcc's to build python on OSX by removing -Wno-long-double, -no-cpp-precomp, and -mno-fused-madd from configure. * r22183 added -no-cpp-precomp, which http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2005-12/msg00368.html claims hasn't been needed since gcc-3.1. * r25607 added -Wno-long-double to avoid a warning in Include/objimpl.h (issue 525481). The long double is still there, but OSX 10.4's gcc no longer warns about it. * r33666 fixed issue 775892 on OSX 10.3 by adding -mno-fused-madd, which changed the sign of some float 0s. Tim Peters said it wasn't a real issue anyway, and it no longer causes test failures. Fixes issue #1779871. ........ r61439 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-17 17:31:57 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add Trent Nelson. ........ r61444 | travis.oliphant | 2008-03-17 18:36:12 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 1 line Add necessary headers to back-port new buffer protocol to Python 2.6 ........ r61449 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-17 19:48:05 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 8 lines Force zlib.crc32 and zlib.adler32 to return a signed integer on all platforms regardless of the native sizeof(long) used in the integer object. This somewhat odd behavior of returning a signed is maintained in 2.x for compatibility reasons of always returning an integer rather than a long object. Fixes Issue1202 for Python 2.6 ........ r61450 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-17 20:02:45 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Use a buffer large enough to ensure we don't overrun, even if the value is outside the range we expect. ........ r61453 | steven.bethard | 2008-03-17 20:33:11 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 1 line Document unicode.isnumeric() and unicode.isdecimal() (issue2326) ........ r61458 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-17 21:22:43 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 5 lines Issue 2321: reduce memory usage (increase the memory that is returned to the system) by using pymalloc for the data of unicode objects. Will backport. ........ r61465 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-17 22:55:30 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add David Wolever. ........ r61468 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-18 01:20:01 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Fix the IOError message text when opening a file with an invalid filename. Error reported by Ilan Schnell. ........ r61471 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 02:00:07 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Convert test_strftime, test_getargs, and test_pep247 to use unittest. ........ r61472 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 02:09:59 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Fix build on platforms that don't have intptr_t. Patch by Joseph Armbruster. ........ r61473 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 02:50:25 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Convert test_dummy_threading and test_dbm to unittest. ........ r61474 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 02:58:56 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Move test_extcall to doctest. ........ r61480 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 04:46:22 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines test_errno was a no-op test; now it actually tests things and uses unittest. ........ r61483 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 05:09:00 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Remove our implementation of memmove() and strerror(); both are in the C89 standard library. ........ r61484 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 05:16:06 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines The output directory for tests that compare against stdout is now gone! ........ r61488 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 05:29:35 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Block the "socket.ssl() is deprecated" warning from test_socket_ssl. ........ r61495 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 05:56:06 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 4 lines Speed test_thread up from 51.328s to 0.081s by reducing its sleep times. We still sleep at all to make it likely that all threads are active at the same time. ........ r61496 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 06:12:41 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 4 lines Speed up test_dict by about 10x by only checking selected dict literal sizes, instead of every integer from 0 to 400. Exhaustive testing wastes time without providing enough more assurance that the code is correct. ........ r61498 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-18 06:20:29 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 1 line Try increasing the timeout to reduce the flakiness of this test. ........ r61503 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 06:43:04 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Improve the error message for a test that failed on the S-390 Debian buildbot. ........ r61504 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 06:45:40 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Add a -S/--slow flag to regrtest to have it print the 10 slowest tests with their times. ........ r61507 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-18 07:03:46 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 1 line Add some info to the failure messages ........ r61509 | trent.nelson | 2008-03-18 08:02:12 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 1 line Issue 2286: bump up the stack size of the 64-bit debug python_d.exe to 2100000. The default value of 200000 causes a stack overflow at 1965 iterations of r_object() in marshal.c, 35 iterations before the 2000 limit enforced by MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH. ........ r61510 | trent.nelson | 2008-03-18 08:32:47 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 5 lines The behaviour of winsound.Beep() seems to differ between different versions of Windows when there's either: a) no sound card entirely b) legacy beep driver has been disabled c) the legacy beep driver has been uninstalled Sometimes RuntimeErrors are raised, sometimes they're not. If _have_soundcard() returns False, don't expect winsound.Beep() to raise a RuntimeError, as this clearly isn't the case, as demonstrated by the various Win32 XP buildbots. ........ r61515 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 13:20:15 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines norwitz-amd64 (gentoo) has EREMOTEIO. ........ r61516 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 13:45:37 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add more Linux error codes. ........ r61517 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 14:05:03 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add WSA errors. ........ r61518 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 14:16:05 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Note that the stderr output of the test is intentional. ........
2008-03-18 12:15:01 -03:00
closing all handlers. This should be called at application exit and no
further use of the logging system should be made after this call.
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.. function:: setLoggerClass(klass)
Tells the logging system to use the class *klass* when instantiating a logger.
The class should define :meth:`__init__` such that only a name argument is
required, and the :meth:`__init__` should call :meth:`Logger.__init__`. This
function is typically called before any loggers are instantiated by applications
which need to use custom logger behavior.
.. seealso::
:pep:`282` - A Logging System
The proposal which described this feature for inclusion in the Python standard
library.
Merged revisions 59376-59406 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59377 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-06 01:24:23 +0100 (Thu, 06 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add another GHOP student to ACKS. ........ r59378 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-06 01:56:53 +0100 (Thu, 06 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Fix Issue 1045. Factor-out common calling code by simplifying the length_hint API. Speed-up the function by caching the PyObject_String for the attribute lookup. ........ r59380 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-06 02:52:24 +0100 (Thu, 06 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Diverse markup fixes. ........ r59383 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-06 10:45:39 +0100 (Thu, 06 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Better re.split examples. ........ r59386 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-06 14:15:13 +0100 (Thu, 06 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Fixed get_config_h_filename for Windows. Without the patch it can't find the pyconfig.h file inside a build tree. Added several small unit tests for sysconfig. ........ r59387 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-06 14:30:11 +0100 (Thu, 06 Dec 2007) | 1 line Silence more warnings, _CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE is already defined in pyconfig.h but several projects don't include it. ........ r59389 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-06 14:55:01 +0100 (Thu, 06 Dec 2007) | 1 line Disabled one test that is failing on Unix ........ r59399 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-06 22:13:06 +0100 (Thu, 06 Dec 2007) | 8 lines Several Windows related cleanups: * Removed a #define from pyconfig.h. The macro was already defined a few lines higher. * Fixed path to tix in the build_tkinter.py script * Changed make_buildinfo.c to use versions of unlink and strcat which are considered safe by Windows (as suggested by MvL). * Removed two defines from pyproject.vsprops that are no longer required. Both are defined in pyconfig.h and make_buildinfo.c doesn't use the unsafe versions any more (as suggested by MvL). * Added some more information about PGO and the property files to PCbuild9/readme.txt. Are you fine with the changes, Martin? ........ r59400 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-07 02:53:01 +0100 (Fri, 07 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Don't have the docs berate themselves. Keep a professional tone. If a todo is needed, put it in the tracker. ........ r59402 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-07 10:07:10 +0100 (Fri, 07 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Increase unit test coverage of SimpleXMLRPCServer. Written for GHOP by Turkay Eren. ........ r59406 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-07 16:16:57 +0100 (Fri, 07 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Update to windows doc from Robert. ........
2007-12-08 11:33:56 -04:00
`Original Python logging package <http://www.red-dove.com/python_logging.html>`_
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
This is the original source for the :mod:`logging` package. The version of the
package available from this site is suitable for use with Python 1.5.2, 2.1.x
and 2.2.x, which do not include the :mod:`logging` package in the standard
library.
Logger Objects
--------------
Loggers have the following attributes and methods. Note that Loggers are never
instantiated directly, but always through the module-level function
``logging.getLogger(name)``.
.. attribute:: Logger.propagate
If this evaluates to false, logging messages are not passed by this logger or by
child loggers to higher level (ancestor) loggers. The constructor sets this
attribute to 1.
.. method:: Logger.setLevel(lvl)
Sets the threshold for this logger to *lvl*. Logging messages which are less
severe than *lvl* will be ignored. When a logger is created, the level is set to
:const:`NOTSET` (which causes all messages to be processed when the logger is
the root logger, or delegation to the parent when the logger is a non-root
logger). Note that the root logger is created with level :const:`WARNING`.
The term "delegation to the parent" means that if a logger has a level of
NOTSET, its chain of ancestor loggers is traversed until either an ancestor with
a level other than NOTSET is found, or the root is reached.
If an ancestor is found with a level other than NOTSET, then that ancestor's
level is treated as the effective level of the logger where the ancestor search
began, and is used to determine how a logging event is handled.
If the root is reached, and it has a level of NOTSET, then all messages will be
processed. Otherwise, the root's level will be used as the effective level.
.. method:: Logger.isEnabledFor(lvl)
Indicates if a message of severity *lvl* would be processed by this logger.
This method checks first the module-level level set by
``logging.disable(lvl)`` and then the logger's effective level as determined
by :meth:`getEffectiveLevel`.
.. method:: Logger.getEffectiveLevel()
Indicates the effective level for this logger. If a value other than
:const:`NOTSET` has been set using :meth:`setLevel`, it is returned. Otherwise,
the hierarchy is traversed towards the root until a value other than
:const:`NOTSET` is found, and that value is returned.
.. method:: Logger.debug(msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with level :const:`DEBUG` on this logger. The *msg* is the
message format string, and the *args* are the arguments which are merged into
*msg* using the string formatting operator. (Note that this means that you can
use keywords in the format string, together with a single dictionary argument.)
There are two keyword arguments in *kwargs* which are inspected: *exc_info*
which, if it does not evaluate as false, causes exception information to be
added to the logging message. If an exception tuple (in the format returned by
:func:`sys.exc_info`) is provided, it is used; otherwise, :func:`sys.exc_info`
is called to get the exception information.
The other optional keyword argument is *extra* which can be used to pass a
dictionary which is used to populate the __dict__ of the LogRecord created for
the logging event with user-defined attributes. These custom attributes can then
be used as you like. For example, they could be incorporated into logged
messages. For example::
FORMAT = "%(asctime)-15s %(clientip)s %(user)-8s %(message)s"
logging.basicConfig(format=FORMAT)
#1370: Finish the merge r58749, log below, by resolving all conflicts in Doc/. Merged revisions 58221-58741 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r58221 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-20 10:57:59 -0700 (Thu, 20 Sep 2007) | 2 lines Patch #1181: add os.environ.clear() method. ........ r58225 | sean.reifschneider | 2007-09-20 23:33:28 -0700 (Thu, 20 Sep 2007) | 3 lines Issue1704287: "make install" fails unless you do "make" first. Make oldsharedmods and sharedmods in "libinstall". ........ r58232 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-09-22 13:18:03 -0700 (Sat, 22 Sep 2007) | 4 lines Patch # 188 by Philip Jenvey. Make tell() mark CRLF as a newline. With unit test. ........ r58242 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-24 10:55:47 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 2 lines Fix typo and double word. ........ r58245 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-24 10:59:28 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 2 lines #1196: document default radix for int(). ........ r58247 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-24 11:08:24 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 2 lines #1177: accept 2xx responses for https too, not only http. ........ r58249 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-09-24 16:45:51 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 1 line Remove stray odd character; grammar fix ........ r58250 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-09-24 16:46:28 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r58251 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-09-24 17:09:42 -0700 (Mon, 24 Sep 2007) | 1 line Add various items ........ r58268 | vinay.sajip | 2007-09-26 22:34:45 -0700 (Wed, 26 Sep 2007) | 1 line Change to flush and close logic to fix #1760556. ........ r58269 | vinay.sajip | 2007-09-26 22:38:51 -0700 (Wed, 26 Sep 2007) | 1 line Change to basicConfig() to fix #1021. ........ r58270 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-26 23:26:58 -0700 (Wed, 26 Sep 2007) | 2 lines #1208: document match object's boolean value. ........ r58271 | vinay.sajip | 2007-09-26 23:56:13 -0700 (Wed, 26 Sep 2007) | 1 line Minor date change. ........ r58272 | vinay.sajip | 2007-09-27 00:35:10 -0700 (Thu, 27 Sep 2007) | 1 line Change to LogRecord.__init__() to fix #1206. Note that archaic use of type(x) == types.DictType is because of keeping 1.5.2 compatibility. While this is much less relevant these days, there probably needs to be a separate commit for removing all archaic constructs at the same time. ........ r58288 | brett.cannon | 2007-09-30 12:45:10 -0700 (Sun, 30 Sep 2007) | 9 lines tuple.__repr__ did not consider a reference loop as it is not possible from Python code; but it is possible from C. object.__str__ had the issue of not expecting a type to doing something within it's tp_str implementation that could trigger an infinite recursion, but it could in C code.. Both found thanks to BaseException and how it handles its repr. Closes issue #1686386. Thanks to Thomas Herve for taking an initial stab at coming up with a solution. ........ r58289 | brett.cannon | 2007-09-30 13:37:19 -0700 (Sun, 30 Sep 2007) | 3 lines Fix error introduced by r58288; if a tuple is length 0 return its repr and don't worry about any self-referring tuples. ........ r58294 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-02 10:01:24 -0700 (Tue, 02 Oct 2007) | 11 lines Made the various is_* operations return booleans. This was discussed with Cawlishaw by mail, and he basically confirmed that to these is_* operations, there's no need to return Decimal(0) and Decimal(1) if the language supports the False and True booleans. Also added a few tests for the these functions in extra.decTest, since they are mostly untested (apart from the doctests). Thanks Mark Dickinson ........ r58295 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-02 11:21:18 -0700 (Tue, 02 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Added a class to store the digits of log(10), so that they can be made available when necessary without recomputing. Thanks Mark Dickinson ........ r58299 | mark.summerfield | 2007-10-03 01:53:21 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Added note in footnote about string comparisons about unicodedata.normalize(). ........ r58304 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-03 14:18:11 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 1 line enumerate() is no longer bounded to using sequences shorter than LONG_MAX. The possibility of overflow was sending some newsgroup posters into a tizzy. ........ r58305 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-03 17:20:27 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 1 line itertools.count() no longer limited to sys.maxint. ........ r58306 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-03 18:49:54 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Assume that the user knows when he wants to end the line; don't insert something he didn't select or complete. ........ r58307 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-03 19:07:50 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Remove unused theme that was causing a fault in p3k. ........ r58308 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-03 19:09:17 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Clean up EditorWindow close. ........ r58309 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-03 19:53:07 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 7 lines textView cleanup. Patch 1718043 Tal Einat. M idlelib/EditorWindow.py M idlelib/aboutDialog.py M idlelib/textView.py M idlelib/NEWS.txt ........ r58310 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-03 20:11:12 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 3 lines configDialog cleanup. Patch 1730217 Tal Einat. ........ r58311 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-03 23:00:48 -0700 (Wed, 03 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Coverity #151: Remove deadcode. All this code already exists above starting at line 653. ........ r58325 | fred.drake | 2007-10-04 19:46:12 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 1 line wrap lines to <80 characters before fixing errors ........ r58326 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-04 19:47:07 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 6 lines Add __asdict__() to NamedTuple and refine the docs. Add maxlen support to deque() and fixup docs. Partially fix __reduce__(). The None as a third arg was no longer supported. Still needs work on __reduce__() to handle recursive inputs. ........ r58327 | fred.drake | 2007-10-04 19:48:32 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 3 lines move descriptions of ac_(in|out)_buffer_size to the right place http://bugs.python.org/issue1053 ........ r58329 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-04 20:39:17 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 3 lines dict could be NULL, so we need to XDECREF. Fix a compiler warning about passing a PyTypeObject* instead of PyObject*. ........ r58330 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-04 20:41:19 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Fix Coverity #158: Check the correct variable. ........ r58332 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-04 22:01:38 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 7 lines Fix Coverity #159. This code was broken if save() returned a negative number since i contained a boolean value and then we compared i < 0 which should never be true. Will backport (assuming it's necessary) ........ r58334 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-04 22:29:17 -0700 (Thu, 04 Oct 2007) | 1 line Add a note about fixing some more warnings found by Coverity. ........ r58338 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-05 12:07:31 -0700 (Fri, 05 Oct 2007) | 1 line Restore BEGIN/END THREADS macros which were squashed in the previous checkin ........ r58343 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-06 00:48:10 -0700 (Sat, 06 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Stab in the dark attempt to fix the test_bsddb3 failure on sparc and S-390 ubuntu buildbots. ........ r58344 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-06 00:51:59 -0700 (Sat, 06 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Allows BerkeleyDB 4.6.x >= 4.6.21 for the bsddb module. ........ r58348 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-06 08:47:37 -0700 (Sat, 06 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Use the host the author likely meant in the first place. pop.gmail.com is reliable. gmail.org is someones personal domain. ........ r58351 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-06 12:16:28 -0700 (Sat, 06 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Ensure that this test will pass even if another test left an unwritable TESTFN. Also use the safe unlink in test_support instead of rolling our own here. ........ r58368 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-08 00:50:24 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 3 lines #1123: fix the docs for the str.split(None, sep) case. Also expand a few other methods' docs, which had more info in the deprecated string module docs. ........ r58369 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-08 01:06:05 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Update docstring of sched, also remove an unused assignment. ........ r58370 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-08 02:14:28 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 5 lines Add comments to NamedTuple code. Let the field spec be either a string or a non-string sequence (suggested by Martin Blais with use cases). Improve the error message in the case of a SyntaxError (caused by a duplicate field name). ........ r58371 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-08 02:56:29 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 1 line Missed a line in the docs ........ r58372 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-08 03:11:51 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 1 line Better variable names ........ r58376 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-08 07:12:47 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 3 lines #1199: docs for tp_as_{number,sequence,mapping}, by Amaury Forgeot d'Arc. No need to merge this to py3k! ........ r58380 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-08 14:26:58 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 1 line Eliminate camelcase function name ........ r58381 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-08 16:23:03 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 1 line Eliminate camelcase function name ........ r58382 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-08 18:36:23 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 1 line Make the error messages more specific ........ r58384 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-08 23:02:21 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 10 lines Splits Modules/_bsddb.c up into bsddb.h and _bsddb.c and adds a C API object available as bsddb.db.api. This is based on the patch submitted by Duncan Grisby here: http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=1551895&group_id=13900&atid=313900 See this thread for additional info: http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=E1GAVDK-0002rk-Iw%40apasphere.com&forum_name=pybsddb-users It also cleans up the code a little by removing some ifdef/endifs for python prior to 2.1 and for unsupported Berkeley DB <= 3.2. ........ r58385 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-08 23:50:43 -0700 (Mon, 08 Oct 2007) | 5 lines Fix a double free when positioning a database cursor to a non-existant string key (and probably a few other situations with string keys). This was reported with a patch as pybsddb sourceforge bug 1708868 by jjjhhhlll at gmail. ........ r58386 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-09 00:19:11 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Use the highest cPickle protocol in bsddb.dbshelve. This comes from sourceforge pybsddb patch 1551443 by w_barnes. ........ r58394 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-09 11:26:02 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 2 lines remove another sleepycat reference ........ r58396 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-09 12:31:30 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Allow interrupt only when executing user code in subprocess Patch 1225 Tal Einat modified from IDLE-Spoon. ........ r58399 | brett.cannon | 2007-10-09 17:07:50 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 5 lines Remove file-level typedefs that were inconsistently used throughout the file. Just move over to the public API names. Closes issue1238. ........ r58401 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-09 17:26:46 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 1 line Accept Jim Jewett's api suggestion to use None instead of -1 to indicate unbounded deques. ........ r58403 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-09 17:55:40 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Allow cursor color change w/o restart. Patch 1725576 Tal Einat. ........ r58404 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-09 18:06:47 -0700 (Tue, 09 Oct 2007) | 2 lines show paste if > 80 columns. Patch 1659326 Tal Einat. ........ r58415 | thomas.heller | 2007-10-11 12:51:32 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 5 lines On OS X, use os.uname() instead of gestalt.sysv(...) to get the operating system version. This allows to use ctypes when Python was configured with --disable-toolbox-glue. ........ r58419 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:01:01 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 1 line Get rid of warning about not being able to create an existing directory. ........ r58420 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:01:30 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 1 line Get rid of warnings on a bunch of platforms by using a proper prototype. ........ r58421 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:01:54 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Get rid of compiler warning about retval being used (returned) without being initialized. (gcc warning and Coverity 202) ........ r58422 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:03:23 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fix Coverity 168: Close the file before returning (exiting). ........ r58423 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:04:18 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Fix Coverity 180: Don't overallocate. We don't need structs, but pointers. Also fix a memory leak. ........ r58424 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:05:19 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 5 lines Fix Coverity 185-186: If the passed in FILE is NULL, uninitialized memory would be accessed. Will backport. ........ r58425 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-11 20:52:34 -0700 (Thu, 11 Oct 2007) | 1 line Get this module to compile with bsddb versions prior to 4.3 ........ r58430 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-10-12 01:56:52 -0700 (Fri, 12 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Bug #1216: Restore support for Visual Studio 2002. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r58433 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-12 10:53:11 -0700 (Fri, 12 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fix test of count.__repr__() to ignore the 'L' if the count is a long ........ r58434 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-12 11:44:06 -0700 (Fri, 12 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Fixes http://bugs.python.org/issue1233 - bsddb.dbshelve.DBShelf.append was useless due to inverted logic. Also adds a test case for RECNO dbs to test_dbshelve. ........ r58445 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-13 06:20:03 -0700 (Sat, 13 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Fix email example. ........ r58450 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-13 16:02:05 -0700 (Sat, 13 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Fix an uncollectable reference leak in bsddb.db.DBShelf.append ........ r58453 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-13 17:18:40 -0700 (Sat, 13 Oct 2007) | 8 lines Let the O/S supply a port if none of the default ports can be used. This should make the tests more robust at the expense of allowing tests to be sloppier by not requiring them to cleanup after themselves. (It will legitamitely help when running two test suites simultaneously or if another process is already using one of the predefined ports.) Also simplifies (slightLy) the exception handling elsewhere. ........ r58459 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-14 11:30:21 -0700 (Sun, 14 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Don't raise a string exception, they don't work anymore. ........ r58460 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-14 11:40:37 -0700 (Sun, 14 Oct 2007) | 1 line Use unittest for assertions ........ r58468 | armin.rigo | 2007-10-15 00:48:35 -0700 (Mon, 15 Oct 2007) | 2 lines test_bigbits was not testing what it seemed to. ........ r58471 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-10-15 08:54:11 -0700 (Mon, 15 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Change a PyErr_Print() into a PyErr_Clear(), per discussion in issue 1031213. ........ r58500 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-16 12:18:30 -0700 (Tue, 16 Oct 2007) | 1 line Improve error messages ........ r58506 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-16 14:28:32 -0700 (Tue, 16 Oct 2007) | 1 line More docs, error messages, and tests ........ r58507 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-16 15:58:03 -0700 (Tue, 16 Oct 2007) | 1 line Add items ........ r58508 | brett.cannon | 2007-10-16 16:24:06 -0700 (Tue, 16 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Remove ``:const:`` notation on None in parameter list. Since the markup is not rendered for parameters it just showed up as ``:const:`None` `` in the output. ........ r58509 | brett.cannon | 2007-10-16 16:26:45 -0700 (Tue, 16 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Re-order some functions whose parameters differ between PyObject and const char * so that they are next to each other. ........ r58522 | armin.rigo | 2007-10-17 11:46:37 -0700 (Wed, 17 Oct 2007) | 5 lines Fix the overflow checking of list_repeat. Introduce overflow checking into list_inplace_repeat. Backport candidate, possibly. ........ r58530 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-17 20:16:03 -0700 (Wed, 17 Oct 2007) | 7 lines Issue #1580738. When HTTPConnection reads the whole stream with read(), it closes itself. When the stream is read in several calls to read(n), it should behave in the same way if HTTPConnection knows where the end of the stream is (through self.length). Added a test case for this behaviour. ........ r58531 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-17 20:44:48 -0700 (Wed, 17 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Issue 1289, just a typo. ........ r58532 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-18 00:56:54 -0700 (Thu, 18 Oct 2007) | 4 lines cleanup test_dbtables to use mkdtemp. cleanup dbtables to pass txn as a keyword argument whenever possible to avoid bugs and confusion. (dbtables.py line 447 self.db.get using txn as a non-keyword was an actual bug due to this) ........ r58533 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-18 01:34:20 -0700 (Thu, 18 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Fix a weird bug in dbtables: if it chose a random rowid string that contained NULL bytes it would cause the database all sorts of problems in the future leading to very strange random failures and corrupt dbtables.bsdTableDb dbs. ........ r58534 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-18 09:32:02 -0700 (Thu, 18 Oct 2007) | 3 lines A cleaner fix than the one committed last night. Generate random rowids that do not contain null bytes. ........ r58537 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-18 10:17:57 -0700 (Thu, 18 Oct 2007) | 2 lines mention bsddb fixes. ........ r58538 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-18 14:13:06 -0700 (Thu, 18 Oct 2007) | 1 line Remove useless warning ........ r58539 | gregory.p.smith | 2007-10-19 00:31:20 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 2 lines squelch the warning that this test is supposed to trigger. ........ r58542 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-19 05:32:39 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Clarify wording for apply(). ........ r58544 | mark.summerfield | 2007-10-19 05:48:17 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Added a cross-ref to each other. ........ r58545 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-19 10:38:49 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 2 lines #1284: "S" means "seen", not unread. ........ r58548 | thomas.heller | 2007-10-19 11:11:41 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Fix ctypes on 32-bit systems when Python is configured --with-system-ffi. See also https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/72505. Ported from release25-maint branch. ........ r58550 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-19 12:25:57 -0700 (Fri, 19 Oct 2007) | 8 lines The constructor from tuple was way too permissive: it allowed bad coefficient numbers, floats in the sign, and other details that generated directly the wrong number in the best case, or triggered misfunctionality in the alorithms. Test cases added for these issues. Thanks Mark Dickinson. ........ r58559 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 06:22:53 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Fix code being interpreted as a target. ........ r58561 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 06:36:24 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Document new "cmdoption" directive. ........ r58562 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 08:21:22 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Make a path more Unix-standardy. ........ r58564 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 10:51:39 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Document new directive "envvar". ........ r58567 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 11:08:14 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 6 lines * Add new toplevel chapter, "Using Python." (how to install, configure and setup python on different platforms -- at least in theory.) * Move the Python on Mac docs in that chapter. * Add a new chapter about the command line invocation, by stargaming. ........ r58568 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 11:33:20 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Change title, for now. ........ r58569 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 11:39:25 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add entry to ACKS. ........ r58570 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 12:05:45 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Clarify -E docs. ........ r58571 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-20 12:08:36 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Even more clarification. ........ r58572 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-20 12:25:37 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fix protocol name ........ r58573 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-20 12:35:18 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 1 line Various items ........ r58574 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-20 12:39:35 -0700 (Sat, 20 Oct 2007) | 1 line Use correct header line ........ r58576 | armin.rigo | 2007-10-21 02:14:15 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Add a crasher for the long-standing issue with closing a file while another thread uses it. ........ r58577 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:01:56 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Remove duplicate crasher. ........ r58578 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:24:20 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Unify "byte code" to "bytecode". Also sprinkle :term: markup for it. ........ r58579 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:32:54 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add markup to new function descriptions. ........ r58580 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:45:46 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add :term:s for descriptors. ........ r58581 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:46:24 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Unify "file-descriptor" to "file descriptor". ........ r58582 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 03:52:38 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add :term: for generators. ........ r58583 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 05:10:28 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add :term:s for iterator. ........ r58584 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-21 05:15:05 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add :term:s for "new-style class". ........ r58588 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-21 21:47:54 -0700 (Sun, 21 Oct 2007) | 1 line Add Chris Monson so he can edit PEPs. ........ r58594 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-10-22 09:27:19 -0700 (Mon, 22 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Issue #1307, patch by Derek Shockey. When "MAIL" is received without args, an exception happens instead of sending a 501 syntax error response. ........ r58598 | travis.oliphant | 2007-10-22 19:40:56 -0700 (Mon, 22 Oct 2007) | 1 line Add phuang patch from Issue 708374 which adds offset parameter to mmap module. ........ r58601 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-22 22:44:27 -0700 (Mon, 22 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Bug #1313, fix typo (wrong variable name) in example. ........ r58609 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-23 11:21:35 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Update Pygments version from externals. ........ r58618 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-10-23 12:25:41 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Issue 1307 by Derek Shockey, fox the same bug for RCPT. Neal: please backport! ........ r58620 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-23 13:37:41 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 1 line Shorter name for namedtuple() ........ r58621 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-10-23 13:55:47 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 1 line Update name ........ r58622 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-23 14:23:07 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fixup news entry ........ r58623 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-23 18:28:33 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 1 line Optimize sum() for integer and float inputs. ........ r58624 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-23 19:05:51 -0700 (Tue, 23 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fixup error return and add support for intermixed ints and floats/ ........ r58628 | vinay.sajip | 2007-10-24 03:47:06 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 1 line Bug #1321: Fixed logic error in TimedRotatingFileHandler.__init__() ........ r58641 | facundo.batista | 2007-10-24 12:11:08 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 4 lines Issue 1290. CharacterData.__repr__ was constructing a string in response that keeped having a non-ascii character. ........ r58643 | thomas.heller | 2007-10-24 12:50:45 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 1 line Added unittest for calling a function with paramflags (backport from py3k branch). ........ r58645 | matthias.klose | 2007-10-24 13:00:44 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 2 lines - Build using system ffi library on arm*-linux*. ........ r58651 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-24 14:40:38 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Bug #1287: make os.environ.pop() work as expected. ........ r58652 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-24 19:26:58 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 1 line Missing DECREFs ........ r58653 | matthias.klose | 2007-10-24 23:37:24 -0700 (Wed, 24 Oct 2007) | 2 lines - Build using system ffi library on arm*-linux*, pass --with-system-ffi to CONFIG_ARGS ........ r58655 | thomas.heller | 2007-10-25 12:47:32 -0700 (Thu, 25 Oct 2007) | 2 lines ffi_type_longdouble may be already #defined. See issue 1324. ........ r58656 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-25 15:43:45 -0700 (Thu, 25 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Correct an ancient bug in an unused path by removing that path: register() is now idempotent. ........ r58660 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-25 17:10:09 -0700 (Thu, 25 Oct 2007) | 4 lines 1. Add comments to provide top-level documentation. 2. Refactor to use more descriptive names. 3. Enhance tests in main(). ........ r58675 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-26 11:30:41 -0700 (Fri, 26 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Fix new pop() method on os.environ on ignorecase-platforms. ........ r58696 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-27 15:32:21 -0700 (Sat, 27 Oct 2007) | 1 line Update URL for Pygments. 0.8.1 is no longer available ........ r58697 | hyeshik.chang | 2007-10-28 04:19:02 -0700 (Sun, 28 Oct 2007) | 3 lines - Add support for FreeBSD 8 which is recently forked from FreeBSD 7. - Regenerate IN module for most recent maintenance tree of FreeBSD 6 and 7. ........ r58698 | hyeshik.chang | 2007-10-28 05:38:09 -0700 (Sun, 28 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Enable platform-specific tweaks for FreeBSD 8 (exactly same to FreeBSD 7's yet) ........ r58700 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-28 12:03:59 -0700 (Sun, 28 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Add confirmation dialog before printing. Patch 1717170 Tal Einat. ........ r58706 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-10-29 13:52:45 -0700 (Mon, 29 Oct 2007) | 3 lines Patch 1353 by Jacob Winther. Add mp4 mapping to mimetypes.py. ........ r58709 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-10-29 15:15:05 -0700 (Mon, 29 Oct 2007) | 6 lines Backport fixes for the code that decodes octal escapes (and for PyString also hex escapes) -- this was reaching beyond the end of the input string buffer, even though it is not supposed to be \0-terminated. This has no visible effect but is clearly the correct thing to do. (In 3.0 it had a visible effect after removing ob_sstate from PyString.) ........ r58710 | kurt.kaiser | 2007-10-29 19:38:54 -0700 (Mon, 29 Oct 2007) | 7 lines check in Tal Einat's update to tabpage.py Patch 1612746 M configDialog.py M NEWS.txt AM tabbedpages.py ........ r58715 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-30 10:51:18 -0700 (Tue, 30 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Use correct markup. ........ r58716 | georg.brandl | 2007-10-30 10:57:12 -0700 (Tue, 30 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Make example about hiding None return values at the prompt clearer. ........ r58728 | neal.norwitz | 2007-10-30 23:33:20 -0700 (Tue, 30 Oct 2007) | 1 line Fix some compiler warnings for signed comparisons on Unix and Windows. ........ r58731 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-10-31 10:19:33 -0700 (Wed, 31 Oct 2007) | 2 lines Adding Christian Heimes. ........ r58737 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-31 14:57:58 -0700 (Wed, 31 Oct 2007) | 1 line Clarify the reasons why pickle is almost always better than marshal ........ r58739 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-10-31 15:15:49 -0700 (Wed, 31 Oct 2007) | 1 line Sets are marshalable. ........
2007-11-01 17:32:30 -03:00
d = { 'clientip' : '192.168.0.1', 'user' : 'fbloggs' }
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
logger = logging.getLogger("tcpserver")
logger.warning("Protocol problem: %s", "connection reset", extra=d)
would print something like ::
2006-02-08 22:20:02,165 192.168.0.1 fbloggs Protocol problem: connection reset
The keys in the dictionary passed in *extra* should not clash with the keys used
by the logging system. (See the :class:`Formatter` documentation for more
information on which keys are used by the logging system.)
If you choose to use these attributes in logged messages, you need to exercise
some care. In the above example, for instance, the :class:`Formatter` has been
set up with a format string which expects 'clientip' and 'user' in the attribute
dictionary of the LogRecord. If these are missing, the message will not be
logged because a string formatting exception will occur. So in this case, you
always need to pass the *extra* dictionary with these keys.
While this might be annoying, this feature is intended for use in specialized
circumstances, such as multi-threaded servers where the same code executes in
many contexts, and interesting conditions which arise are dependent on this
context (such as remote client IP address and authenticated user name, in the
above example). In such circumstances, it is likely that specialized
:class:`Formatter`\ s would be used with particular :class:`Handler`\ s.
.. method:: Logger.info(msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with level :const:`INFO` on this logger. The arguments are
interpreted as for :meth:`debug`.
.. method:: Logger.warning(msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with level :const:`WARNING` on this logger. The arguments are
interpreted as for :meth:`debug`.
.. method:: Logger.error(msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with level :const:`ERROR` on this logger. The arguments are
interpreted as for :meth:`debug`.
.. method:: Logger.critical(msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with level :const:`CRITICAL` on this logger. The arguments are
interpreted as for :meth:`debug`.
.. method:: Logger.log(lvl, msg[, *args[, **kwargs]])
Logs a message with integer level *lvl* on this logger. The other arguments are
interpreted as for :meth:`debug`.
.. method:: Logger.exception(msg[, *args])
Logs a message with level :const:`ERROR` on this logger. The arguments are
interpreted as for :meth:`debug`. Exception info is added to the logging
message. This method should only be called from an exception handler.
.. method:: Logger.addFilter(filt)
Adds the specified filter *filt* to this logger.
.. method:: Logger.removeFilter(filt)
Removes the specified filter *filt* from this logger.
.. method:: Logger.filter(record)
Applies this logger's filters to the record and returns a true value if the
record is to be processed.
.. method:: Logger.addHandler(hdlr)
Adds the specified handler *hdlr* to this logger.
.. method:: Logger.removeHandler(hdlr)
Removes the specified handler *hdlr* from this logger.
.. method:: Logger.findCaller()
Finds the caller's source filename and line number. Returns the filename, line
number and function name as a 3-element tuple.
.. method:: Logger.handle(record)
Handles a record by passing it to all handlers associated with this logger and
its ancestors (until a false value of *propagate* is found). This method is used
for unpickled records received from a socket, as well as those created locally.
Logger-level filtering is applied using :meth:`filter`.
.. method:: Logger.makeRecord(name, lvl, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info [, func, extra])
This is a factory method which can be overridden in subclasses to create
specialized :class:`LogRecord` instances.
.. _minimal-example:
Basic example
-------------
The :mod:`logging` package provides a lot of flexibility, and its configuration
can appear daunting. This section demonstrates that simple use of the logging
package is possible.
The simplest example shows logging to the console::
import logging
logging.debug('A debug message')
logging.info('Some information')
logging.warning('A shot across the bows')
If you run the above script, you'll see this::
WARNING:root:A shot across the bows
Because no particular logger was specified, the system used the root logger. The
debug and info messages didn't appear because by default, the root logger is
configured to only handle messages with a severity of WARNING or above. The
message format is also a configuration default, as is the output destination of
the messages - ``sys.stderr``. The severity level, the message format and
destination can be easily changed, as shown in the example below::
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
format='%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s',
filename='/tmp/myapp.log',
filemode='w')
logging.debug('A debug message')
logging.info('Some information')
logging.warning('A shot across the bows')
The :meth:`basicConfig` method is used to change the configuration defaults,
which results in output (written to ``/tmp/myapp.log``) which should look
something like the following::
2004-07-02 13:00:08,743 DEBUG A debug message
2004-07-02 13:00:08,743 INFO Some information
2004-07-02 13:00:08,743 WARNING A shot across the bows
This time, all messages with a severity of DEBUG or above were handled, and the
format of the messages was also changed, and output went to the specified file
rather than the console.
.. XXX logging should probably be updated for new string formatting!
Formatting uses the old Python string formatting - see section
:ref:`old-string-formatting`. The format string takes the following common
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
specifiers. For a complete list of specifiers, consult the :class:`Formatter`
documentation.
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Format | Description |
+===================+===============================================+
| ``%(name)s`` | Name of the logger (logging channel). |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(levelname)s`` | Text logging level for the message |
| | (``'DEBUG'``, ``'INFO'``, ``'WARNING'``, |
| | ``'ERROR'``, ``'CRITICAL'``). |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(asctime)s`` | Human-readable time when the |
| | :class:`LogRecord` was created. By default |
| | this is of the form "2003-07-08 16:49:45,896" |
| | (the numbers after the comma are millisecond |
| | portion of the time). |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(message)s`` | The logged message. |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
To change the date/time format, you can pass an additional keyword parameter,
*datefmt*, as in the following::
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
format='%(asctime)s %(levelname)-8s %(message)s',
datefmt='%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S',
filename='/temp/myapp.log',
filemode='w')
logging.debug('A debug message')
logging.info('Some information')
logging.warning('A shot across the bows')
which would result in output like ::
Fri, 02 Jul 2004 13:06:18 DEBUG A debug message
Fri, 02 Jul 2004 13:06:18 INFO Some information
Fri, 02 Jul 2004 13:06:18 WARNING A shot across the bows
The date format string follows the requirements of :func:`strftime` - see the
documentation for the :mod:`time` module.
If, instead of sending logging output to the console or a file, you'd rather use
a file-like object which you have created separately, you can pass it to
:func:`basicConfig` using the *stream* keyword argument. Note that if both
*stream* and *filename* keyword arguments are passed, the *stream* argument is
ignored.
Of course, you can put variable information in your output. To do this, simply
have the message be a format string and pass in additional arguments containing
the variable information, as in the following example::
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
format='%(asctime)s %(levelname)-8s %(message)s',
datefmt='%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S',
filename='/temp/myapp.log',
filemode='w')
logging.error('Pack my box with %d dozen %s', 5, 'liquor jugs')
which would result in ::
Wed, 21 Jul 2004 15:35:16 ERROR Pack my box with 5 dozen liquor jugs
.. _multiple-destinations:
Logging to multiple destinations
--------------------------------
Let's say you want to log to console and file with different message formats and
in differing circumstances. Say you want to log messages with levels of DEBUG
and higher to file, and those messages at level INFO and higher to the console.
Let's also assume that the file should contain timestamps, but the console
messages should not. Here's how you can achieve this::
import logging
# set up logging to file - see previous section for more details
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
format='%(asctime)s %(name)-12s %(levelname)-8s %(message)s',
datefmt='%m-%d %H:%M',
filename='/temp/myapp.log',
filemode='w')
# define a Handler which writes INFO messages or higher to the sys.stderr
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
# set a format which is simpler for console use
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(name)-12s: %(levelname)-8s %(message)s')
# tell the handler to use this format
console.setFormatter(formatter)
# add the handler to the root logger
logging.getLogger('').addHandler(console)
# Now, we can log to the root logger, or any other logger. First the root...
logging.info('Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.')
# Now, define a couple of other loggers which might represent areas in your
# application:
logger1 = logging.getLogger('myapp.area1')
logger2 = logging.getLogger('myapp.area2')
logger1.debug('Quick zephyrs blow, vexing daft Jim.')
logger1.info('How quickly daft jumping zebras vex.')
logger2.warning('Jail zesty vixen who grabbed pay from quack.')
logger2.error('The five boxing wizards jump quickly.')
When you run this, on the console you will see ::
root : INFO Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.
myapp.area1 : INFO How quickly daft jumping zebras vex.
myapp.area2 : WARNING Jail zesty vixen who grabbed pay from quack.
myapp.area2 : ERROR The five boxing wizards jump quickly.
and in the file you will see something like ::
10-22 22:19 root INFO Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.
10-22 22:19 myapp.area1 DEBUG Quick zephyrs blow, vexing daft Jim.
10-22 22:19 myapp.area1 INFO How quickly daft jumping zebras vex.
10-22 22:19 myapp.area2 WARNING Jail zesty vixen who grabbed pay from quack.
10-22 22:19 myapp.area2 ERROR The five boxing wizards jump quickly.
As you can see, the DEBUG message only shows up in the file. The other messages
are sent to both destinations.
This example uses console and file handlers, but you can use any number and
combination of handlers you choose.
Merged revisions 59822-59841 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59822 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 17:43:47 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Restore "somenamedtuple" as the "class" for named tuple attrs. ........ r59824 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 18:09:35 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Patch #602345 by Neal Norwitz and me: add -B option and PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE envvar to skip writing bytecode. ........ r59827 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 18:25:53 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines patch #1668: clarify envvar docs; rename THREADDEBUG to PYTHONTHREADDEBUG. ........ r59830 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 19:16:36 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Make Python compile with --disable-unicode. ........ r59831 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 19:23:27 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Restructure urllib doc structure. ........ r59833 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 19:41:34 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix #define ordering. ........ r59834 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 19:47:44 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #467924, patch by Alan McIntyre: Add ZipFile.extract and ZipFile.extractall. ........ r59835 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-01-07 19:52:19 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 1 line Fix inconsistent title levels -- it made the whole doc build crash horribly. ........ r59836 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 19:57:03 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix two further doc build warnings. ........ r59837 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 20:17:10 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Clarify metaclass docs and add example. ........ r59838 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-07 20:40:10 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 1 line Added section about adding contextual information to log output. ........ r59839 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-07 20:58:41 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 1 line Fixed indention problem that caused the second TIPC test to run on systems without TIPC ........ r59840 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-01-07 21:07:38 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 1 line Cleanup named tuple subclassing example. ........
2008-01-07 17:14:23 -04:00
.. _context-info:
Adding contextual information to your logging output
----------------------------------------------------
Sometimes you want logging output to contain contextual information in
addition to the parameters passed to the logging call. For example, in a
networked application, it may be desirable to log client-specific information
in the log (e.g. remote client's username, or IP address). Although you could
use the *extra* parameter to achieve this, it's not always convenient to pass
the information in this way. While it might be tempting to create
:class:`Logger` instances on a per-connection basis, this is not a good idea
because these instances are not garbage collected. While this is not a problem
in practice, when the number of :class:`Logger` instances is dependent on the
level of granularity you want to use in logging an application, it could
be hard to manage if the number of :class:`Logger` instances becomes
effectively unbounded.
An easy way in which you can pass contextual information to be output along
with logging event information is to use the :class:`LoggerAdapter` class.
This class is designed to look like a :class:`Logger`, so that you can call
:meth:`debug`, :meth:`info`, :meth:`warning`, :meth:`error`,
:meth:`exception`, :meth:`critical` and :meth:`log`. These methods have the
same signatures as their counterparts in :class:`Logger`, so you can use the
two types of instances interchangeably.
When you create an instance of :class:`LoggerAdapter`, you pass it a
:class:`Logger` instance and a dict-like object which contains your contextual
information. When you call one of the logging methods on an instance of
:class:`LoggerAdapter`, it delegates the call to the underlying instance of
:class:`Logger` passed to its constructor, and arranges to pass the contextual
information in the delegated call. Here's a snippet from the code of
:class:`LoggerAdapter`::
def debug(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Delegate a debug call to the underlying logger, after adding
contextual information from this adapter instance.
"""
msg, kwargs = self.process(msg, kwargs)
self.logger.debug(msg, *args, **kwargs)
The :meth:`process` method of :class:`LoggerAdapter` is where the contextual
information is added to the logging output. It's passed the message and
keyword arguments of the logging call, and it passes back (potentially)
modified versions of these to use in the call to the underlying logger. The
default implementation of this method leaves the message alone, but inserts
an "extra" key in the keyword argument whose value is the dict-like object
passed to the constructor. Of course, if you had passed an "extra" keyword
argument in the call to the adapter, it will be silently overwritten.
The advantage of using "extra" is that the values in the dict-like object are
merged into the :class:`LogRecord` instance's __dict__, allowing you to use
customized strings with your :class:`Formatter` instances which know about
the keys of the dict-like object. If you need a different method, e.g. if you
want to prepend or append the contextual information to the message string,
you just need to subclass :class:`LoggerAdapter` and override :meth:`process`
to do what you need. Here's an example script which uses this class, which
also illustrates what dict-like behaviour is needed from an arbitrary
"dict-like" object for use in the constructor::
Merged revisions 60053-60078 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60054 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-18 20:12:56 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Silence Coverity false alerts with CIDs #172, #183, #184 ........ r60057 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-18 21:56:30 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Fix an edge case whereby the __del__() method of a classic class could create a new weakref to the object. ........ r60058 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-01-18 22:14:58 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Better variable name in an example. ........ r60063 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-19 00:05:40 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines This got fixed for classic classes in r60057, and backported to 2.5.2 in 60056. ........ r60068 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-01-19 10:56:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 4 lines Several tweaks: add construction from strings and .from_decimal(), change __init__ to __new__ to enforce immutability, and remove "rational." from repr and the parens from str. ........ r60069 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:11:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix markup. ........ r60070 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:16:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Amend curses docs by info how to write non-ascii characters. Thanks to Jeroen Ruigrok van der Werven. ........ r60071 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:18:07 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Indentation normalization. ........ r60073 | facundo.batista | 2008-01-19 13:32:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 5 lines Fix issue #1822: MIMEMultipart.is_multipart() behaves correctly for a just-created (and empty) instance. Added tests for this. Thanks Jonathan Share. ........ r60074 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 14:33:20 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60075 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 14:46:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Added unit test to verify that threading.local doesn't cause ref leaks. It seems that the thread local storage always keeps the storage of the last stopped thread alive. Can anybody comment on it, please? ........ r60076 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 16:06:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Update for threading.local test. ........ r60077 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 16:16:37 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60078 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 16:22:16 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix typos. ........
2008-01-19 12:21:02 -04:00
import logging
Merged revisions 60151-60159,60161-60168,60170,60172-60173,60175 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60151 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-21 14:11:15 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line A bunch of header files were not listed as dependencies for object files. Changes to files like Parser/parser.h weren't picked up by make. ........ r60152 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 15:16:46 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 3 lines #1087741: make mmap.mmap the type of mmap objects, not a factory function. Allow it to be subclassed. ........ r60153 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 15:18:14 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines mmap is an extension module. ........ r60154 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:28:13 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix example. ........ r60155 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:34:07 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1555501: document plistlib and move it to the general library. ........ r60156 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:36:00 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Add a stub for bundlebuilder documentation. ........ r60157 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:46:58 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Removing bundlebuilder docs again -- it's not to be used anymore (see #779825). ........ r60158 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:51:51 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #997912: acknowledge nested scopes in tutorial. ........ r60159 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 18:02:26 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Fix: #1836: Off-by-one bug in TimedRotatingFileHandler rollover calculation. Patch thanks to Kathryn M. Kowalski. ........ r60161 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:13:03 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Adapt pydoc to new doc URLs. ........ r60162 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:17:00 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix old link. ........ r60163 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:22:06 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1726198: replace while 1: fp.readline() with file iteration. ........ r60164 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:29:23 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Clarify $ behavior in re docstring. #1631394. ........ r60165 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 18:39:22 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Minor documentation change - hyperlink tidied up. ........ r60166 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:42:40 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1530959: change distutils build dir for --with-pydebug python builds. ........ r60167 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 19:16:05 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Updated to include news on recent logging fixes and documentation changes. ........ r60168 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:35:49 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Issue #1882: when compiling code from a string, encoding cookies in the second line of code were not always recognized correctly. ........ r60170 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:36:51 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Add NEWS entry for #1882. ........ r60172 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:41:24 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Use original location of document, which has translations. ........ r60173 | walter.doerwald | 2008-01-21 21:18:04 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Follow PEP 8 in module docstring. ........ r60175 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 21:20:53 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Adapt to latest doctools refactoring. ........
2008-01-21 16:36:10 -04:00
Merged revisions 60053-60078 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60054 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-18 20:12:56 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Silence Coverity false alerts with CIDs #172, #183, #184 ........ r60057 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-18 21:56:30 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Fix an edge case whereby the __del__() method of a classic class could create a new weakref to the object. ........ r60058 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-01-18 22:14:58 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Better variable name in an example. ........ r60063 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-19 00:05:40 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines This got fixed for classic classes in r60057, and backported to 2.5.2 in 60056. ........ r60068 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-01-19 10:56:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 4 lines Several tweaks: add construction from strings and .from_decimal(), change __init__ to __new__ to enforce immutability, and remove "rational." from repr and the parens from str. ........ r60069 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:11:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix markup. ........ r60070 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:16:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Amend curses docs by info how to write non-ascii characters. Thanks to Jeroen Ruigrok van der Werven. ........ r60071 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:18:07 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Indentation normalization. ........ r60073 | facundo.batista | 2008-01-19 13:32:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 5 lines Fix issue #1822: MIMEMultipart.is_multipart() behaves correctly for a just-created (and empty) instance. Added tests for this. Thanks Jonathan Share. ........ r60074 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 14:33:20 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60075 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 14:46:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Added unit test to verify that threading.local doesn't cause ref leaks. It seems that the thread local storage always keeps the storage of the last stopped thread alive. Can anybody comment on it, please? ........ r60076 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 16:06:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Update for threading.local test. ........ r60077 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 16:16:37 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60078 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 16:22:16 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix typos. ........
2008-01-19 12:21:02 -04:00
class ConnInfo:
"""
An example class which shows how an arbitrary class can be used as
the 'extra' context information repository passed to a LoggerAdapter.
"""
Merged revisions 60151-60159,60161-60168,60170,60172-60173,60175 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60151 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-21 14:11:15 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line A bunch of header files were not listed as dependencies for object files. Changes to files like Parser/parser.h weren't picked up by make. ........ r60152 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 15:16:46 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 3 lines #1087741: make mmap.mmap the type of mmap objects, not a factory function. Allow it to be subclassed. ........ r60153 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 15:18:14 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines mmap is an extension module. ........ r60154 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:28:13 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix example. ........ r60155 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:34:07 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1555501: document plistlib and move it to the general library. ........ r60156 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:36:00 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Add a stub for bundlebuilder documentation. ........ r60157 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:46:58 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Removing bundlebuilder docs again -- it's not to be used anymore (see #779825). ........ r60158 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:51:51 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #997912: acknowledge nested scopes in tutorial. ........ r60159 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 18:02:26 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Fix: #1836: Off-by-one bug in TimedRotatingFileHandler rollover calculation. Patch thanks to Kathryn M. Kowalski. ........ r60161 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:13:03 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Adapt pydoc to new doc URLs. ........ r60162 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:17:00 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix old link. ........ r60163 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:22:06 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1726198: replace while 1: fp.readline() with file iteration. ........ r60164 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:29:23 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Clarify $ behavior in re docstring. #1631394. ........ r60165 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 18:39:22 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Minor documentation change - hyperlink tidied up. ........ r60166 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:42:40 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1530959: change distutils build dir for --with-pydebug python builds. ........ r60167 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 19:16:05 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Updated to include news on recent logging fixes and documentation changes. ........ r60168 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:35:49 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Issue #1882: when compiling code from a string, encoding cookies in the second line of code were not always recognized correctly. ........ r60170 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:36:51 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Add NEWS entry for #1882. ........ r60172 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:41:24 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Use original location of document, which has translations. ........ r60173 | walter.doerwald | 2008-01-21 21:18:04 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Follow PEP 8 in module docstring. ........ r60175 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 21:20:53 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Adapt to latest doctools refactoring. ........
2008-01-21 16:36:10 -04:00
Merged revisions 60053-60078 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60054 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-18 20:12:56 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Silence Coverity false alerts with CIDs #172, #183, #184 ........ r60057 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-18 21:56:30 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Fix an edge case whereby the __del__() method of a classic class could create a new weakref to the object. ........ r60058 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-01-18 22:14:58 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Better variable name in an example. ........ r60063 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-19 00:05:40 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines This got fixed for classic classes in r60057, and backported to 2.5.2 in 60056. ........ r60068 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-01-19 10:56:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 4 lines Several tweaks: add construction from strings and .from_decimal(), change __init__ to __new__ to enforce immutability, and remove "rational." from repr and the parens from str. ........ r60069 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:11:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix markup. ........ r60070 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:16:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Amend curses docs by info how to write non-ascii characters. Thanks to Jeroen Ruigrok van der Werven. ........ r60071 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:18:07 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Indentation normalization. ........ r60073 | facundo.batista | 2008-01-19 13:32:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 5 lines Fix issue #1822: MIMEMultipart.is_multipart() behaves correctly for a just-created (and empty) instance. Added tests for this. Thanks Jonathan Share. ........ r60074 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 14:33:20 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60075 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 14:46:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Added unit test to verify that threading.local doesn't cause ref leaks. It seems that the thread local storage always keeps the storage of the last stopped thread alive. Can anybody comment on it, please? ........ r60076 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 16:06:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Update for threading.local test. ........ r60077 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 16:16:37 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60078 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 16:22:16 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix typos. ........
2008-01-19 12:21:02 -04:00
def __getitem__(self, name):
"""
To allow this instance to look like a dict.
"""
from random import choice
if name == "ip":
result = choice(["127.0.0.1", "192.168.0.1"])
elif name == "user":
result = choice(["jim", "fred", "sheila"])
else:
result = self.__dict__.get(name, "?")
return result
Merged revisions 60151-60159,60161-60168,60170,60172-60173,60175 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60151 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-21 14:11:15 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line A bunch of header files were not listed as dependencies for object files. Changes to files like Parser/parser.h weren't picked up by make. ........ r60152 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 15:16:46 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 3 lines #1087741: make mmap.mmap the type of mmap objects, not a factory function. Allow it to be subclassed. ........ r60153 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 15:18:14 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines mmap is an extension module. ........ r60154 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:28:13 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix example. ........ r60155 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:34:07 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1555501: document plistlib and move it to the general library. ........ r60156 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:36:00 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Add a stub for bundlebuilder documentation. ........ r60157 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:46:58 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Removing bundlebuilder docs again -- it's not to be used anymore (see #779825). ........ r60158 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:51:51 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #997912: acknowledge nested scopes in tutorial. ........ r60159 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 18:02:26 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Fix: #1836: Off-by-one bug in TimedRotatingFileHandler rollover calculation. Patch thanks to Kathryn M. Kowalski. ........ r60161 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:13:03 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Adapt pydoc to new doc URLs. ........ r60162 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:17:00 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix old link. ........ r60163 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:22:06 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1726198: replace while 1: fp.readline() with file iteration. ........ r60164 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:29:23 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Clarify $ behavior in re docstring. #1631394. ........ r60165 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 18:39:22 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Minor documentation change - hyperlink tidied up. ........ r60166 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:42:40 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1530959: change distutils build dir for --with-pydebug python builds. ........ r60167 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 19:16:05 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Updated to include news on recent logging fixes and documentation changes. ........ r60168 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:35:49 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Issue #1882: when compiling code from a string, encoding cookies in the second line of code were not always recognized correctly. ........ r60170 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:36:51 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Add NEWS entry for #1882. ........ r60172 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:41:24 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Use original location of document, which has translations. ........ r60173 | walter.doerwald | 2008-01-21 21:18:04 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Follow PEP 8 in module docstring. ........ r60175 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 21:20:53 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Adapt to latest doctools refactoring. ........
2008-01-21 16:36:10 -04:00
Merged revisions 60053-60078 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60054 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-18 20:12:56 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Silence Coverity false alerts with CIDs #172, #183, #184 ........ r60057 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-18 21:56:30 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Fix an edge case whereby the __del__() method of a classic class could create a new weakref to the object. ........ r60058 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-01-18 22:14:58 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Better variable name in an example. ........ r60063 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-19 00:05:40 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines This got fixed for classic classes in r60057, and backported to 2.5.2 in 60056. ........ r60068 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-01-19 10:56:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 4 lines Several tweaks: add construction from strings and .from_decimal(), change __init__ to __new__ to enforce immutability, and remove "rational." from repr and the parens from str. ........ r60069 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:11:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix markup. ........ r60070 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:16:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Amend curses docs by info how to write non-ascii characters. Thanks to Jeroen Ruigrok van der Werven. ........ r60071 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:18:07 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Indentation normalization. ........ r60073 | facundo.batista | 2008-01-19 13:32:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 5 lines Fix issue #1822: MIMEMultipart.is_multipart() behaves correctly for a just-created (and empty) instance. Added tests for this. Thanks Jonathan Share. ........ r60074 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 14:33:20 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60075 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 14:46:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Added unit test to verify that threading.local doesn't cause ref leaks. It seems that the thread local storage always keeps the storage of the last stopped thread alive. Can anybody comment on it, please? ........ r60076 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 16:06:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Update for threading.local test. ........ r60077 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 16:16:37 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60078 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 16:22:16 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix typos. ........
2008-01-19 12:21:02 -04:00
def __iter__(self):
"""
To allow iteration over keys, which will be merged into
the LogRecord dict before formatting and output.
"""
keys = ["ip", "user"]
keys.extend(self.__dict__.keys())
return keys.__iter__()
Merged revisions 60151-60159,60161-60168,60170,60172-60173,60175 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60151 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-21 14:11:15 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line A bunch of header files were not listed as dependencies for object files. Changes to files like Parser/parser.h weren't picked up by make. ........ r60152 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 15:16:46 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 3 lines #1087741: make mmap.mmap the type of mmap objects, not a factory function. Allow it to be subclassed. ........ r60153 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 15:18:14 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines mmap is an extension module. ........ r60154 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:28:13 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix example. ........ r60155 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:34:07 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1555501: document plistlib and move it to the general library. ........ r60156 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:36:00 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Add a stub for bundlebuilder documentation. ........ r60157 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:46:58 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Removing bundlebuilder docs again -- it's not to be used anymore (see #779825). ........ r60158 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:51:51 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #997912: acknowledge nested scopes in tutorial. ........ r60159 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 18:02:26 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Fix: #1836: Off-by-one bug in TimedRotatingFileHandler rollover calculation. Patch thanks to Kathryn M. Kowalski. ........ r60161 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:13:03 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Adapt pydoc to new doc URLs. ........ r60162 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:17:00 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix old link. ........ r60163 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:22:06 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1726198: replace while 1: fp.readline() with file iteration. ........ r60164 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:29:23 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Clarify $ behavior in re docstring. #1631394. ........ r60165 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 18:39:22 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Minor documentation change - hyperlink tidied up. ........ r60166 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:42:40 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1530959: change distutils build dir for --with-pydebug python builds. ........ r60167 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 19:16:05 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Updated to include news on recent logging fixes and documentation changes. ........ r60168 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:35:49 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Issue #1882: when compiling code from a string, encoding cookies in the second line of code were not always recognized correctly. ........ r60170 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:36:51 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Add NEWS entry for #1882. ........ r60172 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:41:24 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Use original location of document, which has translations. ........ r60173 | walter.doerwald | 2008-01-21 21:18:04 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Follow PEP 8 in module docstring. ........ r60175 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 21:20:53 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Adapt to latest doctools refactoring. ........
2008-01-21 16:36:10 -04:00
Merged revisions 60053-60078 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60054 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-18 20:12:56 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Silence Coverity false alerts with CIDs #172, #183, #184 ........ r60057 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-18 21:56:30 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Fix an edge case whereby the __del__() method of a classic class could create a new weakref to the object. ........ r60058 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-01-18 22:14:58 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Better variable name in an example. ........ r60063 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-19 00:05:40 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines This got fixed for classic classes in r60057, and backported to 2.5.2 in 60056. ........ r60068 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-01-19 10:56:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 4 lines Several tweaks: add construction from strings and .from_decimal(), change __init__ to __new__ to enforce immutability, and remove "rational." from repr and the parens from str. ........ r60069 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:11:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix markup. ........ r60070 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:16:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Amend curses docs by info how to write non-ascii characters. Thanks to Jeroen Ruigrok van der Werven. ........ r60071 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:18:07 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Indentation normalization. ........ r60073 | facundo.batista | 2008-01-19 13:32:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 5 lines Fix issue #1822: MIMEMultipart.is_multipart() behaves correctly for a just-created (and empty) instance. Added tests for this. Thanks Jonathan Share. ........ r60074 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 14:33:20 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60075 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 14:46:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Added unit test to verify that threading.local doesn't cause ref leaks. It seems that the thread local storage always keeps the storage of the last stopped thread alive. Can anybody comment on it, please? ........ r60076 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 16:06:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Update for threading.local test. ........ r60077 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 16:16:37 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60078 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 16:22:16 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix typos. ........
2008-01-19 12:21:02 -04:00
if __name__ == "__main__":
from random import choice
levels = (logging.DEBUG, logging.INFO, logging.WARNING, logging.ERROR, logging.CRITICAL)
a1 = logging.LoggerAdapter(logging.getLogger("a.b.c"),
{ "ip" : "123.231.231.123", "user" : "sheila" })
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
format="%(asctime)-15s %(name)-5s %(levelname)-8s IP: %(ip)-15s User: %(user)-8s %(message)s")
a1.debug("A debug message")
a1.info("An info message with %s", "some parameters")
a2 = logging.LoggerAdapter(logging.getLogger("d.e.f"), ConnInfo())
for x in range(10):
lvl = choice(levels)
lvlname = logging.getLevelName(lvl)
a2.log(lvl, "A message at %s level with %d %s", lvlname, 2, "parameters")
When this script is run, the output should look something like this::
Merged revisions 60053-60078 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60054 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-18 20:12:56 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Silence Coverity false alerts with CIDs #172, #183, #184 ........ r60057 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-18 21:56:30 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Fix an edge case whereby the __del__() method of a classic class could create a new weakref to the object. ........ r60058 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-01-18 22:14:58 +0100 (Fri, 18 Jan 2008) | 1 line Better variable name in an example. ........ r60063 | guido.van.rossum | 2008-01-19 00:05:40 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines This got fixed for classic classes in r60057, and backported to 2.5.2 in 60056. ........ r60068 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-01-19 10:56:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 4 lines Several tweaks: add construction from strings and .from_decimal(), change __init__ to __new__ to enforce immutability, and remove "rational." from repr and the parens from str. ........ r60069 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:11:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix markup. ........ r60070 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:16:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Amend curses docs by info how to write non-ascii characters. Thanks to Jeroen Ruigrok van der Werven. ........ r60071 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 11:18:07 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Indentation normalization. ........ r60073 | facundo.batista | 2008-01-19 13:32:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 5 lines Fix issue #1822: MIMEMultipart.is_multipart() behaves correctly for a just-created (and empty) instance. Added tests for this. Thanks Jonathan Share. ........ r60074 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 14:33:20 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60075 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 14:46:06 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Added unit test to verify that threading.local doesn't cause ref leaks. It seems that the thread local storage always keeps the storage of the last stopped thread alive. Can anybody comment on it, please? ........ r60076 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-19 16:06:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Update for threading.local test. ........ r60077 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-01-19 16:16:37 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 1 line Polish sentence ........ r60078 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-19 16:22:16 +0100 (Sat, 19 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix typos. ........
2008-01-19 12:21:02 -04:00
2008-01-18 14:49:54,023 a.b.c DEBUG IP: 123.231.231.123 User: sheila A debug message
2008-01-18 14:49:54,023 a.b.c INFO IP: 123.231.231.123 User: sheila An info message with some parameters
2008-01-18 14:49:54,023 d.e.f CRITICAL IP: 192.168.0.1 User: jim A message at CRITICAL level with 2 parameters
2008-01-18 14:49:54,033 d.e.f INFO IP: 192.168.0.1 User: jim A message at INFO level with 2 parameters
2008-01-18 14:49:54,033 d.e.f WARNING IP: 192.168.0.1 User: sheila A message at WARNING level with 2 parameters
2008-01-18 14:49:54,033 d.e.f ERROR IP: 127.0.0.1 User: fred A message at ERROR level with 2 parameters
2008-01-18 14:49:54,033 d.e.f ERROR IP: 127.0.0.1 User: sheila A message at ERROR level with 2 parameters
2008-01-18 14:49:54,033 d.e.f WARNING IP: 192.168.0.1 User: sheila A message at WARNING level with 2 parameters
2008-01-18 14:49:54,033 d.e.f WARNING IP: 192.168.0.1 User: jim A message at WARNING level with 2 parameters
2008-01-18 14:49:54,033 d.e.f INFO IP: 192.168.0.1 User: fred A message at INFO level with 2 parameters
2008-01-18 14:49:54,033 d.e.f WARNING IP: 192.168.0.1 User: sheila A message at WARNING level with 2 parameters
2008-01-18 14:49:54,033 d.e.f WARNING IP: 127.0.0.1 User: jim A message at WARNING level with 2 parameters
.. versionadded:: 2.6
The :class:`LoggerAdapter` class was not present in previous versions.
Merged revisions 59822-59841 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59822 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 17:43:47 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Restore "somenamedtuple" as the "class" for named tuple attrs. ........ r59824 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 18:09:35 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Patch #602345 by Neal Norwitz and me: add -B option and PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE envvar to skip writing bytecode. ........ r59827 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 18:25:53 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines patch #1668: clarify envvar docs; rename THREADDEBUG to PYTHONTHREADDEBUG. ........ r59830 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 19:16:36 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Make Python compile with --disable-unicode. ........ r59831 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 19:23:27 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Restructure urllib doc structure. ........ r59833 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 19:41:34 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix #define ordering. ........ r59834 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 19:47:44 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #467924, patch by Alan McIntyre: Add ZipFile.extract and ZipFile.extractall. ........ r59835 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-01-07 19:52:19 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 1 line Fix inconsistent title levels -- it made the whole doc build crash horribly. ........ r59836 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 19:57:03 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix two further doc build warnings. ........ r59837 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-07 20:17:10 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Clarify metaclass docs and add example. ........ r59838 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-07 20:40:10 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 1 line Added section about adding contextual information to log output. ........ r59839 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-07 20:58:41 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 1 line Fixed indention problem that caused the second TIPC test to run on systems without TIPC ........ r59840 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-01-07 21:07:38 +0100 (Mon, 07 Jan 2008) | 1 line Cleanup named tuple subclassing example. ........
2008-01-07 17:14:23 -04:00
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
.. _network-logging:
Sending and receiving logging events across a network
-----------------------------------------------------
Let's say you want to send logging events across a network, and handle them at
the receiving end. A simple way of doing this is attaching a
:class:`SocketHandler` instance to the root logger at the sending end::
import logging, logging.handlers
rootLogger = logging.getLogger('')
rootLogger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
socketHandler = logging.handlers.SocketHandler('localhost',
logging.handlers.DEFAULT_TCP_LOGGING_PORT)
# don't bother with a formatter, since a socket handler sends the event as
# an unformatted pickle
rootLogger.addHandler(socketHandler)
# Now, we can log to the root logger, or any other logger. First the root...
logging.info('Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.')
# Now, define a couple of other loggers which might represent areas in your
# application:
logger1 = logging.getLogger('myapp.area1')
logger2 = logging.getLogger('myapp.area2')
logger1.debug('Quick zephyrs blow, vexing daft Jim.')
logger1.info('How quickly daft jumping zebras vex.')
logger2.warning('Jail zesty vixen who grabbed pay from quack.')
logger2.error('The five boxing wizards jump quickly.')
At the receiving end, you can set up a receiver using the :mod:`SocketServer`
module. Here is a basic working example::
import cPickle
import logging
import logging.handlers
import SocketServer
import struct
class LogRecordStreamHandler(SocketServer.StreamRequestHandler):
"""Handler for a streaming logging request.
This basically logs the record using whatever logging policy is
configured locally.
"""
def handle(self):
"""
Handle multiple requests - each expected to be a 4-byte length,
followed by the LogRecord in pickle format. Logs the record
according to whatever policy is configured locally.
"""
while True:
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chunk = self.connection.recv(4)
if len(chunk) < 4:
break
slen = struct.unpack(">L", chunk)[0]
chunk = self.connection.recv(slen)
while len(chunk) < slen:
chunk = chunk + self.connection.recv(slen - len(chunk))
obj = self.unPickle(chunk)
record = logging.makeLogRecord(obj)
self.handleLogRecord(record)
def unPickle(self, data):
return cPickle.loads(data)
def handleLogRecord(self, record):
# if a name is specified, we use the named logger rather than the one
# implied by the record.
if self.server.logname is not None:
name = self.server.logname
else:
name = record.name
logger = logging.getLogger(name)
# N.B. EVERY record gets logged. This is because Logger.handle
# is normally called AFTER logger-level filtering. If you want
# to do filtering, do it at the client end to save wasting
# cycles and network bandwidth!
logger.handle(record)
class LogRecordSocketReceiver(SocketServer.ThreadingTCPServer):
"""simple TCP socket-based logging receiver suitable for testing.
"""
allow_reuse_address = 1
def __init__(self, host='localhost',
port=logging.handlers.DEFAULT_TCP_LOGGING_PORT,
handler=LogRecordStreamHandler):
SocketServer.ThreadingTCPServer.__init__(self, (host, port), handler)
self.abort = 0
self.timeout = 1
self.logname = None
def serve_until_stopped(self):
import select
abort = 0
while not abort:
rd, wr, ex = select.select([self.socket.fileno()],
[], [],
self.timeout)
if rd:
self.handle_request()
abort = self.abort
def main():
logging.basicConfig(
format="%(relativeCreated)5d %(name)-15s %(levelname)-8s %(message)s")
tcpserver = LogRecordSocketReceiver()
print("About to start TCP server...")
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tcpserver.serve_until_stopped()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
First run the server, and then the client. On the client side, nothing is
printed on the console; on the server side, you should see something like::
About to start TCP server...
59 root INFO Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.
59 myapp.area1 DEBUG Quick zephyrs blow, vexing daft Jim.
69 myapp.area1 INFO How quickly daft jumping zebras vex.
69 myapp.area2 WARNING Jail zesty vixen who grabbed pay from quack.
69 myapp.area2 ERROR The five boxing wizards jump quickly.
Handler Objects
---------------
Handlers have the following attributes and methods. Note that :class:`Handler`
is never instantiated directly; this class acts as a base for more useful
subclasses. However, the :meth:`__init__` method in subclasses needs to call
:meth:`Handler.__init__`.
.. method:: Handler.__init__(level=NOTSET)
Initializes the :class:`Handler` instance by setting its level, setting the list
of filters to the empty list and creating a lock (using :meth:`createLock`) for
serializing access to an I/O mechanism.
.. method:: Handler.createLock()
Initializes a thread lock which can be used to serialize access to underlying
I/O functionality which may not be threadsafe.
.. method:: Handler.acquire()
Acquires the thread lock created with :meth:`createLock`.
.. method:: Handler.release()
Releases the thread lock acquired with :meth:`acquire`.
.. method:: Handler.setLevel(lvl)
Sets the threshold for this handler to *lvl*. Logging messages which are less
severe than *lvl* will be ignored. When a handler is created, the level is set
to :const:`NOTSET` (which causes all messages to be processed).
.. method:: Handler.setFormatter(form)
Sets the :class:`Formatter` for this handler to *form*.
.. method:: Handler.addFilter(filt)
Adds the specified filter *filt* to this handler.
.. method:: Handler.removeFilter(filt)
Removes the specified filter *filt* from this handler.
.. method:: Handler.filter(record)
Applies this handler's filters to the record and returns a true value if the
record is to be processed.
.. method:: Handler.flush()
Ensure all logging output has been flushed. This version does nothing and is
intended to be implemented by subclasses.
.. method:: Handler.close()
Tidy up any resources used by the handler. This version does nothing and is
intended to be implemented by subclasses.
.. method:: Handler.handle(record)
Conditionally emits the specified logging record, depending on filters which may
have been added to the handler. Wraps the actual emission of the record with
acquisition/release of the I/O thread lock.
.. method:: Handler.handleError(record)
This method should be called from handlers when an exception is encountered
during an :meth:`emit` call. By default it does nothing, which means that
exceptions get silently ignored. This is what is mostly wanted for a logging
system - most users will not care about errors in the logging system, they are
more interested in application errors. You could, however, replace this with a
custom handler if you wish. The specified record is the one which was being
processed when the exception occurred.
.. method:: Handler.format(record)
Do formatting for a record - if a formatter is set, use it. Otherwise, use the
default formatter for the module.
.. method:: Handler.emit(record)
Do whatever it takes to actually log the specified logging record. This version
is intended to be implemented by subclasses and so raises a
:exc:`NotImplementedError`.
StreamHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`StreamHandler` class, located in the core :mod:`logging` package,
sends logging output to streams such as *sys.stdout*, *sys.stderr* or any
file-like object (or, more precisely, any object which supports :meth:`write`
and :meth:`flush` methods).
.. class:: StreamHandler([strm])
Returns a new instance of the :class:`StreamHandler` class. If *strm* is
specified, the instance will use it for logging output; otherwise, *sys.stderr*
will be used.
.. method:: StreamHandler.emit(record)
If a formatter is specified, it is used to format the record. The record is then
written to the stream with a trailing newline. If exception information is
present, it is formatted using :func:`traceback.print_exception` and appended to
the stream.
.. method:: StreamHandler.flush()
Flushes the stream by calling its :meth:`flush` method. Note that the
:meth:`close` method is inherited from :class:`Handler` and so does nothing, so
an explicit :meth:`flush` call may be needed at times.
FileHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`FileHandler` class, located in the core :mod:`logging` package,
sends logging output to a disk file. It inherits the output functionality from
:class:`StreamHandler`.
.. class:: FileHandler(filename[, mode[, encoding[, delay]]])
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Returns a new instance of the :class:`FileHandler` class. The specified file is
opened and used as the stream for logging. If *mode* is not specified,
:const:`'a'` is used. If *encoding* is not *None*, it is used to open the file
with that encoding. If *delay* is true, then file opening is deferred until the
first call to :meth:`emit`. By default, the file grows indefinitely.
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.. method:: FileHandler.close()
Closes the file.
.. method:: FileHandler.emit(record)
Outputs the record to the file.
WatchedFileHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`WatchedFileHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers`
module, is a :class:`FileHandler` which watches the file it is logging to. If
the file changes, it is closed and reopened using the file name.
A file change can happen because of usage of programs such as *newsyslog* and
*logrotate* which perform log file rotation. This handler, intended for use
under Unix/Linux, watches the file to see if it has changed since the last emit.
(A file is deemed to have changed if its device or inode have changed.) If the
file has changed, the old file stream is closed, and the file opened to get a
new stream.
This handler is not appropriate for use under Windows, because under Windows
open log files cannot be moved or renamed - logging opens the files with
exclusive locks - and so there is no need for such a handler. Furthermore,
*ST_INO* is not supported under Windows; :func:`stat` always returns zero for
this value.
.. class:: WatchedFileHandler(filename[,mode[, encoding[, delay]]])
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Returns a new instance of the :class:`WatchedFileHandler` class. The specified
file is opened and used as the stream for logging. If *mode* is not specified,
:const:`'a'` is used. If *encoding* is not *None*, it is used to open the file
with that encoding. If *delay* is true, then file opening is deferred until the
first call to :meth:`emit`. By default, the file grows indefinitely.
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.. method:: WatchedFileHandler.emit(record)
Outputs the record to the file, but first checks to see if the file has changed.
If it has, the existing stream is flushed and closed and the file opened again,
before outputting the record to the file.
RotatingFileHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`RotatingFileHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers`
module, supports rotation of disk log files.
.. class:: RotatingFileHandler(filename[, mode[, maxBytes[, backupCount[, encoding[, delay]]]]])
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Returns a new instance of the :class:`RotatingFileHandler` class. The specified
file is opened and used as the stream for logging. If *mode* is not specified,
``'a'`` is used. If *encoding* is not *None*, it is used to open the file
with that encoding. If *delay* is true, then file opening is deferred until the
first call to :meth:`emit`. By default, the file grows indefinitely.
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You can use the *maxBytes* and *backupCount* values to allow the file to
:dfn:`rollover` at a predetermined size. When the size is about to be exceeded,
the file is closed and a new file is silently opened for output. Rollover occurs
whenever the current log file is nearly *maxBytes* in length; if *maxBytes* is
zero, rollover never occurs. If *backupCount* is non-zero, the system will save
old log files by appending the extensions ".1", ".2" etc., to the filename. For
example, with a *backupCount* of 5 and a base file name of :file:`app.log`, you
would get :file:`app.log`, :file:`app.log.1`, :file:`app.log.2`, up to
:file:`app.log.5`. The file being written to is always :file:`app.log`. When
this file is filled, it is closed and renamed to :file:`app.log.1`, and if files
:file:`app.log.1`, :file:`app.log.2`, etc. exist, then they are renamed to
:file:`app.log.2`, :file:`app.log.3` etc. respectively.
.. method:: RotatingFileHandler.doRollover()
Does a rollover, as described above.
.. method:: RotatingFileHandler.emit(record)
Outputs the record to the file, catering for rollover as described previously.
TimedRotatingFileHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`TimedRotatingFileHandler` class, located in the
:mod:`logging.handlers` module, supports rotation of disk log files at certain
timed intervals.
.. class:: TimedRotatingFileHandler(filename [,when [,interval [,backupCount[, encoding[, delay]]]]])
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Returns a new instance of the :class:`TimedRotatingFileHandler` class. The
specified file is opened and used as the stream for logging. On rotating it also
sets the filename suffix. Rotating happens based on the product of *when* and
*interval*.
You can use the *when* to specify the type of *interval*. The list of possible
values is, note that they are not case sensitive:
Merged revisions 61143-61144,61146-61147,61150-61151,61157,61165-61168,61170-61173,61176-61177,61183 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r61143 | barry.warsaw | 2008-03-01 03:23:38 +0100 (Sat, 01 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Bump to version 2.6a1 ........ r61144 | barry.warsaw | 2008-03-01 03:26:42 +0100 (Sat, 01 Mar 2008) | 1 line bump idle version number ........ r61146 | fred.drake | 2008-03-01 03:45:07 +0100 (Sat, 01 Mar 2008) | 2 lines fix typo ........ r61147 | barry.warsaw | 2008-03-01 03:53:36 +0100 (Sat, 01 Mar 2008) | 1 line Add date to NEWS ........ r61150 | barry.warsaw | 2008-03-01 04:00:52 +0100 (Sat, 01 Mar 2008) | 1 line Give IDLE a release date ........ r61151 | barry.warsaw | 2008-03-01 04:15:20 +0100 (Sat, 01 Mar 2008) | 1 line More copyright year and version number bumps ........ r61157 | barry.warsaw | 2008-03-01 18:11:41 +0100 (Sat, 01 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Set things up for 2.6a2. ........ r61165 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-02 07:28:16 +0100 (Sun, 02 Mar 2008) | 2 lines It's 2.6 now. ........ r61166 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-02 07:32:32 +0100 (Sun, 02 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Update year. ........ r61167 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-02 07:44:08 +0100 (Sun, 02 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make patchlevel print out the release if called as a script. ........ r61168 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-02 07:45:40 +0100 (Sun, 02 Mar 2008) | 2 lines New default basename for HTML help files. ........ r61170 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-02 11:59:31 +0100 (Sun, 02 Mar 2008) | 1 line Finish-up docs for combinations() and permutations() in itertools. ........ r61171 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-02 12:17:51 +0100 (Sun, 02 Mar 2008) | 1 line Tighten example code. ........ r61172 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-02 12:57:16 +0100 (Sun, 02 Mar 2008) | 1 line Simplify code for itertools.product(). ........ r61173 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-02 13:02:19 +0100 (Sun, 02 Mar 2008) | 1 line Handle 0-tuples which can be singletons. ........ r61176 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-02 14:41:39 +0100 (Sun, 02 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make clear that the constants are strings. ........ r61177 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-02 15:15:04 +0100 (Sun, 02 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fix factual error. ........ r61183 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-02 21:00:53 +0100 (Sun, 02 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Modify import of test_support so that the code can also be used with a stand alone distribution of bsddb that includes its own small copy of test_support for the needed functionality on older pythons. ........
2008-03-02 18:46:37 -04:00
+----------------+-----------------------+
| Value | Type of interval |
+================+=======================+
| ``'S'`` | Seconds |
+----------------+-----------------------+
| ``'M'`` | Minutes |
+----------------+-----------------------+
| ``'H'`` | Hours |
+----------------+-----------------------+
| ``'D'`` | Days |
+----------------+-----------------------+
| ``'W'`` | Week day (0=Monday) |
+----------------+-----------------------+
| ``'midnight'`` | Roll over at midnight |
+----------------+-----------------------+
The system will save old log files by appending extensions to the filename.
The extensions are date-and-time based, using the strftime format
``%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S`` or a leading portion thereof, depending on the rollover
interval. If *backupCount* is nonzero, at most *backupCount* files will be
kept, and if more would be created when rollover occurs, the oldest one is
deleted.
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.. method:: TimedRotatingFileHandler.doRollover()
Does a rollover, as described above.
.. method:: TimedRotatingFileHandler.emit(record)
Outputs the record to the file, catering for rollover as described above.
SocketHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`SocketHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module,
sends logging output to a network socket. The base class uses a TCP socket.
.. class:: SocketHandler(host, port)
Returns a new instance of the :class:`SocketHandler` class intended to
communicate with a remote machine whose address is given by *host* and *port*.
.. method:: SocketHandler.close()
Closes the socket.
.. method:: SocketHandler.emit()
Pickles the record's attribute dictionary and writes it to the socket in binary
format. If there is an error with the socket, silently drops the packet. If the
connection was previously lost, re-establishes the connection. To unpickle the
record at the receiving end into a :class:`LogRecord`, use the
:func:`makeLogRecord` function.
.. method:: SocketHandler.handleError()
Handles an error which has occurred during :meth:`emit`. The most likely cause
is a lost connection. Closes the socket so that we can retry on the next event.
.. method:: SocketHandler.makeSocket()
This is a factory method which allows subclasses to define the precise type of
socket they want. The default implementation creates a TCP socket
(:const:`socket.SOCK_STREAM`).
.. method:: SocketHandler.makePickle(record)
Pickles the record's attribute dictionary in binary format with a length prefix,
and returns it ready for transmission across the socket.
.. method:: SocketHandler.send(packet)
Send a pickled string *packet* to the socket. This function allows for partial
sends which can happen when the network is busy.
DatagramHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`DatagramHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers`
module, inherits from :class:`SocketHandler` to support sending logging messages
over UDP sockets.
.. class:: DatagramHandler(host, port)
Returns a new instance of the :class:`DatagramHandler` class intended to
communicate with a remote machine whose address is given by *host* and *port*.
.. method:: DatagramHandler.emit()
Pickles the record's attribute dictionary and writes it to the socket in binary
format. If there is an error with the socket, silently drops the packet. To
unpickle the record at the receiving end into a :class:`LogRecord`, use the
:func:`makeLogRecord` function.
.. method:: DatagramHandler.makeSocket()
The factory method of :class:`SocketHandler` is here overridden to create a UDP
socket (:const:`socket.SOCK_DGRAM`).
.. method:: DatagramHandler.send(s)
Send a pickled string to a socket.
SysLogHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`SysLogHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module,
supports sending logging messages to a remote or local Unix syslog.
.. class:: SysLogHandler([address[, facility]])
Returns a new instance of the :class:`SysLogHandler` class intended to
communicate with a remote Unix machine whose address is given by *address* in
the form of a ``(host, port)`` tuple. If *address* is not specified,
``('localhost', 514)`` is used. The address is used to open a UDP socket. An
alternative to providing a ``(host, port)`` tuple is providing an address as a
string, for example "/dev/log". In this case, a Unix domain socket is used to
send the message to the syslog. If *facility* is not specified,
:const:`LOG_USER` is used.
.. method:: SysLogHandler.close()
Closes the socket to the remote host.
.. method:: SysLogHandler.emit(record)
The record is formatted, and then sent to the syslog server. If exception
information is present, it is *not* sent to the server.
.. method:: SysLogHandler.encodePriority(facility, priority)
Encodes the facility and priority into an integer. You can pass in strings or
integers - if strings are passed, internal mapping dictionaries are used to
convert them to integers.
NTEventLogHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`NTEventLogHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers`
module, supports sending logging messages to a local Windows NT, Windows 2000 or
Windows XP event log. Before you can use it, you need Mark Hammond's Win32
extensions for Python installed.
.. class:: NTEventLogHandler(appname[, dllname[, logtype]])
Returns a new instance of the :class:`NTEventLogHandler` class. The *appname* is
used to define the application name as it appears in the event log. An
appropriate registry entry is created using this name. The *dllname* should give
the fully qualified pathname of a .dll or .exe which contains message
definitions to hold in the log (if not specified, ``'win32service.pyd'`` is used
- this is installed with the Win32 extensions and contains some basic
placeholder message definitions. Note that use of these placeholders will make
your event logs big, as the entire message source is held in the log. If you
want slimmer logs, you have to pass in the name of your own .dll or .exe which
contains the message definitions you want to use in the event log). The
*logtype* is one of ``'Application'``, ``'System'`` or ``'Security'``, and
defaults to ``'Application'``.
.. method:: NTEventLogHandler.close()
At this point, you can remove the application name from the registry as a source
of event log entries. However, if you do this, you will not be able to see the
events as you intended in the Event Log Viewer - it needs to be able to access
the registry to get the .dll name. The current version does not do this (in fact
it doesn't do anything).
.. method:: NTEventLogHandler.emit(record)
Determines the message ID, event category and event type, and then logs the
message in the NT event log.
.. method:: NTEventLogHandler.getEventCategory(record)
Returns the event category for the record. Override this if you want to specify
your own categories. This version returns 0.
.. method:: NTEventLogHandler.getEventType(record)
Returns the event type for the record. Override this if you want to specify your
own types. This version does a mapping using the handler's typemap attribute,
which is set up in :meth:`__init__` to a dictionary which contains mappings for
:const:`DEBUG`, :const:`INFO`, :const:`WARNING`, :const:`ERROR` and
:const:`CRITICAL`. If you are using your own levels, you will either need to
override this method or place a suitable dictionary in the handler's *typemap*
attribute.
.. method:: NTEventLogHandler.getMessageID(record)
Returns the message ID for the record. If you are using your own messages, you
could do this by having the *msg* passed to the logger being an ID rather than a
format string. Then, in here, you could use a dictionary lookup to get the
message ID. This version returns 1, which is the base message ID in
:file:`win32service.pyd`.
SMTPHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`SMTPHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module,
supports sending logging messages to an email address via SMTP.
.. class:: SMTPHandler(mailhost, fromaddr, toaddrs, subject[, credentials])
Returns a new instance of the :class:`SMTPHandler` class. The instance is
initialized with the from and to addresses and subject line of the email. The
*toaddrs* should be a list of strings. To specify a non-standard SMTP port, use
the (host, port) tuple format for the *mailhost* argument. If you use a string,
the standard SMTP port is used. If your SMTP server requires authentication, you
can specify a (username, password) tuple for the *credentials* argument.
.. method:: SMTPHandler.emit(record)
Formats the record and sends it to the specified addressees.
.. method:: SMTPHandler.getSubject(record)
If you want to specify a subject line which is record-dependent, override this
method.
MemoryHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`MemoryHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module,
supports buffering of logging records in memory, periodically flushing them to a
:dfn:`target` handler. Flushing occurs whenever the buffer is full, or when an
event of a certain severity or greater is seen.
:class:`MemoryHandler` is a subclass of the more general
:class:`BufferingHandler`, which is an abstract class. This buffers logging
records in memory. Whenever each record is added to the buffer, a check is made
by calling :meth:`shouldFlush` to see if the buffer should be flushed. If it
should, then :meth:`flush` is expected to do the needful.
.. class:: BufferingHandler(capacity)
Initializes the handler with a buffer of the specified capacity.
.. method:: BufferingHandler.emit(record)
Appends the record to the buffer. If :meth:`shouldFlush` returns true, calls
:meth:`flush` to process the buffer.
.. method:: BufferingHandler.flush()
You can override this to implement custom flushing behavior. This version just
zaps the buffer to empty.
.. method:: BufferingHandler.shouldFlush(record)
Returns true if the buffer is up to capacity. This method can be overridden to
implement custom flushing strategies.
.. class:: MemoryHandler(capacity[, flushLevel [, target]])
Returns a new instance of the :class:`MemoryHandler` class. The instance is
initialized with a buffer size of *capacity*. If *flushLevel* is not specified,
:const:`ERROR` is used. If no *target* is specified, the target will need to be
set using :meth:`setTarget` before this handler does anything useful.
.. method:: MemoryHandler.close()
Calls :meth:`flush`, sets the target to :const:`None` and clears the buffer.
.. method:: MemoryHandler.flush()
For a :class:`MemoryHandler`, flushing means just sending the buffered records
to the target, if there is one. Override if you want different behavior.
.. method:: MemoryHandler.setTarget(target)
Sets the target handler for this handler.
.. method:: MemoryHandler.shouldFlush(record)
Checks for buffer full or a record at the *flushLevel* or higher.
HTTPHandler
^^^^^^^^^^^
The :class:`HTTPHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module,
supports sending logging messages to a Web server, using either ``GET`` or
``POST`` semantics.
.. class:: HTTPHandler(host, url[, method])
Returns a new instance of the :class:`HTTPHandler` class. The instance is
initialized with a host address, url and HTTP method. The *host* can be of the
form ``host:port``, should you need to use a specific port number. If no
*method* is specified, ``GET`` is used.
.. method:: HTTPHandler.emit(record)
Sends the record to the Web server as an URL-encoded dictionary.
.. _formatter-objects:
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Formatter Objects
-----------------
:class:`Formatter`\ s have the following attributes and methods. They are
responsible for converting a :class:`LogRecord` to (usually) a string which can
be interpreted by either a human or an external system. The base
:class:`Formatter` allows a formatting string to be specified. If none is
supplied, the default value of ``'%(message)s'`` is used.
A Formatter can be initialized with a format string which makes use of knowledge
of the :class:`LogRecord` attributes - such as the default value mentioned above
making use of the fact that the user's message and arguments are pre-formatted
into a :class:`LogRecord`'s *message* attribute. This format string contains
standard python %-style mapping keys. See section :ref:`old-string-formatting`
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for more information on string formatting.
Currently, the useful mapping keys in a :class:`LogRecord` are:
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Format | Description |
+=========================+===============================================+
| ``%(name)s`` | Name of the logger (logging channel). |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(levelno)s`` | Numeric logging level for the message |
| | (:const:`DEBUG`, :const:`INFO`, |
| | :const:`WARNING`, :const:`ERROR`, |
| | :const:`CRITICAL`). |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(levelname)s`` | Text logging level for the message |
| | (``'DEBUG'``, ``'INFO'``, ``'WARNING'``, |
| | ``'ERROR'``, ``'CRITICAL'``). |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(pathname)s`` | Full pathname of the source file where the |
| | logging call was issued (if available). |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(filename)s`` | Filename portion of pathname. |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(module)s`` | Module (name portion of filename). |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(funcName)s`` | Name of function containing the logging call. |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(lineno)d`` | Source line number where the logging call was |
| | issued (if available). |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(created)f`` | Time when the :class:`LogRecord` was created |
| | (as returned by :func:`time.time`). |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(relativeCreated)d`` | Time in milliseconds when the LogRecord was |
| | created, relative to the time the logging |
| | module was loaded. |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(asctime)s`` | Human-readable time when the |
| | :class:`LogRecord` was created. By default |
| | this is of the form "2003-07-08 16:49:45,896" |
| | (the numbers after the comma are millisecond |
| | portion of the time). |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(msecs)d`` | Millisecond portion of the time when the |
| | :class:`LogRecord` was created. |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(thread)d`` | Thread ID (if available). |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(threadName)s`` | Thread name (if available). |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(process)d`` | Process ID (if available). |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``%(message)s`` | The logged message, computed as ``msg % |
| | args``. |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
.. class:: Formatter([fmt[, datefmt]])
Returns a new instance of the :class:`Formatter` class. The instance is
initialized with a format string for the message as a whole, as well as a format
string for the date/time portion of a message. If no *fmt* is specified,
``'%(message)s'`` is used. If no *datefmt* is specified, the ISO8601 date format
is used.
.. method:: Formatter.format(record)
The record's attribute dictionary is used as the operand to a string formatting
operation. Returns the resulting string. Before formatting the dictionary, a
couple of preparatory steps are carried out. The *message* attribute of the
record is computed using *msg* % *args*. If the formatting string contains
``'(asctime)'``, :meth:`formatTime` is called to format the event time. If there
is exception information, it is formatted using :meth:`formatException` and
appended to the message. Note that the formatted exception information is cached
in attribute *exc_text*. This is useful because the exception information can
be pickled and sent across the wire, but you should be careful if you have more
than one :class:`Formatter` subclass which customizes the formatting of exception
information. In this case, you will have to clear the cached value after a
formatter has done its formatting, so that the next formatter to handle the event
doesn't use the cached value but recalculates it afresh.
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.. method:: Formatter.formatTime(record[, datefmt])
This method should be called from :meth:`format` by a formatter which wants to
make use of a formatted time. This method can be overridden in formatters to
provide for any specific requirement, but the basic behavior is as follows: if
*datefmt* (a string) is specified, it is used with :func:`time.strftime` to
format the creation time of the record. Otherwise, the ISO8601 format is used.
The resulting string is returned.
.. method:: Formatter.formatException(exc_info)
Formats the specified exception information (a standard exception tuple as
returned by :func:`sys.exc_info`) as a string. This default implementation just
uses :func:`traceback.print_exception`. The resulting string is returned.
Filter Objects
--------------
:class:`Filter`\ s can be used by :class:`Handler`\ s and :class:`Logger`\ s for
more sophisticated filtering than is provided by levels. The base filter class
only allows events which are below a certain point in the logger hierarchy. For
example, a filter initialized with "A.B" will allow events logged by loggers
"A.B", "A.B.C", "A.B.C.D", "A.B.D" etc. but not "A.BB", "B.A.B" etc. If
initialized with the empty string, all events are passed.
.. class:: Filter([name])
Returns an instance of the :class:`Filter` class. If *name* is specified, it
names a logger which, together with its children, will have its events allowed
through the filter. If no name is specified, allows every event.
.. method:: Filter.filter(record)
Is the specified record to be logged? Returns zero for no, nonzero for yes. If
deemed appropriate, the record may be modified in-place by this method.
LogRecord Objects
-----------------
:class:`LogRecord` instances are created every time something is logged. They
contain all the information pertinent to the event being logged. The main
information passed in is in msg and args, which are combined using msg % args to
create the message field of the record. The record also includes information
such as when the record was created, the source line where the logging call was
made, and any exception information to be logged.
.. class:: LogRecord(name, lvl, pathname, lineno, msg, args, exc_info [, func])
Returns an instance of :class:`LogRecord` initialized with interesting
information. The *name* is the logger name; *lvl* is the numeric level;
*pathname* is the absolute pathname of the source file in which the logging
call was made; *lineno* is the line number in that file where the logging
call is found; *msg* is the user-supplied message (a format string); *args*
is the tuple which, together with *msg*, makes up the user message; and
*exc_info* is the exception tuple obtained by calling :func:`sys.exc_info`
(or :const:`None`, if no exception information is available). The *func* is
the name of the function from which the logging call was made. If not
specified, it defaults to ``None``.
.. method:: LogRecord.getMessage()
Returns the message for this :class:`LogRecord` instance after merging any
user-supplied arguments with the message.
LoggerAdapter Objects
---------------------
.. versionadded:: 2.6
:class:`LoggerAdapter` instances are used to conveniently pass contextual
Merged revisions 60151-60159,60161-60168,60170,60172-60173,60175 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60151 | christian.heimes | 2008-01-21 14:11:15 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line A bunch of header files were not listed as dependencies for object files. Changes to files like Parser/parser.h weren't picked up by make. ........ r60152 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 15:16:46 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 3 lines #1087741: make mmap.mmap the type of mmap objects, not a factory function. Allow it to be subclassed. ........ r60153 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 15:18:14 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines mmap is an extension module. ........ r60154 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:28:13 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix example. ........ r60155 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:34:07 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1555501: document plistlib and move it to the general library. ........ r60156 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:36:00 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Add a stub for bundlebuilder documentation. ........ r60157 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:46:58 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Removing bundlebuilder docs again -- it's not to be used anymore (see #779825). ........ r60158 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 17:51:51 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #997912: acknowledge nested scopes in tutorial. ........ r60159 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 18:02:26 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Fix: #1836: Off-by-one bug in TimedRotatingFileHandler rollover calculation. Patch thanks to Kathryn M. Kowalski. ........ r60161 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:13:03 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Adapt pydoc to new doc URLs. ........ r60162 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:17:00 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Fix old link. ........ r60163 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:22:06 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1726198: replace while 1: fp.readline() with file iteration. ........ r60164 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:29:23 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Clarify $ behavior in re docstring. #1631394. ........ r60165 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 18:39:22 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Minor documentation change - hyperlink tidied up. ........ r60166 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 18:42:40 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines #1530959: change distutils build dir for --with-pydebug python builds. ........ r60167 | vinay.sajip | 2008-01-21 19:16:05 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 1 line Updated to include news on recent logging fixes and documentation changes. ........ r60168 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:35:49 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 3 lines Issue #1882: when compiling code from a string, encoding cookies in the second line of code were not always recognized correctly. ........ r60170 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:36:51 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Add NEWS entry for #1882. ........ r60172 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 19:41:24 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Use original location of document, which has translations. ........ r60173 | walter.doerwald | 2008-01-21 21:18:04 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Follow PEP 8 in module docstring. ........ r60175 | georg.brandl | 2008-01-21 21:20:53 +0100 (Mon, 21 Jan 2008) | 2 lines Adapt to latest doctools refactoring. ........
2008-01-21 16:36:10 -04:00
information into logging calls. For a usage example , see the section on
`adding contextual information to your logging output`__.
__ context-info_
.. class:: LoggerAdapter(logger, extra)
Returns an instance of :class:`LoggerAdapter` initialized with an
underlying :class:`Logger` instance and a dict-like object.
.. method:: LoggerAdapter.process(msg, kwargs)
Modifies the message and/or keyword arguments passed to a logging call in
order to insert contextual information. This implementation takes the
object passed as *extra* to the constructor and adds it to *kwargs* using
key 'extra'. The return value is a (*msg*, *kwargs*) tuple which has the
(possibly modified) versions of the arguments passed in.
In addition to the above, :class:`LoggerAdapter` supports all the logging
methods of :class:`Logger`, i.e. :meth:`debug`, :meth:`info`, :meth:`warning`,
:meth:`error`, :meth:`exception`, :meth:`critical` and :meth:`log`. These
methods have the same signatures as their counterparts in :class:`Logger`, so
you can use the two types of instances interchangeably.
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Thread Safety
-------------
The logging module is intended to be thread-safe without any special work
needing to be done by its clients. It achieves this though using threading
locks; there is one lock to serialize access to the module's shared data, and
each handler also creates a lock to serialize access to its underlying I/O.
Configuration
-------------
.. _logging-config-api:
Configuration functions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The following functions configure the logging module. They are located in the
:mod:`logging.config` module. Their use is optional --- you can configure the
logging module using these functions or by making calls to the main API (defined
in :mod:`logging` itself) and defining handlers which are declared either in
:mod:`logging` or :mod:`logging.handlers`.
.. function:: fileConfig(fname[, defaults])
Reads the logging configuration from a ConfigParser-format file named *fname*.
This function can be called several times from an application, allowing an end
user the ability to select from various pre-canned configurations (if the
developer provides a mechanism to present the choices and load the chosen
configuration). Defaults to be passed to ConfigParser can be specified in the
*defaults* argument.
.. function:: listen([port])
Starts up a socket server on the specified port, and listens for new
configurations. If no port is specified, the module's default
:const:`DEFAULT_LOGGING_CONFIG_PORT` is used. Logging configurations will be
sent as a file suitable for processing by :func:`fileConfig`. Returns a
:class:`Thread` instance on which you can call :meth:`start` to start the
server, and which you can :meth:`join` when appropriate. To stop the server,
call :func:`stopListening`.
To send a configuration to the socket, read in the configuration file and
send it to the socket as a string of bytes preceded by a four-byte length
string packed in binary using ``struct.pack('>L', n)``.
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.. function:: stopListening()
Stops the listening server which was created with a call to :func:`listen`.
This is typically called before calling :meth:`join` on the return value from
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:func:`listen`.
.. _logging-config-fileformat:
Configuration file format
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The configuration file format understood by :func:`fileConfig` is based on
ConfigParser functionality. The file must contain sections called ``[loggers]``,
``[handlers]`` and ``[formatters]`` which identify by name the entities of each
type which are defined in the file. For each such entity, there is a separate
section which identified how that entity is configured. Thus, for a logger named
``log01`` in the ``[loggers]`` section, the relevant configuration details are
held in a section ``[logger_log01]``. Similarly, a handler called ``hand01`` in
the ``[handlers]`` section will have its configuration held in a section called
``[handler_hand01]``, while a formatter called ``form01`` in the
``[formatters]`` section will have its configuration specified in a section
called ``[formatter_form01]``. The root logger configuration must be specified
in a section called ``[logger_root]``.
Examples of these sections in the file are given below. ::
[loggers]
keys=root,log02,log03,log04,log05,log06,log07
[handlers]
keys=hand01,hand02,hand03,hand04,hand05,hand06,hand07,hand08,hand09
[formatters]
keys=form01,form02,form03,form04,form05,form06,form07,form08,form09
The root logger must specify a level and a list of handlers. An example of a
root logger section is given below. ::
[logger_root]
level=NOTSET
handlers=hand01
The ``level`` entry can be one of ``DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL`` or
``NOTSET``. For the root logger only, ``NOTSET`` means that all messages will be
logged. Level values are :func:`eval`\ uated in the context of the ``logging``
package's namespace.
The ``handlers`` entry is a comma-separated list of handler names, which must
appear in the ``[handlers]`` section. These names must appear in the
``[handlers]`` section and have corresponding sections in the configuration
file.
For loggers other than the root logger, some additional information is required.
This is illustrated by the following example. ::
[logger_parser]
level=DEBUG
handlers=hand01
propagate=1
qualname=compiler.parser
The ``level`` and ``handlers`` entries are interpreted as for the root logger,
except that if a non-root logger's level is specified as ``NOTSET``, the system
consults loggers higher up the hierarchy to determine the effective level of the
logger. The ``propagate`` entry is set to 1 to indicate that messages must
propagate to handlers higher up the logger hierarchy from this logger, or 0 to
indicate that messages are **not** propagated to handlers up the hierarchy. The
``qualname`` entry is the hierarchical channel name of the logger, that is to
say the name used by the application to get the logger.
Sections which specify handler configuration are exemplified by the following.
::
[handler_hand01]
class=StreamHandler
level=NOTSET
formatter=form01
args=(sys.stdout,)
The ``class`` entry indicates the handler's class (as determined by :func:`eval`
in the ``logging`` package's namespace). The ``level`` is interpreted as for
loggers, and ``NOTSET`` is taken to mean "log everything".
The ``formatter`` entry indicates the key name of the formatter for this
handler. If blank, a default formatter (``logging._defaultFormatter``) is used.
If a name is specified, it must appear in the ``[formatters]`` section and have
a corresponding section in the configuration file.
The ``args`` entry, when :func:`eval`\ uated in the context of the ``logging``
package's namespace, is the list of arguments to the constructor for the handler
class. Refer to the constructors for the relevant handlers, or to the examples
below, to see how typical entries are constructed. ::
[handler_hand02]
class=FileHandler
level=DEBUG
formatter=form02
args=('python.log', 'w')
[handler_hand03]
class=handlers.SocketHandler
level=INFO
formatter=form03
args=('localhost', handlers.DEFAULT_TCP_LOGGING_PORT)
[handler_hand04]
class=handlers.DatagramHandler
level=WARN
formatter=form04
args=('localhost', handlers.DEFAULT_UDP_LOGGING_PORT)
[handler_hand05]
class=handlers.SysLogHandler
level=ERROR
formatter=form05
args=(('localhost', handlers.SYSLOG_UDP_PORT), handlers.SysLogHandler.LOG_USER)
[handler_hand06]
class=handlers.NTEventLogHandler
level=CRITICAL
formatter=form06
args=('Python Application', '', 'Application')
[handler_hand07]
class=handlers.SMTPHandler
level=WARN
formatter=form07
args=('localhost', 'from@abc', ['user1@abc', 'user2@xyz'], 'Logger Subject')
[handler_hand08]
class=handlers.MemoryHandler
level=NOTSET
formatter=form08
target=
args=(10, ERROR)
[handler_hand09]
class=handlers.HTTPHandler
level=NOTSET
formatter=form09
args=('localhost:9022', '/log', 'GET')
Sections which specify formatter configuration are typified by the following. ::
[formatter_form01]
format=F1 %(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s
datefmt=
class=logging.Formatter
The ``format`` entry is the overall format string, and the ``datefmt`` entry is
the :func:`strftime`\ -compatible date/time format string. If empty, the
package substitutes ISO8601 format date/times, which is almost equivalent to
specifying the date format string ``"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"``. The ISO8601 format
also specifies milliseconds, which are appended to the result of using the above
format string, with a comma separator. An example time in ISO8601 format is
``2003-01-23 00:29:50,411``.
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The ``class`` entry is optional. It indicates the name of the formatter's class
(as a dotted module and class name.) This option is useful for instantiating a
:class:`Formatter` subclass. Subclasses of :class:`Formatter` can present
exception tracebacks in an expanded or condensed format.
Configuration server example
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Here is an example of a module using the logging configuration server::
import logging
import logging.config
import time
import os
# read initial config file
logging.config.fileConfig("logging.conf")
# create and start listener on port 9999
t = logging.config.listen(9999)
t.start()
logger = logging.getLogger("simpleExample")
try:
# loop through logging calls to see the difference
# new configurations make, until Ctrl+C is pressed
while True:
logger.debug("debug message")
logger.info("info message")
logger.warn("warn message")
logger.error("error message")
logger.critical("critical message")
time.sleep(5)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
# cleanup
logging.config.stopListening()
t.join()
And here is a script that takes a filename and sends that file to the server,
properly preceded with the binary-encoded length, as the new logging
configuration::
#!/usr/bin/env python
import socket, sys, struct
data_to_send = open(sys.argv[1], "r").read()
HOST = 'localhost'
PORT = 9999
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
print("connecting...")
s.connect((HOST, PORT))
print("sending config...")
s.send(struct.pack(">L", len(data_to_send)))
s.send(data_to_send)
s.close()
print("complete")
More examples
-------------
Multiple handlers and formatters
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Loggers are plain Python objects. The :func:`addHandler` method has no minimum
or maximum quota for the number of handlers you may add. Sometimes it will be
beneficial for an application to log all messages of all severities to a text
file while simultaneously logging errors or above to the console. To set this
up, simply configure the appropriate handlers. The logging calls in the
application code will remain unchanged. Here is a slight modification to the
previous simple module-based configuration example::
import logging
logger = logging.getLogger("simple_example")
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# create file handler which logs even debug messages
fh = logging.FileHandler("spam.log")
fh.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# create console handler with a higher log level
ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.ERROR)
# create formatter and add it to the handlers
formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")
ch.setFormatter(formatter)
fh.setFormatter(formatter)
# add the handlers to logger
logger.addHandler(ch)
logger.addHandler(fh)
# "application" code
logger.debug("debug message")
logger.info("info message")
logger.warn("warn message")
logger.error("error message")
logger.critical("critical message")
Notice that the "application" code does not care about multiple handlers. All
that changed was the addition and configuration of a new handler named *fh*.
The ability to create new handlers with higher- or lower-severity filters can be
very helpful when writing and testing an application. Instead of using many
``print`` statements for debugging, use ``logger.debug``: Unlike the print
statements, which you will have to delete or comment out later, the logger.debug
statements can remain intact in the source code and remain dormant until you
need them again. At that time, the only change that needs to happen is to
modify the severity level of the logger and/or handler to debug.
Using logging in multiple modules
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
It was mentioned above that multiple calls to
``logging.getLogger('someLogger')`` return a reference to the same logger
object. This is true not only within the same module, but also across modules
as long as it is in the same Python interpreter process. It is true for
references to the same object; additionally, application code can define and
configure a parent logger in one module and create (but not configure) a child
logger in a separate module, and all logger calls to the child will pass up to
the parent. Here is a main module::
import logging
import auxiliary_module
# create logger with "spam_application"
logger = logging.getLogger("spam_application")
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# create file handler which logs even debug messages
fh = logging.FileHandler("spam.log")
fh.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# create console handler with a higher log level
ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.ERROR)
# create formatter and add it to the handlers
formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")
fh.setFormatter(formatter)
ch.setFormatter(formatter)
# add the handlers to the logger
logger.addHandler(fh)
logger.addHandler(ch)
logger.info("creating an instance of auxiliary_module.Auxiliary")
a = auxiliary_module.Auxiliary()
logger.info("created an instance of auxiliary_module.Auxiliary")
logger.info("calling auxiliary_module.Auxiliary.do_something")
a.do_something()
logger.info("finished auxiliary_module.Auxiliary.do_something")
logger.info("calling auxiliary_module.some_function()")
auxiliary_module.some_function()
logger.info("done with auxiliary_module.some_function()")
Here is the auxiliary module::
import logging
# create logger
module_logger = logging.getLogger("spam_application.auxiliary")
class Auxiliary:
def __init__(self):
self.logger = logging.getLogger("spam_application.auxiliary.Auxiliary")
self.logger.info("creating an instance of Auxiliary")
def do_something(self):
self.logger.info("doing something")
a = 1 + 1
self.logger.info("done doing something")
def some_function():
module_logger.info("received a call to \"some_function\"")
The output looks like this::
2005-03-23 23:47:11,663 - spam_application - INFO -
creating an instance of auxiliary_module.Auxiliary
2005-03-23 23:47:11,665 - spam_application.auxiliary.Auxiliary - INFO -
creating an instance of Auxiliary
2005-03-23 23:47:11,665 - spam_application - INFO -
created an instance of auxiliary_module.Auxiliary
2005-03-23 23:47:11,668 - spam_application - INFO -
calling auxiliary_module.Auxiliary.do_something
2005-03-23 23:47:11,668 - spam_application.auxiliary.Auxiliary - INFO -
doing something
2005-03-23 23:47:11,669 - spam_application.auxiliary.Auxiliary - INFO -
done doing something
2005-03-23 23:47:11,670 - spam_application - INFO -
finished auxiliary_module.Auxiliary.do_something
2005-03-23 23:47:11,671 - spam_application - INFO -
calling auxiliary_module.some_function()
2005-03-23 23:47:11,672 - spam_application.auxiliary - INFO -
received a call to "some_function"
2005-03-23 23:47:11,673 - spam_application - INFO -
done with auxiliary_module.some_function()