1996-03-18 09:38:52 -04:00
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Using Open Scripting Extension from Python</TITLE></HEAD>
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<H1>Using Open Scripting Extension from Python</H1>
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<HR>
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OSA support in Python is still far from complete, and what
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support there is is likely to change in the forseeable future. Still,
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there is already enough in place to allow you to do some nifty things
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to other programs from your python program. <P>
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<CITE>
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Actually, when we say "AppleScript" in this document we actually mean
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"the Open Scripting Architecture", there is nothing
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AppleScript-specific in the Python implementation. <p>
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</CITE>
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In this example, we will look at a scriptable application, extract its
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"AppleScript Dictionary" and generate a Python interface module from
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that and use that module to control the application. Because we want
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to concentrate on the OSA details we don't bother with a real
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user-interface for our application. <p>
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The application we are going to script is Eudora Light, a free mail
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program from <A HREF="http://www.qualcomm.com">QualComm</A>. This is a
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very versatile mail-reader, and QualComm has an accompanying
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commercial version once your needs outgrow Eudora Light. Our program
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will tell Eudora to send queued mail, retrieve mail or quit. <p>
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<H2>Creating the Python interface module</H2>
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There is a tool in the standard distribution that looks through a file
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for an 'AETE' or 'AEUT' resource, the internal representation of the
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AppleScript dictionary. This tool is called
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<CODE>gensuitemodule.py</CODE>, and lives in <CODE>Mac:scripts</CODE>.
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When we start it, it asks us for an input file and we point it to the
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Eudora Light executable. It starts parsing the AETE resource, and for
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each AppleEvent suite it finds it prompts us for the filename of the
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resulting python module. Remember to change folders for the first
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module, you don't want to clutter up the Eudora folder with your python
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interfaces. If you want to skip a suite you press cancel and the process
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continues with the next suite. In the case of Eudora, you do
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<EM>not</EM> want to generate the Required and Standard suites, because
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they are identical to the standard ones which are pregenerated (and
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empty in the eudora binary). AppleScript understands that an empty suite
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means "incorporate the whole standard suite by this name",
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gensuitemodule does not currently understand this. Creating the empty
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<CODE>Required_Suite.py</CODE> would hide the correct module of that
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name from our application. <p>
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1997-08-19 11:00:56 -03:00
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Gensuitemodule may ask you questions like "Where is enum 'xyz ' declared?".
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For the first time, cancel out of this dialog after taking down the
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enum (or class or prop) name. After you've created all the suites look
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for these codes, in the suites generated here and in the standard suites.
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If you've found them all run gensuitemodule again and point it to the right
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file for each declaration. Gensuitemodule will generate the imports to make the
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reference work. <p>
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1996-04-19 12:56:08 -03:00
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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Time for a sidebar. If you want to re-create
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<CODE>Required_Suite.py</CODE> or one of the other standard modules
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you should look in <CODE>System Folder:Extensions:Scripting
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Additions:Dialects:English Dialect</CODE>, that is where the core
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AppleEvent dictionaries live. Also, if you are looking for the
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<CODE>Finder_Suite</CODE> interface: don't look in the finder (it has
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an old System 7.0 scripting suite), look at the extension <CODE>Finder
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Scripting Extension</CODE>. <p>
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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Let's glance at the <A
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HREF="scripting/Eudora_Suite.py">Eudora_Suite.py</A> just created. You
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may want to open Script Editor alongside, and have a look at how it
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interprets the dictionary. EudoraSuite.py starts with some
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boilerplate, then a big class definition with methods for each
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AppleScript Verb, then some small class definitions and then some dictionary
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initializations. <p>
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The <CODE>Eudora_Suite</CODE> class is the bulk of the code
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generated. For each verb it contains a method. Each method knows what
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arguments the verb expects, and it makes handy use of the keyword
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argument scheme introduced in Python 1.3 to present a palatable
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interface to the python programmer. You will see that each method
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calls some routines from <CODE>aetools</CODE>, an auxiliary module
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living in <CODE>Lib:toolbox</CODE> which contains some other nifty
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AppleEvent tools as well. Have a look at it sometime, there is (of
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course) no documentation yet. <p>
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The other thing you notice is that each method calls
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<CODE>self.send</CODE>, but no such method is defined. You will have
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to provide it by subclassing or multiple inheritance, as we shall see
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later. <p>
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1997-08-19 11:00:56 -03:00
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After the big class we get a number of little class declarations. These
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declarations are for the (appleevent) classes and properties in the suite.
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They allow you to create object IDs, which can then be passed to the verbs.
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For instance, to get the name of the sender of the first message in mailbox
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inbox you would use <code>mailbox("inbox").message(1).sender</code>. It is
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also possible to specify this as <code>sender(message(1, mailbox("inbox")))</code>,
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which is sometimes needed because these classes don't inherit correctly
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from baseclasses, so you may have to use a class or property from another suite. <p>
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<blockquote>
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There are also some older object specifiers for standard objects in aetools.
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You use these in the form <CODE>aetools.Word(10,
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aetools.Document(1))</CODE> where the corresponding AppleScript
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terminology would be <CODE>word 10 of the first
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document</CODE>. Examine the two modules mentioned above along with
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the comments at the end of your suite module if you need to create
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more than the standard object specifiers.
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</blockquote>
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Next we get the enumeration dictionaries, which allow you to pass
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english names as arguments to verbs, so you don't have to bother with the 4-letter
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type code. So, you can say
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<CODE><PRE>
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eudora.notice(occurrence="mail_arrives")
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</PRE></CODE>
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instead of the rather more cryptic
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<CODE><PRE>
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eudora.notice(occurrence="wArv")
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</PRE></CODE><p>
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Finally, we get the "table of contents" of the module, listing all classes and such
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by code, which is used by gensuitemodule. <p>
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<H2>Using a Python suite module</H2>
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Now that we have created the suite module we can use it in an
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application. We do this by creating a class that inherits
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<CODE>Eudora_Suite</CODE> and the <CODE>TalkTo</CODE> class from
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<CODE>aetools</CODE>. The <CODE>TalkTo</CODE> class is basically a
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container for the <CODE>send</CODE> method used by the methods from
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the suite classes. <p>
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Actually, our class will also inherit <CODE>Required_Suite</CODE>,
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because we also need functionality from that suite: the quit
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command. Gensuitemodule could have created this completely derived
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class for us, since it has access to all information needed to build
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the class but unfortunately it does not do so at the moment. All in
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all, the heart of our program looks like this:
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<CODE><PRE>
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import Eudora_Suite, Required_Suite, aetools
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class Eudora(Eudora_Suite.Eudora_Suite, Required_Suite.Required_Suite, \
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aetools.TalkTo):
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pass
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</PRE></CODE>
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Yes, our class body is <CODE>pass</CODE>, all functionality is already
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provided by the base classes, the only thing we have to do is glue it
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together in the right way. <p>
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Looking at the sourcefile <A
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HREF="scripting/testeudora.py">testeudora.py</A> we see that it starts
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with some imports. Then we get the class definition
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for our main object and a constant giving the signature of Eudora. <p>
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This, again, needs a little explanation. There are various ways to
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describe to AppleScript which program we want to talk to, but the
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easiest one to use (from Python, at least) is creator
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signature. Application name would be much nicer, but Python currently
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does not have a module that interfaces to the Finder database (which
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would allow us to map names to signatures). The other alternative,
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<CODE>ChooseApplication</CODE> from the program-to-program toolbox, is
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also not available from Python at the moment. <p>
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1996-09-20 12:22:47 -03:00
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If you specify the application by creator you can specify an optional
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<CODE>start</CODE> parameter, which will cause the application to be
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started if it is not running. <P>
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1996-03-18 09:38:52 -04:00
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The main program itself is a wonder of simplicity. We create the
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object that talks to Eudora (passing the signature as argument), ask
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the user what she wants and call the appropriate method of the talker
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object. The use of keyword arguments with the same names as used by
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AppleScript make passing the parameters a breeze. <p>
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The exception handling does need a few comments, though. Since
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AppleScript is basically a connectionless RPC protocol nothing happens
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when we create to talker object. Hence, if the destination application
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is not running we will not notice until we send our first
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command. There is another thing to note about errors returned by
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AppleScript calls: <CODE>MacOS.Error</CODE> is raised for
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all of the errors that are known to be <CODE>OSErr</CODE>-type errors,
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server generated errors raise <CODE>aetools.Error</CODE>. <p>
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1996-12-23 13:28:53 -04:00
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<H2>Scripting Additions</H2>
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If you want to use any of the scripting additions (or OSAXen, in
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everyday speech) from a Python program you can use the same method
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as for applications, i.e. run <CODE>gensuitemodule</CODE> on the
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OSAX (commonly found in <CODE>System Folder:Extensions:Scripting Additions</CODE>
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or something similar), define a class which inherits the generated
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class and <CODE>aetools.TalkTo</CODE> and instantiate it. The application
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signature to use is <CODE>'MACS'</CODE>. <P>
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There are two minor points to watch out for when using gensuitemodule
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on OSAXen: they appear all to define the class <CODE>System_Object_Suite</CODE>,
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and a lot of them have the command set in multiple dialects. You have to
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watch out for name conflicts, so, and make sure you select a reasonable dialect
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(some of the non-english dialects cause gensuitemodule to generate incorrect
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Python code). <P>
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1996-03-18 09:38:52 -04:00
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That concludes our simple example. Again, let me emphasize that
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scripting support in Python is not very complete at the moment, and
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the details of how to use AppleEvents will definitely change in the
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near future. This will not only fix all the ideosyncracies noted in
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this document but also break existing programs, since the current
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suite organization will have to change to fix some of the problems.
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Still, if you want to experiment with AppleEvents right now: go ahead!
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<p>
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