cpython/Objects/genericaliasobject.c

// types.GenericAlias -- used to represent e.g. list[int].

#include "Python.h"
#include "pycore_object.h"
#include "pycore_unionobject.h"   // _Py_union_as_number
#include "structmember.h"         // PyMemberDef

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    PyObject *origin;
    PyObject *args;
    PyObject *parameters;
    PyObject* weakreflist;
} gaobject;

static void
ga_dealloc(PyObject *self)
{
    gaobject *alias = (gaobject *)self;

    _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(self);
    if (alias->weakreflist != NULL) {
        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *)alias);
    }
    Py_XDECREF(alias->origin);
    Py_XDECREF(alias->args);
    Py_XDECREF(alias->parameters);
    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free(self);
}

static int
ga_traverse(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    gaobject *alias = (gaobject *)self;
    Py_VISIT(alias->origin);
    Py_VISIT(alias->args);
    Py_VISIT(alias->parameters);
    return 0;
}

static int
ga_repr_item(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, PyObject *p)
{
    _Py_IDENTIFIER(__module__);
    _Py_IDENTIFIER(__qualname__);
    _Py_IDENTIFIER(__origin__);
    _Py_IDENTIFIER(__args__);
    PyObject *qualname = NULL;
    PyObject *module = NULL;
    PyObject *r = NULL;
    PyObject *tmp;
    int err;

    if (p == Py_Ellipsis) {
        // The Ellipsis object
        r = PyUnicode_FromString("...");
        goto done;
    }

    if (_PyObject_LookupAttrId(p, &PyId___origin__, &tmp) < 0) {
        goto done;
    }
    if (tmp != NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(tmp);
        if (_PyObject_LookupAttrId(p, &PyId___args__, &tmp) < 0) {
            goto done;
        }
        if (tmp != NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(tmp);
            // It looks like a GenericAlias
            goto use_repr;
        }
    }

    if (_PyObject_LookupAttrId(p, &PyId___qualname__, &qualname) < 0) {
        goto done;
    }
    if (qualname == NULL) {
        goto use_repr;
    }
    if (_PyObject_LookupAttrId(p, &PyId___module__, &module) < 0) {
        goto done;
    }
    if (module == NULL || module == Py_None) {
        goto use_repr;
    }

    // Looks like a class
    if (PyUnicode_Check(module) &&
        _PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(module, "builtins"))
    {
        // builtins don't need a module name
        r = PyObject_Str(qualname);
        goto done;
    }
    else {
        r = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%S.%S", module, qualname);
        goto done;
    }

use_repr:
    r = PyObject_Repr(p);

done:
    Py_XDECREF(qualname);
    Py_XDECREF(module);
    if (r == NULL) {
        // error if any of the above PyObject_Repr/PyUnicode_From* fail
        err = -1;
    }
    else {
        err = _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, r);
        Py_DECREF(r);
    }
    return err;
}

static PyObject *
ga_repr(PyObject *self)
{
    gaobject *alias = (gaobject *)self;
    Py_ssize_t len = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(alias->args);

    _PyUnicodeWriter writer;
    _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer);

    if (ga_repr_item(&writer, alias->origin) < 0) {
        goto error;
    }
    if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCIIString(&writer, "[", 1) < 0) {
        goto error;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        if (i > 0) {
            if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCIIString(&writer, ", ", 2) < 0) {
                goto error;
            }
        }
        PyObject *p = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(alias->args, i);
        if (ga_repr_item(&writer, p) < 0) {
            goto error;
        }
    }
    if (len == 0) {
        // for something like tuple[()] we should print a "()"
        if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCIIString(&writer, "()", 2) < 0) {
            goto error;
        }
    }
    if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCIIString(&writer, "]", 1) < 0) {
        goto error;
    }
    return _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer);
error:
    _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
    return NULL;
}

/* Checks if a variable number of names are from typing.py.
*  If any one of the names are found, return 1, else 0.
**/
static inline int
is_typing_name(PyObject *obj, int num, ...)
{
    va_list names;
    va_start(names, num);

    PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE(obj);
    int hit = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
        if (!strcmp(type->tp_name, va_arg(names, const char *))) {
            hit = 1;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (!hit) {
        return 0;
    }
    PyObject *module = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject *)type, "__module__");
    if (module == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }
    int res = PyUnicode_Check(module)
        && _PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(module, "typing");
    Py_DECREF(module);
    
    va_end(names);
    return res;
}

// isinstance(obj, (TypeVar, ParamSpec)) without importing typing.py.
// Returns -1 for errors.
static inline int
is_typevarlike(PyObject *obj)
{
    return is_typing_name(obj, 2, "TypeVar", "ParamSpec");
}

static inline int
is_paramspec(PyObject *obj)
{
    return is_typing_name(obj, 1, "ParamSpec");
}

// Index of item in self[:len], or -1 if not found (self is a tuple)
static Py_ssize_t
tuple_index(PyObject *self, Py_ssize_t len, PyObject *item)
{
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        if (PyTuple_GET_ITEM(self, i) == item) {
            return i;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

static int
tuple_add(PyObject *self, Py_ssize_t len, PyObject *item)
{
    if (tuple_index(self, len, item) < 0) {
        Py_INCREF(item);
        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(self, len, item);
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
make_parameters(PyObject *args)
{
    Py_ssize_t nargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
    Py_ssize_t len = nargs;
    PyObject *parameters = PyTuple_New(len);
    if (parameters == NULL)
        return NULL;
    Py_ssize_t iparam = 0;
    for (Py_ssize_t iarg = 0; iarg < nargs; iarg++) {
        PyObject *t = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, iarg);
        int typevar = is_typevarlike(t);
        if (typevar < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(parameters);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (typevar) {
            iparam += tuple_add(parameters, iparam, t);
        }
        else {
            _Py_IDENTIFIER(__parameters__);
            PyObject *subparams;
            if (_PyObject_LookupAttrId(t, &PyId___parameters__, &subparams) < 0) {
                Py_DECREF(parameters);
                return NULL;
            }
            if (subparams && PyTuple_Check(subparams)) {
                Py_ssize_t len2 = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(subparams);
                Py_ssize_t needed = len2 - 1 - (iarg - iparam);
                if (needed > 0) {
                    len += needed;
                    if (_PyTuple_Resize(&parameters, len) < 0) {
                        Py_DECREF(subparams);
                        Py_DECREF(parameters);
                        return NULL;
                    }
                }
                for (Py_ssize_t j = 0; j < len2; j++) {
                    PyObject *t2 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subparams, j);
                    iparam += tuple_add(parameters, iparam, t2);
                }
            }
            Py_XDECREF(subparams);
        }
    }
    if (iparam < len) {
        if (_PyTuple_Resize(&parameters, iparam) < 0) {
            Py_XDECREF(parameters);
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    return parameters;
}

/* If obj is a generic alias, substitute type variables params
   with substitutions argitems.  For example, if obj is list[T],
   params is (T, S), and argitems is (str, int), return list[str].
   If obj doesn't have a __parameters__ attribute or that's not
   a non-empty tuple, return a new reference to obj. */
static PyObject *
subs_tvars(PyObject *obj, PyObject *params, PyObject **argitems)
{
    _Py_IDENTIFIER(__parameters__);
    PyObject *subparams;
    if (_PyObject_LookupAttrId(obj, &PyId___parameters__, &subparams) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (subparams && PyTuple_Check(subparams) && PyTuple_GET_SIZE(subparams)) {
        Py_ssize_t nparams = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(params);
        Py_ssize_t nsubargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(subparams);
        PyObject *subargs = PyTuple_New(nsubargs);
        if (subargs == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(subparams);
            return NULL;
        }
        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nsubargs; ++i) {
            PyObject *arg = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subparams, i);
            Py_ssize_t iparam = tuple_index(params, nparams, arg);
            if (iparam >= 0) {
                arg = argitems[iparam];
            }
            // convert all the lists inside args to tuples to help
            // with caching in other libaries
            if (PyList_CheckExact(arg)) {
                arg = PyList_AsTuple(arg);
            }
            else {
                Py_INCREF(arg);
            }
            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(subargs, i, arg);
        }

        obj = PyObject_GetItem(obj, subargs);

        Py_DECREF(subargs);
    }
    else {
        Py_INCREF(obj);
    }
    Py_XDECREF(subparams);
    return obj;
}

static PyObject *
ga_getitem(PyObject *self, PyObject *item)
{
    gaobject *alias = (gaobject *)self;
    // do a lookup for __parameters__ so it gets populated (if not already)
    if (alias->parameters == NULL) {
        alias->parameters = make_parameters(alias->args);
        if (alias->parameters == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    Py_ssize_t nparams = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(alias->parameters);
    if (nparams == 0) {
        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                            "There are no type variables left in %R",
                            self);
    }
    int is_tuple = PyTuple_Check(item);
    Py_ssize_t nitems = is_tuple ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(item) : 1;
    PyObject **argitems = is_tuple ? &PyTuple_GET_ITEM(item, 0) : &item;
    // A special case in PEP 612 where if X = Callable[P, int], 
    // then X[int, str] == X[[int, str]].
    if (nparams == 1 && nitems > 1 && is_tuple &&
        is_paramspec(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(alias->parameters, 0))) {
        argitems = &item;
    }
    else {
        if (nitems != nparams) {
            return PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                "Too %s arguments for %R",
                nitems > nparams ? "many" : "few",
                self);
        }
    }
    /* Replace all type variables (specified by alias->parameters)
       with corresponding values specified by argitems.
        t = list[T];          t[int]      -> newargs = [int]
        t = dict[str, T];     t[int]      -> newargs = [str, int]
        t = dict[T, list[S]]; t[str, int] -> newargs = [str, list[int]]
     */
    Py_ssize_t nargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(alias->args);
    PyObject *newargs = PyTuple_New(nargs);
    if (newargs == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t iarg = 0; iarg < nargs; iarg++) {
        PyObject *arg = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(alias->args, iarg);
        int typevar = is_typevarlike(arg);
        if (typevar < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(newargs);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (typevar) {
            Py_ssize_t iparam = tuple_index(alias->parameters, nparams, arg);
            assert(iparam >= 0);
            arg = argitems[iparam];
            // convert lists to tuples to help with caching in other libaries.
            if (PyList_CheckExact(arg)) {
                arg = PyList_AsTuple(arg);
            }
            else {
                Py_INCREF(arg);
            }
        }
        else {
            arg = subs_tvars(arg, alias->parameters, argitems);
            if (arg == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(newargs);
                return NULL;
            }
        }
        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(newargs, iarg, arg);
    }

    PyObject *res = Py_GenericAlias(alias->origin, newargs);

    Py_DECREF(newargs);
    return res;
}

static PyMappingMethods ga_as_mapping = {
    .mp_subscript = ga_getitem,
};

static Py_hash_t
ga_hash(PyObject *self)
{
    gaobject *alias = (gaobject *)self;
    // TODO: Hash in the hash for the origin
    Py_hash_t h0 = PyObject_Hash(alias->origin);
    if (h0 == -1) {
        return -1;
    }
    Py_hash_t h1 = PyObject_Hash(alias->args);
    if (h1 == -1) {
        return -1;
    }
    return h0 ^ h1;
}

static PyObject *
ga_call(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    gaobject *alias = (gaobject *)self;
    PyObject *obj = PyObject_Call(alias->origin, args, kwds);
    if (obj != NULL) {
        if (PyObject_SetAttrString(obj, "__orig_class__", self) < 0) {
            if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError) &&
                !PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
            {
                Py_DECREF(obj);
                return NULL;
            }
            PyErr_Clear();
        }
    }
    return obj;
}

static const char* const attr_exceptions[] = {
    "__origin__",
    "__args__",
    "__parameters__",
    "__mro_entries__",
    "__reduce_ex__",  // needed so we don't look up object.__reduce_ex__
    "__reduce__",
    NULL,
};

static PyObject *
ga_getattro(PyObject *self, PyObject *name)
{
    gaobject *alias = (gaobject *)self;
    if (PyUnicode_Check(name)) {
        for (const char * const *p = attr_exceptions; ; p++) {
            if (*p == NULL) {
                return PyObject_GetAttr(alias->origin, name);
            }
            if (_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(name, *p)) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    return PyObject_GenericGetAttr(self, name);
}

static PyObject *
ga_richcompare(PyObject *a, PyObject *b, int op)
{
    if (!PyObject_TypeCheck(a, &Py_GenericAliasType) ||
        !PyObject_TypeCheck(b, &Py_GenericAliasType) ||
        (op != Py_EQ && op != Py_NE))
    {
        Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED;
    }

    if (op == Py_NE) {
        PyObject *eq = ga_richcompare(a, b, Py_EQ);
        if (eq == NULL)
            return NULL;
        Py_DECREF(eq);
        if (eq == Py_True) {
            Py_RETURN_FALSE;
        }
        else {
            Py_RETURN_TRUE;
        }
    }

    gaobject *aa = (gaobject *)a;
    gaobject *bb = (gaobject *)b;
    int eq = PyObject_RichCompareBool(aa->origin, bb->origin, Py_EQ);
    if (eq < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!eq) {
        Py_RETURN_FALSE;
    }
    return PyObject_RichCompare(aa->args, bb->args, Py_EQ);
}

static PyObject *
ga_mro_entries(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    gaobject *alias = (gaobject *)self;
    return PyTuple_Pack(1, alias->origin);
}

static PyObject *
ga_instancecheck(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                    "isinstance() argument 2 cannot be a parameterized generic");
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject *
ga_subclasscheck(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                    "issubclass() argument 2 cannot be a parameterized generic");
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject *
ga_reduce(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    gaobject *alias = (gaobject *)self;
    return Py_BuildValue("O(OO)", Py_TYPE(alias),
                         alias->origin, alias->args);
}

static PyObject *
ga_dir(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    gaobject *alias = (gaobject *)self;
    PyObject *dir = PyObject_Dir(alias->origin);
    if (dir == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    PyObject *dir_entry = NULL;
    for (const char * const *p = attr_exceptions; ; p++) {
        if (*p == NULL) {
            break;
        }
        else {
            dir_entry = PyUnicode_FromString(*p);
            if (dir_entry == NULL) {
                goto error;
            }
            int contains = PySequence_Contains(dir, dir_entry);
            if (contains < 0) {
                goto error;
            }
            if (contains == 0 && PyList_Append(dir, dir_entry) < 0) {
                goto error;
            }

            Py_CLEAR(dir_entry);
        }
    }
    return dir;

error:
    Py_DECREF(dir);
    Py_XDECREF(dir_entry);
    return NULL;
}

static PyMethodDef ga_methods[] = {
    {"__mro_entries__", ga_mro_entries, METH_O},
    {"__instancecheck__", ga_instancecheck, METH_O},
    {"__subclasscheck__", ga_subclasscheck, METH_O},
    {"__reduce__", ga_reduce, METH_NOARGS},
    {"__dir__", ga_dir, METH_NOARGS},
    {0}
};

static PyMemberDef ga_members[] = {
    {"__origin__", T_OBJECT, offsetof(gaobject, origin), READONLY},
    {"__args__", T_OBJECT, offsetof(gaobject, args), READONLY},
    {0}
};

static PyObject *
ga_parameters(PyObject *self, void *unused)
{
    gaobject *alias = (gaobject *)self;
    if (alias->parameters == NULL) {
        alias->parameters = make_parameters(alias->args);
        if (alias->parameters == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    Py_INCREF(alias->parameters);
    return alias->parameters;
}

static PyGetSetDef ga_properties[] = {
    {"__parameters__", ga_parameters, (setter)NULL, "Type variables in the GenericAlias.", NULL},
    {0}
};

/* A helper function to create GenericAlias' args tuple and set its attributes.
 * Returns 1 on success, 0 on failure. 
 */
static inline int
setup_ga(gaobject *alias, PyObject *origin, PyObject *args) {
    if (!PyTuple_Check(args)) {
        args = PyTuple_Pack(1, args);
        if (args == NULL) {
            return 0;
        }
    }
    else {
        Py_INCREF(args);
    }

    Py_INCREF(origin);
    alias->origin = origin;
    alias->args = args;
    alias->parameters = NULL;
    alias->weakreflist = NULL;
    return 1;
}

static PyObject *
ga_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    if (!_PyArg_NoKeywords("GenericAlias", kwds)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!_PyArg_CheckPositional("GenericAlias", PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args), 2, 2)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *origin = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0);
    PyObject *arguments = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 1);
    gaobject *self = (gaobject *)type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
    if (self == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!setup_ga(self, origin, arguments)) {
        type->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
        return NULL;
    }
    return (PyObject *)self;
}

static PyNumberMethods ga_as_number = {
        .nb_or = (binaryfunc)_Py_union_type_or, // Add __or__ function
};

// TODO:
// - argument clinic?
// - __doc__?
// - cache?
PyTypeObject Py_GenericAliasType = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    .tp_name = "types.GenericAlias",
    .tp_doc = "Represent a PEP 585 generic type\n"
              "\n"
              "E.g. for t = list[int], t.__origin__ is list and t.__args__ is (int,).",
    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(gaobject),
    .tp_dealloc = ga_dealloc,
    .tp_repr = ga_repr,
    .tp_as_number = &ga_as_number,  // allow X | Y of GenericAlias objs
    .tp_as_mapping = &ga_as_mapping,
    .tp_hash = ga_hash,
    .tp_call = ga_call,
    .tp_getattro = ga_getattro,
    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_traverse = ga_traverse,
    .tp_richcompare = ga_richcompare,
    .tp_weaklistoffset = offsetof(gaobject, weakreflist),
    .tp_methods = ga_methods,
    .tp_members = ga_members,
    .tp_alloc = PyType_GenericAlloc,
    .tp_new = ga_new,
    .tp_free = PyObject_GC_Del,
    .tp_getset = ga_properties,
};

PyObject *
Py_GenericAlias(PyObject *origin, PyObject *args)
{
    gaobject *alias = PyObject_GC_New(gaobject, &Py_GenericAliasType);
    if (alias == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!setup_ga(alias, origin, args)) {
        PyObject_GC_Del((PyObject *)alias);
        return NULL;
    }
    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(alias);
    return (PyObject *)alias;
}