mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
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21 KiB
ReStructuredText
580 lines
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ReStructuredText
****************************
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What's New In Python 3.11
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****************************
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:Release: |release|
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:Date: |today|
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.. Rules for maintenance:
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* Anyone can add text to this document. Do not spend very much time
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on the wording of your changes, because your text will probably
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get rewritten to some degree.
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* The maintainer will go through Misc/NEWS periodically and add
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changes; it's therefore more important to add your changes to
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Misc/NEWS than to this file.
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* This is not a complete list of every single change; completeness
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is the purpose of Misc/NEWS. Some changes I consider too small
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or esoteric to include. If such a change is added to the text,
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I'll just remove it. (This is another reason you shouldn't spend
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too much time on writing your addition.)
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* If you want to draw your new text to the attention of the
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maintainer, add 'XXX' to the beginning of the paragraph or
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section.
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* It's OK to just add a fragmentary note about a change. For
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example: "XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the
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socket module." The maintainer will research the change and
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write the necessary text.
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* You can comment out your additions if you like, but it's not
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necessary (especially when a final release is some months away).
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* Credit the author of a patch or bugfix. Just the name is
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sufficient; the e-mail address isn't necessary.
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* It's helpful to add the bug/patch number as a comment:
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XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the socket
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module.
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(Contributed by P.Y. Developer in :issue:`12345`.)
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This saves the maintainer the effort of going through the Mercurial log
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when researching a change.
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This article explains the new features in Python 3.11, compared to 3.10.
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For full details, see the :ref:`changelog <changelog>`.
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.. note::
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Prerelease users should be aware that this document is currently in draft
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form. It will be updated substantially as Python 3.11 moves towards release,
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so it's worth checking back even after reading earlier versions.
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Summary -- Release highlights
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=============================
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.. This section singles out the most important changes in Python 3.11.
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Brevity is key.
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.. PEP-sized items next.
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New Features
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============
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.. _whatsnew311-pep657:
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Enhanced error locations in tracebacks
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--------------------------------------
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When printing tracebacks, the interpreter will now point to the exact expression
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that caused the error instead of just the line. For example:
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.. code-block:: python
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "distance.py", line 11, in <module>
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print(manhattan_distance(p1, p2))
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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File "distance.py", line 6, in manhattan_distance
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return abs(point_1.x - point_2.x) + abs(point_1.y - point_2.y)
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^^^^^^^^^
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AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'x'
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Previous versions of the interpreter would point to just the line making it
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ambiguous which object was ``None``. These enhanced errors can also be helpful
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when dealing with deeply nested dictionary objects and multiple function calls,
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.. code-block:: python
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "query.py", line 37, in <module>
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magic_arithmetic('foo')
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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File "query.py", line 18, in magic_arithmetic
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return add_counts(x) / 25
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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File "query.py", line 24, in add_counts
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return 25 + query_user(user1) + query_user(user2)
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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File "query.py", line 32, in query_user
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return 1 + query_count(db, response['a']['b']['c']['user'], retry=True)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
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TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not subscriptable
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as well as complex arithmetic expressions:
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.. code-block:: python
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "calculation.py", line 54, in <module>
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result = (x / y / z) * (a / b / c)
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~~~~~~^~~
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ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
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See :pep:`657` for more details. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo, Batuhan Taskaya
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and Ammar Askar in :issue:`43950`.)
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.. note::
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This feature requires storing column positions in code objects which may
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result in a small increase of disk usage of compiled Python files or
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interpreter memory usage. To avoid storing the extra information and/or
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deactivate printing the extra traceback information, the
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:option:`-X` ``no_debug_ranges`` command line flag or the :envvar:`PYTHONNODEBUGRANGES`
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environment variable can be used.
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Column information for code objects
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The information used by the enhanced traceback feature is made available as a
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general API that can be used to correlate bytecode instructions with source
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code. This information can be retrieved using:
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- The :meth:`codeobject.co_positions` method in Python.
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- The :c:func:`PyCode_Addr2Location` function in the C-API.
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The :option:`-X` ``no_debug_ranges`` option and the environment variable
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:envvar:`PYTHONNODEBUGRANGES` can be used to disable this feature.
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See :pep:`657` for more details. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo, Batuhan Taskaya
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and Ammar Askar in :issue:`43950`.)
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Other Language Changes
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======================
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* Asynchronous comprehensions are now allowed inside comprehensions in
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asynchronous functions. Outer comprehensions implicitly become
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asynchronous. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`33346`.)
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* A :exc:`TypeError` is now raised instead of an :exc:`AttributeError` in
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:meth:`contextlib.ExitStack.enter_context` and
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:meth:`contextlib.AsyncExitStack.enter_async_context` for objects which do not
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support the :term:`context manager` or :term:`asynchronous context manager`
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protocols correspondingly.
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(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`44471`.)
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* A :exc:`TypeError` is now raised instead of an :exc:`AttributeError` in
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:keyword:`with` and :keyword:`async with` statements for objects which do not
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support the :term:`context manager` or :term:`asynchronous context manager`
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protocols correspondingly.
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(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`12022`.)
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Other CPython Implementation Changes
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====================================
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* Special methods :meth:`complex.__complex__` and :meth:`bytes.__bytes__` are implemented to
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support :class:`typing.SupportsComplex` and :class:`typing.SupportsBytes` protocols.
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(Contributed by Mark Dickinson and Dong-hee Na in :issue:`24234`.)
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* ``siphash13`` is added as a new internal hashing algorithms. It's has similar security
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properties as ``siphash24`` but it is slightly faster for long inputs. ``str``, ``bytes``,
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and some other types now use it as default algorithm for ``hash()``. :pep:`552`
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hash-based pyc files now use ``siphash13``, too.
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(Contributed by Inada Naoki in :issue:`29410`.)
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New Modules
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===========
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* None yet.
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Improved Modules
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================
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fractions
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---------
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Support :PEP:`515`-style initialization of :class:`~fractions.Fraction` from
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string. (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :issue:`44258`.)
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math
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----
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* Add :func:`math.cbrt`: return the cube root of x.
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(Contributed by Ajith Ramachandran in :issue:`44357`.)
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* The behaviour of two :func:`math.pow` corner cases was changed, for
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consistency with the IEEE 754 specification. The operations
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``math.pow(0.0, -math.inf)`` and ``math.pow(-0.0, -math.inf)`` now return
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``inf``. Previously they raised :exc:`ValueError`. (Contributed by Mark
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Dickinson in :issue:`44339`.)
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operator
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--------
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* A new function ``operator.call`` has been added, such that
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``operator.call(obj, *args, **kwargs) == obj(*args, **kwargs)``.
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(Contributed by Antony Lee in :issue:`44019`.)
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os
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--
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* On Windows, :func:`os.urandom` now uses ``BCryptGenRandom()``,
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instead of ``CryptGenRandom()`` which is deprecated.
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(Contributed by Dong-hee Na in :issue:`44611`.)
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sqlite3
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-------
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* You can now disable the authorizer by passing :const:`None` to
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:meth:`~sqlite3.Connection.set_authorizer`.
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(Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in :issue:`44491`.)
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* Collation name :meth:`~sqlite3.Connection.create_collation` can now
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contain any Unicode character. Collation names with invalid characters
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now raise :exc:`UnicodeEncodeError` instead of :exc:`sqlite3.ProgrammingError`.
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(Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in :issue:`44688`.)
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* :mod:`sqlite3` exceptions now include the SQLite error code as
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:attr:`~sqlite3.Error.sqlite_errorcode` and the SQLite error name as
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:attr:`~sqlite3.Error.sqlite_errorname`.
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(Contributed by Aviv Palivoda, Daniel Shahaf, and Erlend E. Aasland in
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:issue:`16379`.)
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threading
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---------
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* On Unix, if the ``sem_clockwait()`` function is available in the C library
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(glibc 2.30 and newer), the :meth:`threading.Lock.acquire` method now uses
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the monotonic clock (:data:`time.CLOCK_MONOTONIC`) for the timeout, rather
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than using the system clock (:data:`time.CLOCK_REALTIME`), to not be affected
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by system clock changes.
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(Contributed by Livius and Victor Stinner in :issue:`41710`.)
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time
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----
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* On Unix, :func:`time.sleep` now uses the ``clock_nanosleep()`` or
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``nanosleep()`` function, if available, which has a resolution of 1 nanosecond
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(10\ :sup:`-9` seconds), rather than using ``select()`` which has a resolution
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of 1 microsecond (10\ :sup:`-6` seconds).
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(Contributed by Livius and Victor Stinner in :issue:`21302`.)
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* On Windows, :func:`time.sleep` now uses a waitable timer which has a
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resolution of 100 nanoseconds (10\ :sup:`-7` seconds). Previously, it had
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a resolution of 1 millisecond (10\ :sup:`-3` seconds).
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(Contributed by Livius and Victor Stinner in :issue:`21302`.)
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unicodedata
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-----------
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* The Unicode database has been updated to version 14.0.0. (:issue:`45190`).
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Optimizations
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=============
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* Compiler now optimizes simple C-style formatting with literal format
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containing only format codes ``%s``, ``%r`` and ``%a`` and makes it as
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fast as corresponding f-string expression.
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(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`28307`.)
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* "Zero-cost" exceptions are implemented. The cost of ``try`` statements is
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almost eliminated when no exception is raised.
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(Contributed by Mark Shannon in :issue:`40222`.)
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* Method calls with keywords are now faster due to bytecode
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changes which avoid creating bound method instances. Previously, this
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optimization was applied only to method calls with purely positional
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arguments.
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(Contributed by Ken Jin and Mark Shannon in :issue:`26110`, based on ideas
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implemented in PyPy.)
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* Pure ASCII strings are now normalized in constant time by :func:`unicodedata.normalize`.
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(Contributed by Dong-hee Na in :issue:`44987`.)
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CPython bytecode changes
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========================
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* Added a new :opcode:`CALL_METHOD_KW` opcode. Calls a method in a similar
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fashion as :opcode:`CALL_METHOD`, but also supports keyword arguments. Works
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in tandem with :opcode:`LOAD_METHOD`.
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Deprecated
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==========
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* The :mod:`lib2to3` package is now deprecated and may not be able to parse
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Python 3.10 or newer. See the :pep:`617` (New PEG parser for CPython).
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(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`40360`.)
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* :class:`webbrowser.MacOSX` is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.13.
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It is untested and undocumented and also not used by webbrowser itself.
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(Contributed by Dong-hee Na in :issue:`42255`.)
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* The behavior of returning a value from a :class:`~unittest.TestCase` and
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:class:`~unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase` test methods (other than the
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default ``None`` value), is now deprecated.
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* Deprecated the following :mod:`unittest` functions, scheduled for removal in
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Python 3.13:
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* :func:`unittest.findTestCases`
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* :func:`unittest.makeSuite`
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* :func:`unittest.getTestCaseNames`
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Use :class:`~unittest.TestLoader` method instead:
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* :meth:`unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule`
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* :meth:`unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromTestCase`
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* :meth:`unittest.TestLoader.getTestCaseNames`
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(Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in :issue:`5846`.)
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Removed
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=======
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* :class:`smtpd.MailmanProxy` is now removed as it is unusable without
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an external module, ``mailman``. (Contributed by Dong-hee Na in :issue:`35800`.)
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* The ``binhex`` module, deprecated in Python 3.9, is now removed.
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The following :mod:`binascii` functions, deprecated in Python 3.9, are now
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also removed:
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* ``a2b_hqx()``, ``b2a_hqx()``;
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* ``rlecode_hqx()``, ``rledecode_hqx()``.
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The :func:`binascii.crc_hqx` function remains available.
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(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`45085`.)
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* The distutils ``bdist_msi`` command, deprecated in Python 3.9, is now removed.
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Use ``bdist_wheel`` (wheel packages) instead.
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(Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :issue:`45124`.)
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* Due to significant security concerns, the *reuse_address* parameter of
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:meth:`asyncio.loop.create_datagram_endpoint`, disabled in Python 3.9, is
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now entirely removed. This is because of the behavior of the socket option
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``SO_REUSEADDR`` in UDP.
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(Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :issue:`45129`.)
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* Remove :meth:`__getitem__` methods of
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:class:`xml.dom.pulldom.DOMEventStream`, :class:`wsgiref.util.FileWrapper`
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and :class:`fileinput.FileInput`, deprecated since Python 3.9.
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(Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :issue:`45132`.)
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* Removed many old deprecated :mod:`unittest` features:
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- :class:`~unittest.TestCase` method aliases ``failUnlessEqual``,
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``failIfEqual``, ``failUnless``, ``failIf``, ``failUnlessRaises``,
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``failUnlessAlmostEqual``, ``failIfAlmostEqual`` (deprecated in Python 3.1),
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``assertEquals``, ``assertNotEquals``, ``assert_``, ``assertAlmostEquals``,
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``assertNotAlmostEquals``, ``assertRegexpMatches``, ``assertRaisesRegexp``
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(deprecated in Python 3.2), and ``assertNotRegexpMatches`` (deprecated in
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Python 3.5).
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- Undocumented and broken :class:`~unittest.TestCase` method
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``assertDictContainsSubset`` (deprecated in Python 3.2).
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- Undocumented :meth:`<unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule>
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TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule` parameter *use_load_tests* (deprecated
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and ignored since Python 3.2).
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- An alias of the :class:`~unittest.TextTestResult` class:
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``_TextTestResult`` (deprecated in Python 3.2).
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(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`45162`.)
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* The following deprecated functions and methods are removed in the :mod:`gettext`
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module: :func:`~gettext.lgettext`, :func:`~gettext.ldgettext`,
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:func:`~gettext.lngettext` and :func:`~gettext.ldngettext`.
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Function :func:`~gettext.bind_textdomain_codeset`, methods
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:meth:`~gettext.NullTranslations.output_charset` and
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:meth:`~gettext.NullTranslations.set_output_charset`, and the *codeset*
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parameter of functions :func:`~gettext.translation` and
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:func:`~gettext.install` are also removed, since they are only used for
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the ``l*gettext()`` functions.
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(Contributed by Dong-hee Na and Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`44235`.)
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* Remove from the :mod:`configparser` module:
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the :class:`SafeConfigParser` class,
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the :attr:`filename` property of the :class:`ParsingError` class,
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the :meth:`readfp` method of the :class:`ConfigParser` class,
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deprecated since Python 3.2.
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(Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :issue:`45173`.)
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* The :func:`@asyncio.coroutine <asyncio.coroutine>` :term:`decorator` enabling
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legacy generator-based coroutines to be compatible with async/await code.
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The function has been deprecated since Python 3.8 and the removal was
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initially scheduled for Python 3.10. Use :keyword:`async def` instead.
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(Contributed by Illia Volochii in :issue:`43216`.)
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* :class:`asyncio.coroutines.CoroWrapper` used for wrapping legacy
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generator-based coroutine objects in the debug mode.
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(Contributed by Illia Volochii in :issue:`43216`.)
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* Remove the deprecated ``split()`` method of :class:`_tkinter.TkappType`.
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(Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in :issue:`38371`.)
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Porting to Python 3.11
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======================
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This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes
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that may require changes to your code.
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Changes in the Python API
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-------------------------
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* Prohibited passing non-:class:`concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor`
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executors to :meth:`loop.set_default_executor` following a deprecation in
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Python 3.8.
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(Contributed by Illia Volochii in :issue:`43234`.)
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* :func:`open`, :func:`io.open`, :func:`codecs.open` and
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:class:`fileinput.FileInput` no longer accept ``'U'`` ("universal newline")
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in the file mode. This flag was deprecated since Python 3.3. In Python 3, the
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"universal newline" is used by default when a file is open in text mode. The
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:ref:`newline parameter <open-newline-parameter>` of :func:`open` controls
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how universal newlines works.
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(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`37330`.)
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* The :mod:`pdb` module now reads the :file:`.pdbrc` configuration file with
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the ``'utf-8'`` encoding.
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(Contributed by Srinivas Reddy Thatiparthy (శ్రీనివాస్ రెడ్డి తాటిపర్తి) in :issue:`41137`.)
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Build Changes
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=============
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* CPython can now be built with the ThinLTO option via ``--with-lto=thin``.
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(Contributed by Dong-hee Na and Brett Holman in :issue:`44340`.)
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C API Changes
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=============
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New Features
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------------
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* Add a new :c:func:`PyType_GetName` function to get type's short name.
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(Contributed by Hai Shi in :issue:`42035`.)
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* Add a new :c:func:`PyType_GetQualName` function to get type's qualified name.
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(Contributed by Hai Shi in :issue:`42035`.)
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Porting to Python 3.11
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----------------------
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* The old trashcan macros (``Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_BEGIN``/``Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_END``)
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are now deprecated. They should be replaced by the new macros
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``Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN`` and ``Py_TRASHCAN_END``.
|
|
|
|
A tp_dealloc function that has the old macros, such as::
|
|
|
|
static void
|
|
mytype_dealloc(mytype *p)
|
|
{
|
|
PyObject_GC_UnTrack(p);
|
|
Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_BEGIN(p);
|
|
...
|
|
Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_END
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
should migrate to the new macros as follows::
|
|
|
|
static void
|
|
mytype_dealloc(mytype *p)
|
|
{
|
|
PyObject_GC_UnTrack(p);
|
|
Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(p, mytype_dealloc)
|
|
...
|
|
Py_TRASHCAN_END
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
Note that ``Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN`` has a second argument which
|
|
should be the deallocation function it is in.
|
|
|
|
To support older Python versions in the same codebase, you
|
|
can define the following macros and use them throughout
|
|
the code (credit: these were copied from the ``mypy`` codebase)::
|
|
|
|
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION >= 8
|
|
# define CPy_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(op, dealloc) Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(op, dealloc)
|
|
# define CPy_TRASHCAN_END(op) Py_TRASHCAN_END
|
|
#else
|
|
# define CPy_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(op, dealloc) Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_BEGIN(op)
|
|
# define CPy_TRASHCAN_END(op) Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_END(op)
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
* The :c:func:`PyType_Ready` function now raises an error if a type is defined
|
|
with the :const:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag set but has no traverse function
|
|
(:c:member:`PyTypeObject.tp_traverse`).
|
|
(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`44263`.)
|
|
|
|
* Heap types with the :const:`Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE` flag can now inherit
|
|
the :pep:`590` vectorcall protocol. Previously, this was only possible for
|
|
:ref:`static types <static-types>`.
|
|
(Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in :issue:`43908`)
|
|
|
|
* Since :c:func:`Py_TYPE()` is changed to a inline static function,
|
|
``Py_TYPE(obj) = new_type`` must be replaced with
|
|
``Py_SET_TYPE(obj, new_type)``: see the :c:func:`Py_SET_TYPE()` function
|
|
(available since Python 3.9). For backward compatibility, this macro can be
|
|
used::
|
|
|
|
#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A4 && !defined(Py_SET_TYPE)
|
|
static inline void _Py_SET_TYPE(PyObject *ob, PyTypeObject *type)
|
|
{ ob->ob_type = type; }
|
|
#define Py_SET_TYPE(ob, type) _Py_SET_TYPE((PyObject*)(ob), type)
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`39573`.)
|
|
|
|
* Since :c:func:`Py_SIZE()` is changed to a inline static function,
|
|
``Py_SIZE(obj) = new_size`` must be replaced with
|
|
``Py_SET_SIZE(obj, new_size)``: see the :c:func:`Py_SET_SIZE()` function
|
|
(available since Python 3.9). For backward compatibility, this macro can be
|
|
used::
|
|
|
|
#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A4 && !defined(Py_SET_SIZE)
|
|
static inline void _Py_SET_SIZE(PyVarObject *ob, Py_ssize_t size)
|
|
{ ob->ob_size = size; }
|
|
#define Py_SET_SIZE(ob, size) _Py_SET_SIZE((PyVarObject*)(ob), size)
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`39573`.)
|
|
|
|
Deprecated
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
Removed
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
* :c:func:`PyFrame_BlockSetup` and :c:func:`PyFrame_BlockPop` have been
|
|
removed.
|
|
(Contributed by Mark Shannon in :issue:`40222`.)
|
|
|
|
* Deprecate the following functions to configure the Python initialization:
|
|
|
|
* :c:func:`PySys_AddWarnOptionUnicode`
|
|
* :c:func:`PySys_AddWarnOption`
|
|
* :c:func:`PySys_AddXOption`
|
|
* :c:func:`PySys_HasWarnOptions`
|
|
* :c:func:`Py_SetPath`
|
|
* :c:func:`Py_SetProgramName`
|
|
* :c:func:`Py_SetPythonHome`
|
|
* :c:func:`Py_SetStandardStreamEncoding`
|
|
* :c:func:`_Py_SetProgramFullPath`
|
|
|
|
Use the new :c:type:`PyConfig` API of the :ref:`Python Initialization Configuration
|
|
<init-config>` instead (:pep:`587`).
|
|
(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`44113`.)
|