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:mod:`socketserver` --- A framework for network servers
=======================================================
.. module:: socketserver
:synopsis: A framework for network servers.
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/socketserver.py`
--------------
The :mod:`socketserver` module simplifies the task of writing network servers.
There are four basic concrete server classes:
.. class:: TCPServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
This uses the Internet TCP protocol, which provides for
continuous streams of data between the client and server.
If *bind_and_activate* is true, the constructor automatically attempts to
invoke :meth:`~BaseServer.server_bind` and
:meth:`~BaseServer.server_activate`. The other parameters are passed to
the :class:`BaseServer` base class.
.. class:: UDPServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
This uses datagrams, which are discrete packets of information that may
arrive out of order or be lost while in transit. The parameters are
the same as for :class:`TCPServer`.
.. class:: UnixStreamServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
UnixDatagramServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
These more infrequently used classes are similar to the TCP and
UDP classes, but use Unix domain sockets; they're not available on
non-Unix platforms. The parameters are the same as for
:class:`TCPServer`.
These four classes process requests :dfn:`synchronously`; each request must be
completed before the next request can be started. This isn't suitable if each
request takes a long time to complete, because it requires a lot of computation,
or because it returns a lot of data which the client is slow to process. The
solution is to create a separate process or thread to handle each request; the
:class:`ForkingMixIn` and :class:`ThreadingMixIn` mix-in classes can be used to
support asynchronous behaviour.
Creating a server requires several steps. First, you must create a request
handler class by subclassing the :class:`BaseRequestHandler` class and
overriding its :meth:`~BaseRequestHandler.handle` method;
this method will process incoming
requests. Second, you must instantiate one of the server classes, passing it
the server's address and the request handler class. Then call the
:meth:`~BaseServer.handle_request` or
:meth:`~BaseServer.serve_forever` method of the server object to
process one or many requests. Finally, call :meth:`~BaseServer.server_close`
to close the socket.
When inheriting from :class:`ThreadingMixIn` for threaded connection behavior,
you should explicitly declare how you want your threads to behave on an abrupt
shutdown. The :class:`ThreadingMixIn` class defines an attribute
*daemon_threads*, which indicates whether or not the server should wait for
thread termination. You should set the flag explicitly if you would like
threads to behave autonomously; the default is :const:`False`, meaning that
Python will not exit until all threads created by :class:`ThreadingMixIn` have
exited.
Server classes have the same external methods and attributes, no matter what
network protocol they use.
Server Creation Notes
---------------------
There are five classes in an inheritance diagram, four of which represent
synchronous servers of four types::
+------------+
| BaseServer |
+------------+
|
v
+-----------+ +------------------+
| TCPServer |------->| UnixStreamServer |
+-----------+ +------------------+
|
v
+-----------+ +--------------------+
| UDPServer |------->| UnixDatagramServer |
+-----------+ +--------------------+
Note that :class:`UnixDatagramServer` derives from :class:`UDPServer`, not from
:class:`UnixStreamServer` --- the only difference between an IP and a Unix
stream server is the address family, which is simply repeated in both Unix
server classes.
.. class:: ForkingMixIn
ThreadingMixIn
Forking and threading versions of each type of server can be created
using these mix-in classes. For instance, :class:`ThreadingUDPServer`
is created as follows::
class ThreadingUDPServer(ThreadingMixIn, UDPServer):
pass
The mix-in class comes first, since it overrides a method defined in
:class:`UDPServer`. Setting the various attributes also changes the
behavior of the underlying server mechanism.
.. class:: ForkingTCPServer
ForkingUDPServer
ThreadingTCPServer
ThreadingUDPServer
These classes are pre-defined using the mix-in classes.
To implement a service, you must derive a class from :class:`BaseRequestHandler`
and redefine its :meth:`~BaseRequestHandler.handle` method.
You can then run various versions of
the service by combining one of the server classes with your request handler
class. The request handler class must be different for datagram or stream
services. This can be hidden by using the handler subclasses
:class:`StreamRequestHandler` or :class:`DatagramRequestHandler`.
Of course, you still have to use your head! For instance, it makes no sense to
use a forking server if the service contains state in memory that can be
modified by different requests, since the modifications in the child process
would never reach the initial state kept in the parent process and passed to
each child. In this case, you can use a threading server, but you will probably
have to use locks to protect the integrity of the shared data.
On the other hand, if you are building an HTTP server where all data is stored
externally (for instance, in the file system), a synchronous class will
essentially render the service "deaf" while one request is being handled --
which may be for a very long time if a client is slow to receive all the data it
has requested. Here a threading or forking server is appropriate.
In some cases, it may be appropriate to process part of a request synchronously,
but to finish processing in a forked child depending on the request data. This
can be implemented by using a synchronous server and doing an explicit fork in
the request handler class :meth:`~BaseRequestHandler.handle` method.
Another approach to handling multiple simultaneous requests in an environment
that supports neither threads nor :func:`~os.fork` (or where these are too
expensive or inappropriate for the service) is to maintain an explicit table of
partially finished requests and to use :mod:`selectors` to decide which
request to work on next (or whether to handle a new incoming request). This is
particularly important for stream services where each client can potentially be
connected for a long time (if threads or subprocesses cannot be used). See
:mod:`asyncore` for another way to manage this.
.. XXX should data and methods be intermingled, or separate?
how should the distinction between class and instance variables be drawn?
Server Objects
--------------
.. class:: BaseServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
This is the superclass of all Server objects in the module. It defines the
interface, given below, but does not implement most of the methods, which is
done in subclasses. The two parameters are stored in the respective
:attr:`server_address` and :attr:`RequestHandlerClass` attributes.
.. method:: fileno()
Return an integer file descriptor for the socket on which the server is
listening. This function is most commonly passed to :mod:`selectors`, to
allow monitoring multiple servers in the same process.
.. method:: handle_request()
Process a single request. This function calls the following methods in
order: :meth:`get_request`, :meth:`verify_request`, and
:meth:`process_request`. If the user-provided
:meth:`~BaseRequestHandler.handle` method of the
handler class raises an exception, the server's :meth:`handle_error` method
will be called. If no request is received within :attr:`timeout`
seconds, :meth:`handle_timeout` will be called and :meth:`handle_request`
will return.
.. method:: serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
Handle requests until an explicit :meth:`shutdown` request. Poll for
shutdown every *poll_interval* seconds.
Ignores the :attr:`timeout` attribute. It
also calls :meth:`service_actions`, which may be used by a subclass or mixin
to provide actions specific to a given service. For example, the
:class:`ForkingMixIn` class uses :meth:`service_actions` to clean up zombie
child processes.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Added ``service_actions`` call to the ``serve_forever`` method.
.. method:: service_actions()
This is called in the :meth:`serve_forever` loop. This method can be
overridden by subclasses or mixin classes to perform actions specific to
a given service, such as cleanup actions.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. method:: shutdown()
Tell the :meth:`serve_forever` loop to stop and wait until it does.
.. method:: server_close()
Clean up the server. May be overridden.
.. attribute:: address_family
The family of protocols to which the server's socket belongs.
Common examples are :const:`socket.AF_INET` and :const:`socket.AF_UNIX`.
.. attribute:: RequestHandlerClass
The user-provided request handler class; an instance of this class is created
for each request.
.. attribute:: server_address
The address on which the server is listening. The format of addresses varies
depending on the protocol family;
see the documentation for the :mod:`socket` module
for details. For Internet protocols, this is a tuple containing a string giving
the address, and an integer port number: ``('127.0.0.1', 80)``, for example.
.. attribute:: socket
The socket object on which the server will listen for incoming requests.
The server classes support the following class variables:
.. XXX should class variables be covered before instance variables, or vice versa?
.. attribute:: allow_reuse_address
Whether the server will allow the reuse of an address. This defaults to
:const:`False`, and can be set in subclasses to change the policy.
.. attribute:: request_queue_size
The size of the request queue. If it takes a long time to process a single
request, any requests that arrive while the server is busy are placed into a
queue, up to :attr:`request_queue_size` requests. Once the queue is full,
further requests from clients will get a "Connection denied" error. The default
value is usually 5, but this can be overridden by subclasses.
.. attribute:: socket_type
The type of socket used by the server; :const:`socket.SOCK_STREAM` and
:const:`socket.SOCK_DGRAM` are two common values.
.. attribute:: timeout
Timeout duration, measured in seconds, or :const:`None` if no timeout is
desired. If :meth:`handle_request` receives no incoming requests within the
timeout period, the :meth:`handle_timeout` method is called.
There are various server methods that can be overridden by subclasses of base
server classes like :class:`TCPServer`; these methods aren't useful to external
users of the server object.
.. XXX should the default implementations of these be documented, or should
it be assumed that the user will look at socketserver.py?
.. method:: finish_request()
Actually processes the request by instantiating :attr:`RequestHandlerClass` and
calling its :meth:`~BaseRequestHandler.handle` method.
.. method:: get_request()
Must accept a request from the socket, and return a 2-tuple containing the *new*
socket object to be used to communicate with the client, and the client's
address.
.. method:: handle_error(request, client_address)
This function is called if the :meth:`~BaseRequestHandler.handle`
method of a :attr:`RequestHandlerClass` instance raises
an exception. The default action is to print the traceback to
standard error and continue handling further requests.
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
Now only called for exceptions derived from the :exc:`Exception`
class.
.. method:: handle_timeout()
This function is called when the :attr:`timeout` attribute has been set to a
value other than :const:`None` and the timeout period has passed with no
requests being received. The default action for forking servers is
to collect the status of any child processes that have exited, while
in threading servers this method does nothing.
.. method:: process_request(request, client_address)
Calls :meth:`finish_request` to create an instance of the
:attr:`RequestHandlerClass`. If desired, this function can create a new process
or thread to handle the request; the :class:`ForkingMixIn` and
:class:`ThreadingMixIn` classes do this.
.. Is there any point in documenting the following two functions?
What would the purpose of overriding them be: initializing server
instance variables, adding new network families?
.. method:: server_activate()
Called by the server's constructor to activate the server. The default behavior
for a TCP server just invokes :meth:`~socket.socket.listen`
on the server's socket. May be overridden.
.. method:: server_bind()
Called by the server's constructor to bind the socket to the desired address.
May be overridden.
.. method:: verify_request(request, client_address)
Must return a Boolean value; if the value is :const:`True`, the request will
be processed, and if it's :const:`False`, the request will be denied. This
function can be overridden to implement access controls for a server. The
default implementation always returns :const:`True`.
Request Handler Objects
-----------------------
.. class:: BaseRequestHandler
This is the superclass of all request handler objects. It defines
the interface, given below. A concrete request handler subclass must
define a new :meth:`handle` method, and can override any of
the other methods. A new instance of the subclass is created for each
request.
.. method:: setup()
Called before the :meth:`handle` method to perform any initialization actions
required. The default implementation does nothing.
.. method:: handle()
This function must do all the work required to service a request. The
default implementation does nothing. Several instance attributes are
available to it; the request is available as :attr:`self.request`; the client
address as :attr:`self.client_address`; and the server instance as
:attr:`self.server`, in case it needs access to per-server information.
The type of :attr:`self.request` is different for datagram or stream
services. For stream services, :attr:`self.request` is a socket object; for
datagram services, :attr:`self.request` is a pair of string and socket.
.. method:: finish()
Called after the :meth:`handle` method to perform any clean-up actions
required. The default implementation does nothing. If :meth:`setup`
raises an exception, this function will not be called.
.. class:: StreamRequestHandler
DatagramRequestHandler
These :class:`BaseRequestHandler` subclasses override the
:meth:`~BaseRequestHandler.setup` and :meth:`~BaseRequestHandler.finish`
methods, and provide :attr:`self.rfile` and :attr:`self.wfile` attributes.
The :attr:`self.rfile` and :attr:`self.wfile` attributes can be
read or written, respectively, to get the request data or return data
to the client.
Examples
--------
:class:`socketserver.TCPServer` Example
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This is the server side::
import socketserver
class MyTCPHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
"""
The request handler class for our server.
It is instantiated once per connection to the server, and must
override the handle() method to implement communication to the
client.
"""
def handle(self):
# self.request is the TCP socket connected to the client
self.data = self.request.recv(1024).strip()
print("{} wrote:".format(self.client_address[0]))
print(self.data)
# just send back the same data, but upper-cased
self.request.sendall(self.data.upper())
if __name__ == "__main__":
HOST, PORT = "localhost", 9999
# Create the server, binding to localhost on port 9999
server = socketserver.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler)
# Activate the server; this will keep running until you
# interrupt the program with Ctrl-C
server.serve_forever()
An alternative request handler class that makes use of streams (file-like
objects that simplify communication by providing the standard file interface)::
class MyTCPHandler(socketserver.StreamRequestHandler):
def handle(self):
# self.rfile is a file-like object created by the handler;
# we can now use e.g. readline() instead of raw recv() calls
self.data = self.rfile.readline().strip()
print("{} wrote:".format(self.client_address[0]))
print(self.data)
# Likewise, self.wfile is a file-like object used to write back
# to the client
self.wfile.write(self.data.upper())
The difference is that the ``readline()`` call in the second handler will call
``recv()`` multiple times until it encounters a newline character, while the
single ``recv()`` call in the first handler will just return what has been sent
from the client in one ``sendall()`` call.
This is the client side::
import socket
import sys
HOST, PORT = "localhost", 9999
data = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
# Create a socket (SOCK_STREAM means a TCP socket)
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
try:
# Connect to server and send data
sock.connect((HOST, PORT))
sock.sendall(bytes(data + "\n", "utf-8"))
# Receive data from the server and shut down
received = str(sock.recv(1024), "utf-8")
finally:
sock.close()
print("Sent: {}".format(data))
print("Received: {}".format(received))
The output of the example should look something like this:
Server::
$ python TCPServer.py
127.0.0.1 wrote:
b'hello world with TCP'
127.0.0.1 wrote:
b'python is nice'
Client::
$ python TCPClient.py hello world with TCP
Sent: hello world with TCP
Received: HELLO WORLD WITH TCP
$ python TCPClient.py python is nice
Sent: python is nice
Received: PYTHON IS NICE
:class:`socketserver.UDPServer` Example
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This is the server side::
import socketserver
class MyUDPHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
"""
This class works similar to the TCP handler class, except that
self.request consists of a pair of data and client socket, and since
there is no connection the client address must be given explicitly
when sending data back via sendto().
"""
def handle(self):
data = self.request[0].strip()
socket = self.request[1]
print("{} wrote:".format(self.client_address[0]))
print(data)
socket.sendto(data.upper(), self.client_address)
if __name__ == "__main__":
HOST, PORT = "localhost", 9999
server = socketserver.UDPServer((HOST, PORT), MyUDPHandler)
server.serve_forever()
This is the client side::
import socket
import sys
HOST, PORT = "localhost", 9999
data = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
# SOCK_DGRAM is the socket type to use for UDP sockets
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
# As you can see, there is no connect() call; UDP has no connections.
# Instead, data is directly sent to the recipient via sendto().
sock.sendto(bytes(data + "\n", "utf-8"), (HOST, PORT))
received = str(sock.recv(1024), "utf-8")
print("Sent: {}".format(data))
print("Received: {}".format(received))
The output of the example should look exactly like for the TCP server example.
Asynchronous Mixins
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To build asynchronous handlers, use the :class:`ThreadingMixIn` and
:class:`ForkingMixIn` classes.
An example for the :class:`ThreadingMixIn` class::
import socket
import threading
import socketserver
class ThreadedTCPRequestHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
def handle(self):
data = str(self.request.recv(1024), 'ascii')
cur_thread = threading.current_thread()
response = bytes("{}: {}".format(cur_thread.name, data), 'ascii')
self.request.sendall(response)
class ThreadedTCPServer(socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, socketserver.TCPServer):
pass
def client(ip, port, message):
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.connect((ip, port))
try:
sock.sendall(bytes(message, 'ascii'))
response = str(sock.recv(1024), 'ascii')
print("Received: {}".format(response))
finally:
sock.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Port 0 means to select an arbitrary unused port
HOST, PORT = "localhost", 0
server = ThreadedTCPServer((HOST, PORT), ThreadedTCPRequestHandler)
ip, port = server.server_address
# Start a thread with the server -- that thread will then start one
# more thread for each request
server_thread = threading.Thread(target=server.serve_forever)
# Exit the server thread when the main thread terminates
server_thread.daemon = True
server_thread.start()
print("Server loop running in thread:", server_thread.name)
client(ip, port, "Hello World 1")
client(ip, port, "Hello World 2")
client(ip, port, "Hello World 3")
server.shutdown()
server.server_close()
The output of the example should look something like this::
$ python ThreadedTCPServer.py
Server loop running in thread: Thread-1
Received: Thread-2: Hello World 1
Received: Thread-3: Hello World 2
Received: Thread-4: Hello World 3
The :class:`ForkingMixIn` class is used in the same way, except that the server
will spawn a new process for each request.
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