cpython/Lib/webbrowser.py

#! /usr/bin/env python3
"""Interfaces for launching and remotely controlling web browsers."""
# Maintained by Georg Brandl.

import os
import shlex
import shutil
import sys
import subprocess
import threading
import warnings

__all__ = ["Error", "open", "open_new", "open_new_tab", "get", "register"]

class Error(Exception):
    pass

_lock = threading.RLock()
_browsers = {}                  # Dictionary of available browser controllers
_tryorder = None                # Preference order of available browsers
_os_preferred_browser = None    # The preferred browser

def register(name, klass, instance=None, *, preferred=False):
    """Register a browser connector."""
    with _lock:
        if _tryorder is None:
            register_standard_browsers()
        _browsers[name.lower()] = [klass, instance]

        # Preferred browsers go to the front of the list.
        # Need to match to the default browser returned by xdg-settings, which
        # may be of the form e.g. "firefox.desktop".
        if preferred or (_os_preferred_browser and name in _os_preferred_browser):
            _tryorder.insert(0, name)
        else:
            _tryorder.append(name)

def get(using=None):
    """Return a browser launcher instance appropriate for the environment."""
    if _tryorder is None:
        with _lock:
            if _tryorder is None:
                register_standard_browsers()
    if using is not None:
        alternatives = [using]
    else:
        alternatives = _tryorder
    for browser in alternatives:
        if '%s' in browser:
            # User gave us a command line, split it into name and args
            browser = shlex.split(browser)
            if browser[-1] == '&':
                return BackgroundBrowser(browser[:-1])
            else:
                return GenericBrowser(browser)
        else:
            # User gave us a browser name or path.
            try:
                command = _browsers[browser.lower()]
            except KeyError:
                command = _synthesize(browser)
            if command[1] is not None:
                return command[1]
            elif command[0] is not None:
                return command[0]()
    raise Error("could not locate runnable browser")

# Please note: the following definition hides a builtin function.
# It is recommended one does "import webbrowser" and uses webbrowser.open(url)
# instead of "from webbrowser import *".

def open(url, new=0, autoraise=True):
    """Display url using the default browser.

    If possible, open url in a location determined by new.
    - 0: the same browser window (the default).
    - 1: a new browser window.
    - 2: a new browser page ("tab").
    If possible, autoraise raises the window (the default) or not.
    """
    if _tryorder is None:
        with _lock:
            if _tryorder is None:
                register_standard_browsers()
    for name in _tryorder:
        browser = get(name)
        if browser.open(url, new, autoraise):
            return True
    return False

def open_new(url):
    """Open url in a new window of the default browser.

    If not possible, then open url in the only browser window.
    """
    return open(url, 1)

def open_new_tab(url):
    """Open url in a new page ("tab") of the default browser.

    If not possible, then the behavior becomes equivalent to open_new().
    """
    return open(url, 2)


def _synthesize(browser, *, preferred=False):
    """Attempt to synthesize a controller based on existing controllers.

    This is useful to create a controller when a user specifies a path to
    an entry in the BROWSER environment variable -- we can copy a general
    controller to operate using a specific installation of the desired
    browser in this way.

    If we can't create a controller in this way, or if there is no
    executable for the requested browser, return [None, None].

    """
    cmd = browser.split()[0]
    if not shutil.which(cmd):
        return [None, None]
    name = os.path.basename(cmd)
    try:
        command = _browsers[name.lower()]
    except KeyError:
        return [None, None]
    # now attempt to clone to fit the new name:
    controller = command[1]
    if controller and name.lower() == controller.basename:
        import copy
        controller = copy.copy(controller)
        controller.name = browser
        controller.basename = os.path.basename(browser)
        register(browser, None, instance=controller, preferred=preferred)
        return [None, controller]
    return [None, None]


# General parent classes

class BaseBrowser(object):
    """Parent class for all browsers. Do not use directly."""

    args = ['%s']

    def __init__(self, name=""):
        self.name = name
        self.basename = name

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def open_new(self, url):
        return self.open(url, 1)

    def open_new_tab(self, url):
        return self.open(url, 2)


class GenericBrowser(BaseBrowser):
    """Class for all browsers started with a command
       and without remote functionality."""

    def __init__(self, name):
        if isinstance(name, str):
            self.name = name
            self.args = ["%s"]
        else:
            # name should be a list with arguments
            self.name = name[0]
            self.args = name[1:]
        self.basename = os.path.basename(self.name)

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
        cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
                                 for arg in self.args]
        try:
            if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
                p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
            else:
                p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True)
            return not p.wait()
        except OSError:
            return False


class BackgroundBrowser(GenericBrowser):
    """Class for all browsers which are to be started in the
       background."""

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
                                 for arg in self.args]
        sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
        try:
            if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
                p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
            else:
                p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True,
                                     start_new_session=True)
            return (p.poll() is None)
        except OSError:
            return False


class UnixBrowser(BaseBrowser):
    """Parent class for all Unix browsers with remote functionality."""

    raise_opts = None
    background = False
    redirect_stdout = True
    # In remote_args, %s will be replaced with the requested URL.  %action will
    # be replaced depending on the value of 'new' passed to open.
    # remote_action is used for new=0 (open).  If newwin is not None, it is
    # used for new=1 (open_new).  If newtab is not None, it is used for
    # new=3 (open_new_tab).  After both substitutions are made, any empty
    # strings in the transformed remote_args list will be removed.
    remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
    remote_action = None
    remote_action_newwin = None
    remote_action_newtab = None

    def _invoke(self, args, remote, autoraise, url=None):
        raise_opt = []
        if remote and self.raise_opts:
            # use autoraise argument only for remote invocation
            autoraise = int(autoraise)
            opt = self.raise_opts[autoraise]
            if opt: raise_opt = [opt]

        cmdline = [self.name] + raise_opt + args

        if remote or self.background:
            inout = subprocess.DEVNULL
        else:
            # for TTY browsers, we need stdin/out
            inout = None
        p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, stdin=inout,
                             stdout=(self.redirect_stdout and inout or None),
                             stderr=inout, start_new_session=True)
        if remote:
            # wait at most five seconds. If the subprocess is not finished, the
            # remote invocation has (hopefully) started a new instance.
            try:
                rc = p.wait(5)
                # if remote call failed, open() will try direct invocation
                return not rc
            except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
                return True
        elif self.background:
            if p.poll() is None:
                return True
            else:
                return False
        else:
            return not p.wait()

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
        if new == 0:
            action = self.remote_action
        elif new == 1:
            action = self.remote_action_newwin
        elif new == 2:
            if self.remote_action_newtab is None:
                action = self.remote_action_newwin
            else:
                action = self.remote_action_newtab
        else:
            raise Error("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); " +
                        "expected 0, 1, or 2, got %s" % new)

        args = [arg.replace("%s", url).replace("%action", action)
                for arg in self.remote_args]
        args = [arg for arg in args if arg]
        success = self._invoke(args, True, autoraise, url)
        if not success:
            # remote invocation failed, try straight way
            args = [arg.replace("%s", url) for arg in self.args]
            return self._invoke(args, False, False)
        else:
            return True


class Mozilla(UnixBrowser):
    """Launcher class for Mozilla browsers."""

    remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
    remote_action = ""
    remote_action_newwin = "-new-window"
    remote_action_newtab = "-new-tab"
    background = True


class Netscape(UnixBrowser):
    """Launcher class for Netscape browser."""

    raise_opts = ["-noraise", "-raise"]
    remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
    remote_action = ""
    remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
    remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
    background = True


class Galeon(UnixBrowser):
    """Launcher class for Galeon/Epiphany browsers."""

    raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""]
    remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
    remote_action = "-n"
    remote_action_newwin = "-w"
    background = True


class Chrome(UnixBrowser):
    "Launcher class for Google Chrome browser."

    remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
    remote_action = ""
    remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
    remote_action_newtab = ""
    background = True

Chromium = Chrome


class Opera(UnixBrowser):
    "Launcher class for Opera browser."

    remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
    remote_action = ""
    remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
    remote_action_newtab = ""
    background = True


class Elinks(UnixBrowser):
    "Launcher class for Elinks browsers."

    remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
    remote_action = ""
    remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
    remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
    background = False

    # elinks doesn't like its stdout to be redirected -
    # it uses redirected stdout as a signal to do -dump
    redirect_stdout = False


class Konqueror(BaseBrowser):
    """Controller for the KDE File Manager (kfm, or Konqueror).

    See the output of ``kfmclient --commands``
    for more information on the Konqueror remote-control interface.
    """

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
        # XXX Currently I know no way to prevent KFM from opening a new win.
        if new == 2:
            action = "newTab"
        else:
            action = "openURL"

        devnull = subprocess.DEVNULL

        try:
            p = subprocess.Popen(["kfmclient", action, url],
                                 close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
                                 stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
        except OSError:
            # fall through to next variant
            pass
        else:
            p.wait()
            # kfmclient's return code unfortunately has no meaning as it seems
            return True

        try:
            p = subprocess.Popen(["konqueror", "--silent", url],
                                 close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
                                 stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
                                 start_new_session=True)
        except OSError:
            # fall through to next variant
            pass
        else:
            if p.poll() is None:
                # Should be running now.
                return True

        try:
            p = subprocess.Popen(["kfm", "-d", url],
                                 close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
                                 stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
                                 start_new_session=True)
        except OSError:
            return False
        else:
            return (p.poll() is None)


class Grail(BaseBrowser):
    # There should be a way to maintain a connection to Grail, but the
    # Grail remote control protocol doesn't really allow that at this
    # point.  It probably never will!
    def _find_grail_rc(self):
        import glob
        import pwd
        import socket
        import tempfile
        tempdir = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(),
                               ".grail-unix")
        user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
        filename = os.path.join(glob.escape(tempdir), glob.escape(user) + "-*")
        maybes = glob.glob(filename)
        if not maybes:
            return None
        s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        for fn in maybes:
            # need to PING each one until we find one that's live
            try:
                s.connect(fn)
            except OSError:
                # no good; attempt to clean it out, but don't fail:
                try:
                    os.unlink(fn)
                except OSError:
                    pass
            else:
                return s

    def _remote(self, action):
        s = self._find_grail_rc()
        if not s:
            return 0
        s.send(action)
        s.close()
        return 1

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
        if new:
            ok = self._remote("LOADNEW " + url)
        else:
            ok = self._remote("LOAD " + url)
        return ok


#
# Platform support for Unix
#

# These are the right tests because all these Unix browsers require either
# a console terminal or an X display to run.

def register_X_browsers():

    # use xdg-open if around
    if shutil.which("xdg-open"):
        register("xdg-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("xdg-open"))

    # The default GNOME3 browser
    if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and shutil.which("gvfs-open"):
        register("gvfs-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gvfs-open"))

    # The default GNOME browser
    if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and shutil.which("gnome-open"):
        register("gnome-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gnome-open"))

    # The default KDE browser
    if "KDE_FULL_SESSION" in os.environ and shutil.which("kfmclient"):
        register("kfmclient", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfmclient"))

    if shutil.which("x-www-browser"):
        register("x-www-browser", None, BackgroundBrowser("x-www-browser"))

    # The Mozilla browsers
    for browser in ("firefox", "iceweasel", "iceape", "seamonkey"):
        if shutil.which(browser):
            register(browser, None, Mozilla(browser))

    # The Netscape and old Mozilla browsers
    for browser in ("mozilla-firefox",
                    "mozilla-firebird", "firebird",
                    "mozilla", "netscape"):
        if shutil.which(browser):
            register(browser, None, Netscape(browser))

    # Konqueror/kfm, the KDE browser.
    if shutil.which("kfm"):
        register("kfm", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfm"))
    elif shutil.which("konqueror"):
        register("konqueror", Konqueror, Konqueror("konqueror"))

    # Gnome's Galeon and Epiphany
    for browser in ("galeon", "epiphany"):
        if shutil.which(browser):
            register(browser, None, Galeon(browser))

    # Skipstone, another Gtk/Mozilla based browser
    if shutil.which("skipstone"):
        register("skipstone", None, BackgroundBrowser("skipstone"))

    # Google Chrome/Chromium browsers
    for browser in ("google-chrome", "chrome", "chromium", "chromium-browser"):
        if shutil.which(browser):
            register(browser, None, Chrome(browser))

    # Opera, quite popular
    if shutil.which("opera"):
        register("opera", None, Opera("opera"))

    # Next, Mosaic -- old but still in use.
    if shutil.which("mosaic"):
        register("mosaic", None, BackgroundBrowser("mosaic"))

    # Grail, the Python browser. Does anybody still use it?
    if shutil.which("grail"):
        register("grail", Grail, None)

def register_standard_browsers():
    global _tryorder
    _tryorder = []

    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
        register("MacOSX", None, MacOSXOSAScript('default'))
        register("chrome", None, MacOSXOSAScript('chrome'))
        register("firefox", None, MacOSXOSAScript('firefox'))
        register("safari", None, MacOSXOSAScript('safari'))
        # OS X can use below Unix support (but we prefer using the OS X
        # specific stuff)

    if sys.platform == "serenityos":
        # SerenityOS webbrowser, simply called "Browser".
        register("Browser", None, BackgroundBrowser("Browser"))

    if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
        # First try to use the default Windows browser
        register("windows-default", WindowsDefault)

        # Detect some common Windows browsers, fallback to IE
        iexplore = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES", "C:\\Program Files"),
                                "Internet Explorer\\IEXPLORE.EXE")
        for browser in ("firefox", "firebird", "seamonkey", "mozilla",
                        "netscape", "opera", iexplore):
            if shutil.which(browser):
                register(browser, None, BackgroundBrowser(browser))
    else:
        # Prefer X browsers if present
        if os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY"):
            try:
                cmd = "xdg-settings get default-web-browser".split()
                raw_result = subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
                result = raw_result.decode().strip()
            except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.CalledProcessError, PermissionError, NotADirectoryError) :
                pass
            else:
                global _os_preferred_browser
                _os_preferred_browser = result

            register_X_browsers()

        # Also try console browsers
        if os.environ.get("TERM"):
            if shutil.which("www-browser"):
                register("www-browser", None, GenericBrowser("www-browser"))
            # The Links/elinks browsers <http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/links/>
            if shutil.which("links"):
                register("links", None, GenericBrowser("links"))
            if shutil.which("elinks"):
                register("elinks", None, Elinks("elinks"))
            # The Lynx browser <http://lynx.isc.org/>, <http://lynx.browser.org/>
            if shutil.which("lynx"):
                register("lynx", None, GenericBrowser("lynx"))
            # The w3m browser <http://w3m.sourceforge.net/>
            if shutil.which("w3m"):
                register("w3m", None, GenericBrowser("w3m"))

    # OK, now that we know what the default preference orders for each
    # platform are, allow user to override them with the BROWSER variable.
    if "BROWSER" in os.environ:
        userchoices = os.environ["BROWSER"].split(os.pathsep)
        userchoices.reverse()

        # Treat choices in same way as if passed into get() but do register
        # and prepend to _tryorder
        for cmdline in userchoices:
            if cmdline != '':
                cmd = _synthesize(cmdline, preferred=True)
                if cmd[1] is None:
                    register(cmdline, None, GenericBrowser(cmdline), preferred=True)

    # what to do if _tryorder is now empty?


#
# Platform support for Windows
#

if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
    class WindowsDefault(BaseBrowser):
        def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
            sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
            try:
                os.startfile(url)
            except OSError:
                # [Error 22] No application is associated with the specified
                # file for this operation: '<URL>'
                return False
            else:
                return True

#
# Platform support for MacOS
#

if sys.platform == 'darwin':
    # Adapted from patch submitted to SourceForge by Steven J. Burr
    class MacOSX(BaseBrowser):
        """Launcher class for Aqua browsers on Mac OS X

        Optionally specify a browser name on instantiation.  Note that this
        will not work for Aqua browsers if the user has moved the application
        package after installation.

        If no browser is specified, the default browser, as specified in the
        Internet System Preferences panel, will be used.
        """
        def __init__(self, name):
            warnings.warn(f'{self.__class__.__name__} is deprecated in 3.11'
                          ' use MacOSXOSAScript instead.', DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
            self.name = name

        def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
            sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
            assert "'" not in url
            # hack for local urls
            if not ':' in url:
                url = 'file:'+url

            # new must be 0 or 1
            new = int(bool(new))
            if self.name == "default":
                # User called open, open_new or get without a browser parameter
                script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
            else:
                # User called get and chose a browser
                if self.name == "OmniWeb":
                    toWindow = ""
                else:
                    # Include toWindow parameter of OpenURL command for browsers
                    # that support it.  0 == new window; -1 == existing
                    toWindow = "toWindow %d" % (new - 1)
                cmd = 'OpenURL "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22')
                script = '''tell application "%s"
                                activate
                                %s %s
                            end tell''' % (self.name, cmd, toWindow)
            # Open pipe to AppleScript through osascript command
            osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
            if osapipe is None:
                return False
            # Write script to osascript's stdin
            osapipe.write(script)
            rc = osapipe.close()
            return not rc

    class MacOSXOSAScript(BaseBrowser):
        def __init__(self, name):
            self._name = name

        def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
            if self._name == 'default':
                script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
            else:
                script = '''
                   tell application "%s"
                       activate
                       open location "%s"
                   end
                   '''%(self._name, url.replace('"', '%22'))

            osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
            if osapipe is None:
                return False

            osapipe.write(script)
            rc = osapipe.close()
            return not rc


def main():
    import getopt
    usage = """Usage: %s [-n | -t] url
    -n: open new window
    -t: open new tab""" % sys.argv[0]
    try:
        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'ntd')
    except getopt.error as msg:
        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
        print(usage, file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)
    new_win = 0
    for o, a in opts:
        if o == '-n': new_win = 1
        elif o == '-t': new_win = 2
    if len(args) != 1:
        print(usage, file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)

    url = args[0]
    open(url, new_win)

    print("\a")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()