mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
957 lines
26 KiB
Python
957 lines
26 KiB
Python
# LogoMation-like turtle graphics
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to
|
|
kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed
|
|
by Wally Feurzeig and Seymour Papert in 1966.
|
|
|
|
Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. Give it
|
|
the command turtle.forward(15), and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in
|
|
the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the
|
|
command turtle.left(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.
|
|
|
|
By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and
|
|
pictures can easily be drawn.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
from math import * # Also for export
|
|
from time import sleep
|
|
import tkinter
|
|
|
|
speeds = ['fastest', 'fast', 'normal', 'slow', 'slowest']
|
|
|
|
class Error(Exception):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
class RawPen:
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, canvas):
|
|
self._canvas = canvas
|
|
self._items = []
|
|
self._tracing = 1
|
|
self._arrow = 0
|
|
self._delay = 10 # default delay for drawing
|
|
self._angle = 0.0
|
|
self.degrees()
|
|
self.reset()
|
|
|
|
def degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0):
|
|
""" Set angle measurement units to degrees.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.degrees()
|
|
"""
|
|
# Don't try to change _angle if it is 0, because
|
|
# _fullcircle might not be set, yet
|
|
if self._angle:
|
|
self._angle = (self._angle / self._fullcircle) * fullcircle
|
|
self._fullcircle = fullcircle
|
|
self._invradian = pi / (fullcircle * 0.5)
|
|
|
|
def radians(self):
|
|
""" Set the angle measurement units to radians.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.radians()
|
|
"""
|
|
self.degrees(2.0*pi)
|
|
|
|
def reset(self):
|
|
""" Clear the screen, re-center the pen, and set variables to
|
|
the default values.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[0.0, -22.0]
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
100.0
|
|
>>> turtle.reset()
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[0.0, 0.0]
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
0.0
|
|
"""
|
|
canvas = self._canvas
|
|
self._canvas.update()
|
|
width = canvas.winfo_width()
|
|
height = canvas.winfo_height()
|
|
if width <= 1:
|
|
width = canvas['width']
|
|
if height <= 1:
|
|
height = canvas['height']
|
|
self._origin = float(width)/2.0, float(height)/2.0
|
|
self._position = self._origin
|
|
self._angle = 0.0
|
|
self._drawing = 1
|
|
self._width = 1
|
|
self._color = "black"
|
|
self._filling = 0
|
|
self._path = []
|
|
self.clear()
|
|
canvas._root().tkraise()
|
|
|
|
def clear(self):
|
|
""" Clear the screen. The turtle does not move.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.clear()
|
|
"""
|
|
self.fill(0)
|
|
canvas = self._canvas
|
|
items = self._items
|
|
self._items = []
|
|
for item in items:
|
|
canvas.delete(item)
|
|
self._delete_turtle()
|
|
self._draw_turtle()
|
|
|
|
def tracer(self, flag):
|
|
""" Set tracing on if flag is True, and off if it is False.
|
|
Tracing means line are drawn more slowly, with an
|
|
animation of an arrow along the line.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.tracer(False) # turns off Tracer
|
|
"""
|
|
self._tracing = flag
|
|
if not self._tracing:
|
|
self._delete_turtle()
|
|
self._draw_turtle()
|
|
|
|
def forward(self, distance):
|
|
""" Go forward distance steps.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[0.0, 0.0]
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(25)
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[25.0, 0.0]
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[-50.0, 0.0]
|
|
"""
|
|
x0, y0 = start = self._position
|
|
x1 = x0 + distance * cos(self._angle*self._invradian)
|
|
y1 = y0 - distance * sin(self._angle*self._invradian)
|
|
self._goto(x1, y1)
|
|
|
|
def backward(self, distance):
|
|
""" Go backwards distance steps.
|
|
|
|
The turtle's heading does not change.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[0.0, 0.0]
|
|
>>> turtle.backward(30)
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[-30.0, 0.0]
|
|
"""
|
|
self.forward(-distance)
|
|
|
|
def left(self, angle):
|
|
""" Turn left angle units (units are by default degrees,
|
|
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
|
|
|
|
When viewed from above, the turning happens in-place around
|
|
its front tip.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
22
|
|
>>> turtle.left(45)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
67.0
|
|
"""
|
|
self._angle = (self._angle + angle) % self._fullcircle
|
|
self._draw_turtle()
|
|
|
|
def right(self, angle):
|
|
""" Turn right angle units (units are by default degrees,
|
|
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
|
|
|
|
When viewed from above, the turning happens in-place around
|
|
its front tip.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
22
|
|
>>> turtle.right(45)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
337.0
|
|
"""
|
|
self.left(-angle)
|
|
|
|
def up(self):
|
|
""" Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.up()
|
|
"""
|
|
self._drawing = 0
|
|
|
|
def down(self):
|
|
""" Put the pen down -- draw when moving.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.down()
|
|
"""
|
|
self._drawing = 1
|
|
|
|
def width(self, width):
|
|
""" Set the line to thickness to width.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.width(10)
|
|
"""
|
|
self._width = float(width)
|
|
|
|
def color(self, *args):
|
|
""" Set the pen color.
|
|
|
|
Three input formats are allowed:
|
|
|
|
color(s)
|
|
s is a Tk specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
|
|
|
|
color((r, g, b))
|
|
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
|
|
and each of r, g, and b are in the range [0..1]
|
|
|
|
color(r, g, b)
|
|
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
|
|
are in the range [0..1]
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
>>> turtle.color('brown')
|
|
>>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
|
|
>>> turtle.color(tup)
|
|
>>> turtle.color(0, .5, 0)
|
|
"""
|
|
if not args:
|
|
raise Error("no color arguments")
|
|
if len(args) == 1:
|
|
color = args[0]
|
|
if type(color) == type(""):
|
|
# Test the color first
|
|
try:
|
|
id = self._canvas.create_line(0, 0, 0, 0, fill=color)
|
|
except tkinter.TclError:
|
|
raise Error("bad color string: %r" % (color,))
|
|
self._set_color(color)
|
|
return
|
|
try:
|
|
r, g, b = color
|
|
except:
|
|
raise Error("bad color sequence: %r" % (color,))
|
|
else:
|
|
try:
|
|
r, g, b = args
|
|
except:
|
|
raise Error("bad color arguments: %r" % (args,))
|
|
assert 0 <= r <= 1
|
|
assert 0 <= g <= 1
|
|
assert 0 <= b <= 1
|
|
x = 255.0
|
|
y = 0.5
|
|
self._set_color("#%02x%02x%02x" % (int(r*x+y), int(g*x+y), int(b*x+y)))
|
|
|
|
def _set_color(self,color):
|
|
self._color = color
|
|
self._draw_turtle()
|
|
|
|
def write(self, text, move=False):
|
|
""" Write text at the current pen position.
|
|
|
|
If move is true, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner
|
|
of the text. By default, move is False.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.write('The race is on!')
|
|
>>> turtle.write('Home = (0, 0)', True)
|
|
"""
|
|
x, y = self._position
|
|
x = x-1 # correction -- calibrated for Windows
|
|
item = self._canvas.create_text(x, y,
|
|
text=str(text), anchor="sw",
|
|
fill=self._color)
|
|
self._items.append(item)
|
|
if move:
|
|
x0, y0, x1, y1 = self._canvas.bbox(item)
|
|
self._goto(x1, y1)
|
|
self._draw_turtle()
|
|
|
|
def fill(self, flag):
|
|
""" Call fill(1) before drawing the shape you
|
|
want to fill, and fill(0) when done.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.fill(1)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.fill(0)
|
|
"""
|
|
if self._filling:
|
|
path = tuple(self._path)
|
|
smooth = self._filling < 0
|
|
if len(path) > 2:
|
|
item = self._canvas._create('polygon', path,
|
|
{'fill': self._color,
|
|
'smooth': smooth})
|
|
self._items.append(item)
|
|
self._path = []
|
|
self._filling = flag
|
|
if flag:
|
|
self._path.append(self._position)
|
|
|
|
def begin_fill(self):
|
|
""" Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
|
|
Must eventually be followed by a corresponding end_fill() call.
|
|
Otherwise it will be ignored.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.end_fill()
|
|
"""
|
|
self._path = [self._position]
|
|
self._filling = 1
|
|
|
|
def end_fill(self):
|
|
""" Called after drawing a shape to be filled.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.end_fill()
|
|
"""
|
|
self.fill(0)
|
|
|
|
def circle(self, radius, extent = None):
|
|
""" Draw a circle with given radius.
|
|
The center is radius units left of the turtle; extent
|
|
determines which part of the circle is drawn. If not given,
|
|
the entire circle is drawn.
|
|
|
|
If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
|
|
current pen position. The arc is drawn in a counter clockwise
|
|
direction if radius is positive, otherwise in a clockwise
|
|
direction. In the process, the direction of the turtle is
|
|
changed by the amount of the extent.
|
|
|
|
>>> turtle.circle(50)
|
|
>>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # half a circle
|
|
"""
|
|
if extent is None:
|
|
extent = self._fullcircle
|
|
frac = abs(extent)/self._fullcircle
|
|
steps = 1+int(min(11+abs(radius)/6.0, 59.0)*frac)
|
|
w = 1.0 * extent / steps
|
|
w2 = 0.5 * w
|
|
l = 2.0 * radius * sin(w2*self._invradian)
|
|
if radius < 0:
|
|
l, w, w2 = -l, -w, -w2
|
|
self.left(w2)
|
|
for i in range(steps):
|
|
self.forward(l)
|
|
self.left(w)
|
|
self.right(w2)
|
|
|
|
def heading(self):
|
|
""" Return the turtle's current heading.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
67.0
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._angle
|
|
|
|
def setheading(self, angle):
|
|
""" Set the turtle facing the given angle.
|
|
|
|
Here are some common directions in degrees:
|
|
|
|
0 - east
|
|
90 - north
|
|
180 - west
|
|
270 - south
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
90
|
|
>>> turtle.setheading(128)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
128
|
|
"""
|
|
self._angle = angle
|
|
self._draw_turtle()
|
|
|
|
def window_width(self):
|
|
""" Returns the width of the turtle window.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.window_width()
|
|
640
|
|
"""
|
|
width = self._canvas.winfo_width()
|
|
if width <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager
|
|
width = self._canvas['width']
|
|
return width
|
|
|
|
def window_height(self):
|
|
""" Return the height of the turtle window.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.window_height()
|
|
768
|
|
"""
|
|
height = self._canvas.winfo_height()
|
|
if height <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager
|
|
height = self._canvas['height']
|
|
return height
|
|
|
|
def position(self):
|
|
""" Return the current (x, y) location of the turtle.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[0.0, 240.0]
|
|
"""
|
|
x0, y0 = self._origin
|
|
x1, y1 = self._position
|
|
return [x1-x0, -y1+y0]
|
|
|
|
def setx(self, xpos):
|
|
""" Set the turtle's x coordinate to be xpos.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[10.0, 240.0]
|
|
>>> turtle.setx(10)
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[10.0, 240.0]
|
|
"""
|
|
x0, y0 = self._origin
|
|
x1, y1 = self._position
|
|
self._goto(x0+xpos, y1)
|
|
|
|
def sety(self, ypos):
|
|
""" Set the turtle's y coordinate to be ypos.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[0.0, 0.0]
|
|
>>> turtle.sety(-22)
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[0.0, -22.0]
|
|
"""
|
|
x0, y0 = self._origin
|
|
x1, y1 = self._position
|
|
self._goto(x1, y0-ypos)
|
|
|
|
def towards(self, *args):
|
|
"""Returs the angle, which corresponds to the line
|
|
from turtle-position to point (x,y).
|
|
|
|
Argument can be two coordinates or one pair of coordinates
|
|
or a RawPen/Pen instance.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[10.0, 10.0]
|
|
>>> turtle.towards(0,0)
|
|
225.0
|
|
"""
|
|
if len(args) == 2:
|
|
x, y = args
|
|
else:
|
|
arg = args[0]
|
|
if isinstance(arg, RawPen):
|
|
x, y = arg.position()
|
|
else:
|
|
x, y = arg
|
|
x0, y0 = self.position()
|
|
dx = x - x0
|
|
dy = y - y0
|
|
return (atan2(dy,dx) / self._invradian) % self._fullcircle
|
|
|
|
def goto(self, *args):
|
|
""" Go to the given point.
|
|
|
|
If the pen is down, then a line will be drawn. The turtle's
|
|
orientation does not change.
|
|
|
|
Two input formats are accepted:
|
|
|
|
goto(x, y)
|
|
go to point (x, y)
|
|
|
|
goto((x, y))
|
|
go to point (x, y)
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[0.0, 0.0]
|
|
>>> turtle.goto(50, -45)
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
[50.0, -45.0]
|
|
"""
|
|
if len(args) == 1:
|
|
try:
|
|
x, y = args[0]
|
|
except:
|
|
raise Error("bad point argument: %r" % (args[0],))
|
|
else:
|
|
try:
|
|
x, y = args
|
|
except:
|
|
raise Error("bad coordinates: %r" % (args[0],))
|
|
x0, y0 = self._origin
|
|
self._goto(x0+x, y0-y)
|
|
|
|
def _goto(self, x1, y1):
|
|
x0, y0 = self._position
|
|
self._position = (float(x1), float(y1))
|
|
if self._filling:
|
|
self._path.append(self._position)
|
|
if self._drawing:
|
|
if self._tracing:
|
|
dx = float(x1 - x0)
|
|
dy = float(y1 - y0)
|
|
distance = hypot(dx, dy)
|
|
nhops = int(distance)
|
|
item = self._canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x0, y0,
|
|
width=self._width,
|
|
capstyle="round",
|
|
fill=self._color)
|
|
try:
|
|
for i in range(1, 1+nhops):
|
|
x, y = x0 + dx*i/nhops, y0 + dy*i/nhops
|
|
self._canvas.coords(item, x0, y0, x, y)
|
|
self._draw_turtle((x,y))
|
|
self._canvas.update()
|
|
self._canvas.after(self._delay)
|
|
# in case nhops==0
|
|
self._canvas.coords(item, x0, y0, x1, y1)
|
|
self._canvas.itemconfigure(item, arrow="none")
|
|
except tkinter.TclError:
|
|
# Probably the window was closed!
|
|
return
|
|
else:
|
|
item = self._canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1,
|
|
width=self._width,
|
|
capstyle="round",
|
|
fill=self._color)
|
|
self._items.append(item)
|
|
self._draw_turtle()
|
|
|
|
def speed(self, speed):
|
|
""" Set the turtle's speed.
|
|
|
|
speed must one of these five strings:
|
|
|
|
'fastest' is a 0 ms delay
|
|
'fast' is a 5 ms delay
|
|
'normal' is a 10 ms delay
|
|
'slow' is a 15 ms delay
|
|
'slowest' is a 20 ms delay
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.speed('slow')
|
|
"""
|
|
try:
|
|
speed = speed.strip().lower()
|
|
self._delay = speeds.index(speed) * 5
|
|
except:
|
|
raise ValueError("%r is not a valid speed. speed must be "
|
|
"one of %s" % (speed, speeds))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def delay(self, delay):
|
|
""" Set the drawing delay in milliseconds.
|
|
|
|
This is intended to allow finer control of the drawing speed
|
|
than the speed() method
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> turtle.delay(15)
|
|
"""
|
|
if int(delay) < 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("delay must be greater than or equal to 0")
|
|
self._delay = int(delay)
|
|
|
|
def _draw_turtle(self, position=[]):
|
|
if not self._tracing:
|
|
self._canvas.update()
|
|
return
|
|
if position == []:
|
|
position = self._position
|
|
x,y = position
|
|
distance = 8
|
|
dx = distance * cos(self._angle*self._invradian)
|
|
dy = distance * sin(self._angle*self._invradian)
|
|
self._delete_turtle()
|
|
self._arrow = self._canvas.create_line(x-dx,y+dy,x,y,
|
|
width=self._width,
|
|
arrow="last",
|
|
capstyle="round",
|
|
fill=self._color)
|
|
self._canvas.update()
|
|
|
|
def _delete_turtle(self):
|
|
if self._arrow != 0:
|
|
self._canvas.delete(self._arrow)
|
|
self._arrow = 0
|
|
|
|
|
|
_root = None
|
|
_canvas = None
|
|
_pen = None
|
|
_width = 0.50 # 50% of window width
|
|
_height = 0.75 # 75% of window height
|
|
_startx = None
|
|
_starty = None
|
|
_title = "Turtle Graphics" # default title
|
|
|
|
class Pen(RawPen):
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self):
|
|
global _root, _canvas
|
|
if _root is None:
|
|
_root = tkinter.Tk()
|
|
_root.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self._destroy)
|
|
_root.title(_title)
|
|
|
|
if _canvas is None:
|
|
# XXX Should have scroll bars
|
|
_canvas = tkinter.Canvas(_root, background="white")
|
|
_canvas.pack(expand=1, fill="both")
|
|
|
|
setup(width=_width, height= _height, startx=_startx, starty=_starty)
|
|
|
|
RawPen.__init__(self, _canvas)
|
|
|
|
def _destroy(self):
|
|
global _root, _canvas, _pen
|
|
root = self._canvas._root()
|
|
if root is _root:
|
|
_pen = None
|
|
_root = None
|
|
_canvas = None
|
|
root.destroy()
|
|
|
|
def _getpen():
|
|
global _pen
|
|
if not _pen:
|
|
_pen = Pen()
|
|
return _pen
|
|
|
|
class Turtle(Pen):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
"""For documentation of the following functions see
|
|
the RawPen methods with the same names
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
def degrees(): _getpen().degrees()
|
|
def radians(): _getpen().radians()
|
|
def reset(): _getpen().reset()
|
|
def clear(): _getpen().clear()
|
|
def tracer(flag): _getpen().tracer(flag)
|
|
def forward(distance): _getpen().forward(distance)
|
|
def backward(distance): _getpen().backward(distance)
|
|
def left(angle): _getpen().left(angle)
|
|
def right(angle): _getpen().right(angle)
|
|
def up(): _getpen().up()
|
|
def down(): _getpen().down()
|
|
def width(width): _getpen().width(width)
|
|
def color(*args): _getpen().color(*args)
|
|
def write(arg, move=0): _getpen().write(arg, move)
|
|
def fill(flag): _getpen().fill(flag)
|
|
def begin_fill(): _getpen().begin_fill()
|
|
def end_fill(): _getpen().end_fill()
|
|
def circle(radius, extent=None): _getpen().circle(radius, extent)
|
|
def goto(*args): _getpen().goto(*args)
|
|
def heading(): return _getpen().heading()
|
|
def setheading(angle): _getpen().setheading(angle)
|
|
def position(): return _getpen().position()
|
|
def window_width(): return _getpen().window_width()
|
|
def window_height(): return _getpen().window_height()
|
|
def setx(xpos): _getpen().setx(xpos)
|
|
def sety(ypos): _getpen().sety(ypos)
|
|
def towards(*args): return _getpen().towards(*args)
|
|
|
|
def done(): _root.mainloop()
|
|
def delay(delay): return _getpen().delay(delay)
|
|
def speed(speed): return _getpen().speed(speed)
|
|
|
|
for methodname in dir(RawPen):
|
|
""" copies RawPen docstrings to module functions of same name """
|
|
if not methodname.startswith("_"):
|
|
eval(methodname).__doc__ = RawPen.__dict__[methodname].__doc__
|
|
|
|
|
|
def setup(**geometry):
|
|
""" Sets the size and position of the main window.
|
|
|
|
Keywords are width, height, startx and starty:
|
|
|
|
width: either a size in pixels or a fraction of the screen.
|
|
Default is 50% of screen.
|
|
height: either the height in pixels or a fraction of the screen.
|
|
Default is 75% of screen.
|
|
|
|
Setting either width or height to None before drawing will force
|
|
use of default geometry as in older versions of turtle.py
|
|
|
|
startx: starting position in pixels from the left edge of the screen.
|
|
Default is to center window. Setting startx to None is the default
|
|
and centers window horizontally on screen.
|
|
|
|
starty: starting position in pixels from the top edge of the screen.
|
|
Default is to center window. Setting starty to None is the default
|
|
and centers window vertically on screen.
|
|
|
|
Examples:
|
|
>>> setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0)
|
|
|
|
sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen
|
|
|
|
>>> setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)
|
|
|
|
sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers
|
|
|
|
>>> setup(width=None)
|
|
|
|
forces use of default geometry as in older versions of turtle.py
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
global _width, _height, _startx, _starty
|
|
|
|
width = geometry.get('width',_width)
|
|
if width >= 0 or width is None:
|
|
_width = width
|
|
else:
|
|
raise ValueError("width can not be less than 0")
|
|
|
|
height = geometry.get('height',_height)
|
|
if height >= 0 or height is None:
|
|
_height = height
|
|
else:
|
|
raise ValueError("height can not be less than 0")
|
|
|
|
startx = geometry.get('startx', _startx)
|
|
if startx >= 0 or startx is None:
|
|
_startx = _startx
|
|
else:
|
|
raise ValueError("startx can not be less than 0")
|
|
|
|
starty = geometry.get('starty', _starty)
|
|
if starty >= 0 or starty is None:
|
|
_starty = starty
|
|
else:
|
|
raise ValueError("startx can not be less than 0")
|
|
|
|
|
|
if _root and _width and _height:
|
|
if 0 < _width <= 1:
|
|
_width = _root.winfo_screenwidth() * +width
|
|
if 0 < _height <= 1:
|
|
_height = _root.winfo_screenheight() * _height
|
|
|
|
# center window on screen
|
|
if _startx is None:
|
|
_startx = (_root.winfo_screenwidth() - _width) / 2
|
|
|
|
if _starty is None:
|
|
_starty = (_root.winfo_screenheight() - _height) / 2
|
|
|
|
_root.geometry("%dx%d+%d+%d" % (_width, _height, _startx, _starty))
|
|
|
|
def title(title):
|
|
"""Set the window title.
|
|
|
|
By default this is set to 'Turtle Graphics'
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> title("My Window")
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
global _title
|
|
_title = title
|
|
|
|
def demo():
|
|
reset()
|
|
tracer(1)
|
|
up()
|
|
backward(100)
|
|
down()
|
|
# draw 3 squares; the last filled
|
|
width(3)
|
|
for i in range(3):
|
|
if i == 2:
|
|
fill(1)
|
|
for j in range(4):
|
|
forward(20)
|
|
left(90)
|
|
if i == 2:
|
|
color("maroon")
|
|
fill(0)
|
|
up()
|
|
forward(30)
|
|
down()
|
|
width(1)
|
|
color("black")
|
|
# move out of the way
|
|
tracer(0)
|
|
up()
|
|
right(90)
|
|
forward(100)
|
|
right(90)
|
|
forward(100)
|
|
right(180)
|
|
down()
|
|
# some text
|
|
write("startstart", 1)
|
|
write("start", 1)
|
|
color("red")
|
|
# staircase
|
|
for i in range(5):
|
|
forward(20)
|
|
left(90)
|
|
forward(20)
|
|
right(90)
|
|
# filled staircase
|
|
fill(1)
|
|
for i in range(5):
|
|
forward(20)
|
|
left(90)
|
|
forward(20)
|
|
right(90)
|
|
fill(0)
|
|
tracer(1)
|
|
# more text
|
|
write("end")
|
|
|
|
def demo2():
|
|
# exercises some new and improved features
|
|
speed('fast')
|
|
width(3)
|
|
|
|
# draw a segmented half-circle
|
|
setheading(towards(0,0))
|
|
x,y = position()
|
|
r = (x**2+y**2)**.5/2.0
|
|
right(90)
|
|
pendown = True
|
|
for i in range(18):
|
|
if pendown:
|
|
up()
|
|
pendown = False
|
|
else:
|
|
down()
|
|
pendown = True
|
|
circle(r,10)
|
|
sleep(2)
|
|
|
|
reset()
|
|
left(90)
|
|
|
|
# draw a series of triangles
|
|
l = 10
|
|
color("green")
|
|
width(3)
|
|
left(180)
|
|
sp = 5
|
|
for i in range(-2,16):
|
|
if i > 0:
|
|
color(1.0-0.05*i,0,0.05*i)
|
|
fill(1)
|
|
color("green")
|
|
for j in range(3):
|
|
forward(l)
|
|
left(120)
|
|
l += 10
|
|
left(15)
|
|
if sp > 0:
|
|
sp = sp-1
|
|
speed(speeds[sp])
|
|
color(0.25,0,0.75)
|
|
fill(0)
|
|
|
|
# draw and fill a concave shape
|
|
left(120)
|
|
up()
|
|
forward(70)
|
|
right(30)
|
|
down()
|
|
color("red")
|
|
speed("fastest")
|
|
fill(1)
|
|
for i in range(4):
|
|
circle(50,90)
|
|
right(90)
|
|
forward(30)
|
|
right(90)
|
|
color("yellow")
|
|
fill(0)
|
|
left(90)
|
|
up()
|
|
forward(30)
|
|
down();
|
|
|
|
color("red")
|
|
|
|
# create a second turtle and make the original pursue and catch it
|
|
turtle=Turtle()
|
|
turtle.reset()
|
|
turtle.left(90)
|
|
turtle.speed('normal')
|
|
turtle.up()
|
|
turtle.goto(280,40)
|
|
turtle.left(24)
|
|
turtle.down()
|
|
turtle.speed('fast')
|
|
turtle.color("blue")
|
|
turtle.width(2)
|
|
speed('fastest')
|
|
|
|
# turn default turtle towards new turtle object
|
|
setheading(towards(turtle))
|
|
while ( abs(position()[0]-turtle.position()[0])>4 or
|
|
abs(position()[1]-turtle.position()[1])>4):
|
|
turtle.forward(3.5)
|
|
turtle.left(0.6)
|
|
# turn default turtle towards new turtle object
|
|
setheading(towards(turtle))
|
|
forward(4)
|
|
write("CAUGHT! ", move=True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if __name__ == '__main__':
|
|
demo()
|
|
sleep(3)
|
|
demo2()
|
|
done()
|