mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
318 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
318 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. highlightlang:: c
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.. _importing:
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Importing Modules
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=================
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ImportModule(const char *name)
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.. index::
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single: package variable; __all__
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single: __all__ (package variable)
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single: modules (in module sys)
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This is a simplified interface to :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModuleEx` below,
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leaving the *globals* and *locals* arguments set to *NULL* and *level* set
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to 0. When the *name*
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argument contains a dot (when it specifies a submodule of a package), the
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*fromlist* argument is set to the list ``['*']`` so that the return value is the
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named module rather than the top-level package containing it as would otherwise
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be the case. (Unfortunately, this has an additional side effect when *name* in
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fact specifies a subpackage instead of a submodule: the submodules specified in
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the package's ``__all__`` variable are loaded.) Return a new reference to the
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imported module, or *NULL* with an exception set on failure. A failing
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import of a module doesn't leave the module in :data:`sys.modules`.
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This function always uses absolute imports.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock(const char *name)
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This function is a deprecated alias of :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModule`.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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This function used to fail immediately when the import lock was held
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by another thread. In Python 3.3 though, the locking scheme switched
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to per-module locks for most purposes, so this function's special
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behaviour isn't needed anymore.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ImportModuleEx(const char *name, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *fromlist)
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.. index:: builtin: __import__
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Import a module. This is best described by referring to the built-in Python
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function :func:`__import__`.
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The return value is a new reference to the imported module or top-level
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package, or *NULL* with an exception set on failure. Like for
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:func:`__import__`, the return value when a submodule of a package was
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requested is normally the top-level package, unless a non-empty *fromlist*
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was given.
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Failing imports remove incomplete module objects, like with
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:c:func:`PyImport_ImportModule`.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(PyObject *name, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *fromlist, int level)
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Import a module. This is best described by referring to the built-in Python
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function :func:`__import__`, as the standard :func:`__import__` function calls
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this function directly.
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The return value is a new reference to the imported module or top-level package,
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or *NULL* with an exception set on failure. Like for :func:`__import__`,
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the return value when a submodule of a package was requested is normally the
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top-level package, unless a non-empty *fromlist* was given.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ImportModuleLevel(const char *name, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *fromlist, int level)
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Similar to :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject`, but the name is a
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UTF-8 encoded string instead of a Unicode object.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Negative values for *level* are no longer accepted.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_Import(PyObject *name)
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This is a higher-level interface that calls the current "import hook
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function" (with an explicit *level* of 0, meaning absolute import). It
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invokes the :func:`__import__` function from the ``__builtins__`` of the
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current globals. This means that the import is done using whatever import
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hooks are installed in the current environment.
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This function always uses absolute imports.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ReloadModule(PyObject *m)
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Reload a module. Return a new reference to the reloaded module, or *NULL* with
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an exception set on failure (the module still exists in this case).
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_AddModuleObject(PyObject *name)
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Return the module object corresponding to a module name. The *name* argument
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may be of the form ``package.module``. First check the modules dictionary if
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there's one there, and if not, create a new one and insert it in the modules
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dictionary. Return *NULL* with an exception set on failure.
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.. note::
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This function does not load or import the module; if the module wasn't already
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loaded, you will get an empty module object. Use :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModule`
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or one of its variants to import a module. Package structures implied by a
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dotted name for *name* are not created if not already present.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_AddModule(const char *name)
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Similar to :c:func:`PyImport_AddModuleObject`, but the name is a UTF-8
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encoded string instead of a Unicode object.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ExecCodeModule(const char *name, PyObject *co)
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.. index:: builtin: compile
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Given a module name (possibly of the form ``package.module``) and a code object
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read from a Python bytecode file or obtained from the built-in function
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:func:`compile`, load the module. Return a new reference to the module object,
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or *NULL* with an exception set if an error occurred. *name*
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is removed from :attr:`sys.modules` in error cases, even if *name* was already
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in :attr:`sys.modules` on entry to :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModule`. Leaving
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incompletely initialized modules in :attr:`sys.modules` is dangerous, as imports of
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such modules have no way to know that the module object is an unknown (and
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probably damaged with respect to the module author's intents) state.
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The module's :attr:`__spec__` and :attr:`__loader__` will be set, if
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not set already, with the appropriate values. The spec's loader will
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be set to the module's ``__loader__`` (if set) and to an instance of
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:class:`SourceFileLoader` otherwise.
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The module's :attr:`__file__` attribute will be set to the code object's
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:c:member:`co_filename`. If applicable, :attr:`__cached__` will also
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be set.
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This function will reload the module if it was already imported. See
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:c:func:`PyImport_ReloadModule` for the intended way to reload a module.
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If *name* points to a dotted name of the form ``package.module``, any package
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structures not already created will still not be created.
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See also :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx` and
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:c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames`.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx(const char *name, PyObject *co, const char *pathname)
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Like :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModule`, but the :attr:`__file__` attribute of
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the module object is set to *pathname* if it is non-``NULL``.
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See also :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames`.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject(PyObject *name, PyObject *co, PyObject *pathname, PyObject *cpathname)
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Like :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx`, but the :attr:`__cached__`
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attribute of the module object is set to *cpathname* if it is
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non-``NULL``. Of the three functions, this is the preferred one to use.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames(const char *name, PyObject *co, const char *pathname, const char *cpathname)
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Like :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject`, but *name*, *pathname* and
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*cpathname* are UTF-8 encoded strings. Attempts are also made to figure out
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what the value for *pathname* should be from *cpathname* if the former is
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set to ``NULL``.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Uses :func:`imp.source_from_cache()` in calculating the source path if
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only the bytecode path is provided.
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.. c:function:: long PyImport_GetMagicNumber()
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Return the magic number for Python bytecode files (a.k.a. :file:`.pyc` file).
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The magic number should be present in the first four bytes of the bytecode
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file, in little-endian byte order. Returns ``-1`` on error.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Return value of ``-1`` upon failure.
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.. c:function:: const char * PyImport_GetMagicTag()
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Return the magic tag string for :pep:`3147` format Python bytecode file
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names. Keep in mind that the value at ``sys.implementation.cache_tag`` is
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authoritative and should be used instead of this function.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_GetModuleDict()
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Return the dictionary used for the module administration (a.k.a.
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``sys.modules``). Note that this is a per-interpreter variable.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_GetModule(PyObject *name)
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Return the already imported module with the given name. If the
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module has not been imported yet then returns NULL but does not set
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an error. Returns NULL and sets an error if the lookup failed.
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_GetImporter(PyObject *path)
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Return a finder object for a :data:`sys.path`/:attr:`pkg.__path__` item
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*path*, possibly by fetching it from the :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`
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dict. If it wasn't yet cached, traverse :data:`sys.path_hooks` until a hook
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is found that can handle the path item. Return ``None`` if no hook could;
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this tells our caller that the :term:`path based finder` could not find a
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finder for this path item. Cache the result in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`.
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Return a new reference to the finder object.
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.. c:function:: void _PyImport_Init()
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Initialize the import mechanism. For internal use only.
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.. c:function:: void PyImport_Cleanup()
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Empty the module table. For internal use only.
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.. c:function:: void _PyImport_Fini()
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Finalize the import mechanism. For internal use only.
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.. c:function:: int PyImport_ImportFrozenModuleObject(PyObject *name)
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Load a frozen module named *name*. Return ``1`` for success, ``0`` if the
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module is not found, and ``-1`` with an exception set if the initialization
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failed. To access the imported module on a successful load, use
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:c:func:`PyImport_ImportModule`. (Note the misnomer --- this function would
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reload the module if it was already imported.)
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4
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The ``__file__`` attribute is no longer set on the module.
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.. c:function:: int PyImport_ImportFrozenModule(const char *name)
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Similar to :c:func:`PyImport_ImportFrozenModuleObject`, but the name is a
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UTF-8 encoded string instead of a Unicode object.
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.. c:type:: struct _frozen
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.. index:: single: freeze utility
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This is the structure type definition for frozen module descriptors, as
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generated by the :program:`freeze` utility (see :file:`Tools/freeze/` in the
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Python source distribution). Its definition, found in :file:`Include/import.h`,
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is::
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struct _frozen {
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const char *name;
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const unsigned char *code;
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int size;
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};
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.. c:var:: const struct _frozen* PyImport_FrozenModules
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This pointer is initialized to point to an array of :c:type:`struct _frozen`
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records, terminated by one whose members are all *NULL* or zero. When a frozen
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module is imported, it is searched in this table. Third-party code could play
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tricks with this to provide a dynamically created collection of frozen modules.
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.. c:function:: int PyImport_AppendInittab(const char *name, PyObject* (*initfunc)(void))
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Add a single module to the existing table of built-in modules. This is a
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convenience wrapper around :c:func:`PyImport_ExtendInittab`, returning ``-1`` if
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the table could not be extended. The new module can be imported by the name
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*name*, and uses the function *initfunc* as the initialization function called
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on the first attempted import. This should be called before
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:c:func:`Py_Initialize`.
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.. c:type:: struct _inittab
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Structure describing a single entry in the list of built-in modules. Each of
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these structures gives the name and initialization function for a module built
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into the interpreter. The name is an ASCII encoded string. Programs which
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embed Python may use an array of these structures in conjunction with
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:c:func:`PyImport_ExtendInittab` to provide additional built-in modules.
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The structure is defined in :file:`Include/import.h` as::
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struct _inittab {
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const char *name; /* ASCII encoded string */
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PyObject* (*initfunc)(void);
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};
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.. c:function:: int PyImport_ExtendInittab(struct _inittab *newtab)
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Add a collection of modules to the table of built-in modules. The *newtab*
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array must end with a sentinel entry which contains *NULL* for the :attr:`name`
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field; failure to provide the sentinel value can result in a memory fault.
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Returns ``0`` on success or ``-1`` if insufficient memory could be allocated to
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extend the internal table. In the event of failure, no modules are added to the
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internal table. This should be called before :c:func:`Py_Initialize`.
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