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:mod:`time` --- Time access and conversions
===========================================
.. module:: time
:synopsis: Time access and conversions.
This module provides various time-related functions. For related
functionality, see also the :mod:`datetime` and :mod:`calendar` modules.
Although this module is always available,
not all functions are available on all platforms. Most of the functions
defined in this module call platform C library functions with the same name. It
may sometimes be helpful to consult the platform documentation, because the
semantics of these functions varies among platforms.
An explanation of some terminology and conventions is in order.
.. index:: single: epoch
* The :dfn:`epoch` is the point where the time starts. On January 1st of that
year, at 0 hours, the "time since the epoch" is zero. For Unix, the epoch is
1970. To find out what the epoch is, look at ``gmtime(0)``.
.. index:: single: Year 2038
* The functions in this module may not handle dates and times before the epoch or
far in the future. The cut-off point in the future is determined by the C
library; for 32-bit systems, it is typically in 2038.
.. index::
single: Year 2000
single: Y2K
.. _time-y2kissues:
* **Year 2000 (Y2K) issues**: Python depends on the platform's C library, which
generally doesn't have year 2000 issues, since all dates and times are
represented internally as seconds since the epoch. Function :func:`strptime`
can parse 2-digit years when given ``%y`` format code. When 2-digit years are
parsed, they are converted according to the POSIX and ISO C standards: values
69--99 are mapped to 1969--1999, and values 0--68 are mapped to 2000--2068.
.. index::
single: UTC
single: Coordinated Universal Time
single: Greenwich Mean Time
* UTC is Coordinated Universal Time (formerly known as Greenwich Mean Time, or
GMT). The acronym UTC is not a mistake but a compromise between English and
French.
.. index:: single: Daylight Saving Time
* DST is Daylight Saving Time, an adjustment of the timezone by (usually) one
hour during part of the year. DST rules are magic (determined by local law) and
can change from year to year. The C library has a table containing the local
rules (often it is read from a system file for flexibility) and is the only
source of True Wisdom in this respect.
* The precision of the various real-time functions may be less than suggested by
the units in which their value or argument is expressed. E.g. on most Unix
systems, the clock "ticks" only 50 or 100 times a second.
* On the other hand, the precision of :func:`.time` and :func:`sleep` is better
than their Unix equivalents: times are expressed as floating point numbers,
:func:`.time` returns the most accurate time available (using Unix
:c:func:`gettimeofday` where available), and :func:`sleep` will accept a time
with a nonzero fraction (Unix :c:func:`select` is used to implement this, where
available).
* The time value as returned by :func:`gmtime`, :func:`localtime`, and
:func:`strptime`, and accepted by :func:`asctime`, :func:`mktime` and
:func:`strftime`, is a sequence of 9 integers. The return values of
:func:`gmtime`, :func:`localtime`, and :func:`strptime` also offer attribute
names for individual fields.
See :class:`struct_time` for a description of these objects.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
The :class:`struct_time` type was extended to provide the :attr:`tm_gmtoff`
and :attr:`tm_zone` attributes when platform supports corresponding
``struct tm`` members.
* Use the following functions to convert between time representations:
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| From | To | Use |
+=========================+=========================+=========================+
| seconds since the epoch | :class:`struct_time` in | :func:`gmtime` |
| | UTC | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| seconds since the epoch | :class:`struct_time` in | :func:`localtime` |
| | local time | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| :class:`struct_time` in | seconds since the epoch | :func:`calendar.timegm` |
| UTC | | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| :class:`struct_time` in | seconds since the epoch | :func:`mktime` |
| local time | | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
The module defines the following functions and data items:
.. data:: altzone
The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of UTC, if one is defined.
This is negative if the local DST timezone is east of UTC (as in Western Europe,
including the UK). Only use this if ``daylight`` is nonzero.
.. function:: asctime([t])
Convert a tuple or :class:`struct_time` representing a time as returned by
:func:`gmtime` or :func:`localtime` to a string of the following
form: ``'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993'``. If *t* is not provided, the current time
as returned by :func:`localtime` is used. Locale information is not used by
:func:`asctime`.
.. note::
Unlike the C function of the same name, :func:`asctime` does not add a
trailing newline.
.. function:: clock()
.. index::
single: CPU time
single: processor time
single: benchmarking
On Unix, return the current processor time as a floating point number expressed
in seconds. The precision, and in fact the very definition of the meaning of
"processor time", depends on that of the C function of the same name, but in any
case, this is the function to use for benchmarking Python or timing algorithms.
On Windows, this function returns wall-clock seconds elapsed since the first
call to this function, as a floating point number, based on the Win32 function
:c:func:`QueryPerformanceCounter`. The resolution is typically better than one
microsecond.
.. deprecated:: 3.3
The behaviour of this function depends on the platform: use
:func:`perf_counter` or :func:`process_time` instead, depending on your
requirements, to have a well defined behaviour.
.. function:: clock_getres(clk_id)
Return the resolution (precision) of the specified clock *clk_id*.
Availability: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: clock_gettime(clk_id)
Return the time of the specified clock *clk_id*.
Availability: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: clock_settime(clk_id, time)
Set the time of the specified clock *clk_id*.
Availability: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_HIGHRES
The Solaris OS has a CLOCK_HIGHRES timer that attempts to use an optimal
hardware source, and may give close to nanosecond resolution. CLOCK_HIGHRES
is the nonadjustable, high-resolution clock.
Availability: Solaris.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_MONOTONIC
Clock that cannot be set and represents monotonic time since some unspecified
starting point.
Availability: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
Similar to :data:`CLOCK_MONOTONIC`, but provides access to a raw
hardware-based time that is not subject to NTP adjustments.
Availability: Linux 2.6.28 or later.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
High-resolution per-process timer from the CPU.
Availability: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_REALTIME
System-wide real-time clock. Setting this clock requires appropriate
privileges.
Availability: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
Thread-specific CPU-time clock.
Availability: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: ctime([secs])
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a string representing
local time. If *secs* is not provided or :const:`None`, the current time as
returned by :func:`.time` is used. ``ctime(secs)`` is equivalent to
``asctime(localtime(secs))``. Locale information is not used by :func:`ctime`.
.. data:: daylight
Nonzero if a DST timezone is defined.
.. function:: get_clock_info(name)
Get information on the specified clock as a namespace object.
Supported clock names and the corresponding functions to read their value
are:
* ``'clock'``: :func:`time.clock`
* ``'monotonic'``: :func:`time.monotonic`
* ``'perf_counter'``: :func:`time.perf_counter`
* ``'process_time'``: :func:`time.process_time`
* ``'time'``: :func:`time.time`
The result has the following attributes:
- *adjustable*: ``True`` if the clock can be changed automatically (e.g. by
a NTP daemon) or manually by the system administrator, ``False`` otherwise
- *implementation*: The name of the underlying C function used to get
the clock value
- *monotonic*: ``True`` if the clock cannot go backward,
``False`` otherwise
- *resolution*: The resolution of the clock in seconds (:class:`float`)
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: gmtime([secs])
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a :class:`struct_time` in
UTC in which the dst flag is always zero. If *secs* is not provided or
:const:`None`, the current time as returned by :func:`.time` is used. Fractions
of a second are ignored. See above for a description of the
:class:`struct_time` object. See :func:`calendar.timegm` for the inverse of this
function.
.. function:: localtime([secs])
Like :func:`gmtime` but converts to local time. If *secs* is not provided or
:const:`None`, the current time as returned by :func:`.time` is used. The dst
flag is set to ``1`` when DST applies to the given time.
.. function:: mktime(t)
This is the inverse function of :func:`localtime`. Its argument is the
:class:`struct_time` or full 9-tuple (since the dst flag is needed; use ``-1``
as the dst flag if it is unknown) which expresses the time in *local* time, not
UTC. It returns a floating point number, for compatibility with :func:`.time`.
If the input value cannot be represented as a valid time, either
:exc:`OverflowError` or :exc:`ValueError` will be raised (which depends on
whether the invalid value is caught by Python or the underlying C libraries).
The earliest date for which it can generate a time is platform-dependent.
.. function:: monotonic()
Return the value (in fractional seconds) of a monotonic clock, i.e. a clock
that cannot go backwards. The clock is not affected by system clock updates.
The reference point of the returned value is undefined, so that only the
difference between the results of consecutive calls is valid.
On Windows versions older than Vista, :func:`monotonic` detects
:c:func:`GetTickCount` integer overflow (32 bits, roll-over after 49.7 days).
It increases an internal epoch (reference time) by 2\ :sup:`32` each time
that an overflow is detected. The epoch is stored in the process-local state
and so the value of :func:`monotonic` may be different in two Python
processes running for more than 49 days. On more recent versions of Windows
and on other operating systems, :func:`monotonic` is system-wide.
Availability: Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: perf_counter()
Return the value (in fractional seconds) of a performance counter, i.e. a
clock with the highest available resolution to measure a short duration. It
does include time elapsed during sleep and is system-wide. The reference
point of the returned value is undefined, so that only the difference between
the results of consecutive calls is valid.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: process_time()
Return the value (in fractional seconds) of the sum of the system and user
CPU time of the current process. It does not include time elapsed during
sleep. It is process-wide by definition. The reference point of the
returned value is undefined, so that only the difference between the results
of consecutive calls is valid.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: sleep(secs)
Suspend execution for the given number of seconds. The argument may be a
floating point number to indicate a more precise sleep time. The actual
suspension time may be less than that requested because any caught signal will
terminate the :func:`sleep` following execution of that signal's catching
routine. Also, the suspension time may be longer than requested by an arbitrary
amount because of the scheduling of other activity in the system.
.. function:: strftime(format[, t])
Convert a tuple or :class:`struct_time` representing a time as returned by
:func:`gmtime` or :func:`localtime` to a string as specified by the *format*
argument. If *t* is not provided, the current time as returned by
:func:`localtime` is used. *format* must be a string. :exc:`ValueError` is
raised if any field in *t* is outside of the allowed range.
0 is a legal argument for any position in the time tuple; if it is normally
illegal the value is forced to a correct one.
The following directives can be embedded in the *format* string. They are shown
without the optional field width and precision specification, and are replaced
by the indicated characters in the :func:`strftime` result:
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| Directive | Meaning | Notes |
+===========+================================================+=======+
| ``%a`` | Locale's abbreviated weekday name. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%A`` | Locale's full weekday name. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%b`` | Locale's abbreviated month name. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%B`` | Locale's full month name. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%c`` | Locale's appropriate date and time | |
| | representation. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%d`` | Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%H`` | Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number | |
| | [00,23]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%I`` | Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number | |
| | [01,12]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%j`` | Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%m`` | Month as a decimal number [01,12]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%M`` | Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%p`` | Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM. | \(1) |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%S`` | Second as a decimal number [00,61]. | \(2) |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%U`` | Week number of the year (Sunday as the first | \(3) |
| | day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. | |
| | All days in a new year preceding the first | |
| | Sunday are considered to be in week 0. | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%w`` | Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%W`` | Week number of the year (Monday as the first | \(3) |
| | day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. | |
| | All days in a new year preceding the first | |
| | Monday are considered to be in week 0. | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%x`` | Locale's appropriate date representation. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%X`` | Locale's appropriate time representation. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%y`` | Year without century as a decimal number | |
| | [00,99]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%Y`` | Year with century as a decimal number. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%z`` | Time zone offset indicating a positive or | |
| | negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the | |
| | form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal| |
| | hour digits and M represents decimal minute | |
| | digits [-23:59, +23:59]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%Z`` | Time zone name (no characters if no time zone | |
| | exists). | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%%`` | A literal ``'%'`` character. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
Notes:
(1)
When used with the :func:`strptime` function, the ``%p`` directive only affects
the output hour field if the ``%I`` directive is used to parse the hour.
(2)
The range really is ``0`` to ``61``; value ``60`` is valid in
timestamps representing leap seconds and value ``61`` is supported
for historical reasons.
(3)
When used with the :func:`strptime` function, ``%U`` and ``%W`` are only used in
calculations when the day of the week and the year are specified.
Here is an example, a format for dates compatible with that specified in the
:rfc:`2822` Internet email standard. [#]_ ::
>>> from time import gmtime, strftime
>>> strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S +0000", gmtime())
'Thu, 28 Jun 2001 14:17:15 +0000'
Additional directives may be supported on certain platforms, but only the
ones listed here have a meaning standardized by ANSI C. To see the full set
of format codes supported on your platform, consult the :manpage:`strftime(3)`
documentation.
On some platforms, an optional field width and precision specification can
immediately follow the initial ``'%'`` of a directive in the following order;
this is also not portable. The field width is normally 2 except for ``%j`` where
it is 3.
.. function:: strptime(string[, format])
Parse a string representing a time according to a format. The return value
is a :class:`struct_time` as returned by :func:`gmtime` or
:func:`localtime`.
The *format* parameter uses the same directives as those used by
:func:`strftime`; it defaults to ``"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"`` which matches the
formatting returned by :func:`ctime`. If *string* cannot be parsed according
to *format*, or if it has excess data after parsing, :exc:`ValueError` is
raised. The default values used to fill in any missing data when more
accurate values cannot be inferred are ``(1900, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1)``.
Both *string* and *format* must be strings.
For example:
>>> import time
>>> time.strptime("30 Nov 00", "%d %b %y") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
time.struct_time(tm_year=2000, tm_mon=11, tm_mday=30, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0,
tm_sec=0, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=335, tm_isdst=-1)
Support for the ``%Z`` directive is based on the values contained in ``tzname``
and whether ``daylight`` is true. Because of this, it is platform-specific
except for recognizing UTC and GMT which are always known (and are considered to
be non-daylight savings timezones).
Only the directives specified in the documentation are supported. Because
``strftime()`` is implemented per platform it can sometimes offer more
directives than those listed. But ``strptime()`` is independent of any platform
and thus does not necessarily support all directives available that are not
documented as supported.
.. class:: struct_time
The type of the time value sequence returned by :func:`gmtime`,
:func:`localtime`, and :func:`strptime`. It is an object with a :term:`named
tuple` interface: values can be accessed by index and by attribute name. The
following values are present:
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Index | Attribute | Values |
+=======+===================+=================================+
| 0 | :attr:`tm_year` | (for example, 1993) |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 1 | :attr:`tm_mon` | range [1, 12] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 2 | :attr:`tm_mday` | range [1, 31] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 3 | :attr:`tm_hour` | range [0, 23] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 4 | :attr:`tm_min` | range [0, 59] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 5 | :attr:`tm_sec` | range [0, 61]; see **(2)** in |
| | | :func:`strftime` description |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 6 | :attr:`tm_wday` | range [0, 6], Monday is 0 |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 7 | :attr:`tm_yday` | range [1, 366] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 8 | :attr:`tm_isdst` | 0, 1 or -1; see below |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| N/A | :attr:`tm_zone` | abbreviation of timezone name |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| N/A | :attr:`tm_gmtoff` | offset east of UTC in seconds |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
Note that unlike the C structure, the month value is a range of [1, 12], not
[0, 11]. A ``-1`` argument as the daylight
savings flag, passed to :func:`mktime` will usually result in the correct
daylight savings state to be filled in.
When a tuple with an incorrect length is passed to a function expecting a
:class:`struct_time`, or having elements of the wrong type, a
:exc:`TypeError` is raised.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
:attr:`tm_gmtoff` and :attr:`tm_zone` attributes are available on platforms
with C library supporting the corresponding fields in ``struct tm``.
.. function:: time()
Return the time in seconds since the epoch as a floating point number.
Note that even though the time is always returned as a floating point
number, not all systems provide time with a better precision than 1 second.
While this function normally returns non-decreasing values, it can return a
lower value than a previous call if the system clock has been set back between
the two calls.
.. data:: timezone
The offset of the local (non-DST) timezone, in seconds west of UTC (negative in
most of Western Europe, positive in the US, zero in the UK).
.. data:: tzname
A tuple of two strings: the first is the name of the local non-DST timezone, the
second is the name of the local DST timezone. If no DST timezone is defined,
the second string should not be used.
.. function:: tzset()
Resets the time conversion rules used by the library routines. The environment
variable :envvar:`TZ` specifies how this is done.
Availability: Unix.
.. note::
Although in many cases, changing the :envvar:`TZ` environment variable may
affect the output of functions like :func:`localtime` without calling
:func:`tzset`, this behavior should not be relied on.
The :envvar:`TZ` environment variable should contain no whitespace.
The standard format of the :envvar:`TZ` environment variable is (whitespace
added for clarity)::
std offset [dst [offset [,start[/time], end[/time]]]]
Where the components are:
``std`` and ``dst``
Three or more alphanumerics giving the timezone abbreviations. These will be
propagated into time.tzname
``offset``
The offset has the form: ``± hh[:mm[:ss]]``. This indicates the value
added the local time to arrive at UTC. If preceded by a '-', the timezone
is east of the Prime Meridian; otherwise, it is west. If no offset follows
dst, summer time is assumed to be one hour ahead of standard time.
``start[/time], end[/time]``
Indicates when to change to and back from DST. The format of the
start and end dates are one of the following:
:samp:`J{n}`
The Julian day *n* (1 <= *n* <= 365). Leap days are not counted, so in
all years February 28 is day 59 and March 1 is day 60.
:samp:`{n}`
The zero-based Julian day (0 <= *n* <= 365). Leap days are counted, and
it is possible to refer to February 29.
:samp:`M{m}.{n}.{d}`
The *d*'th day (0 <= *d* <= 6) or week *n* of month *m* of the year (1
<= *n* <= 5, 1 <= *m* <= 12, where week 5 means "the last *d* day in
month *m*" which may occur in either the fourth or the fifth
week). Week 1 is the first week in which the *d*'th day occurs. Day
zero is Sunday.
``time`` has the same format as ``offset`` except that no leading sign
('-' or '+') is allowed. The default, if time is not given, is 02:00:00.
::
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'EST+05EDT,M4.1.0,M10.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'02:07:36 05/08/03 EDT'
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'AEST-10AEDT-11,M10.5.0,M3.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'16:08:12 05/08/03 AEST'
On many Unix systems (including \*BSD, Linux, Solaris, and Darwin), it is more
convenient to use the system's zoneinfo (:manpage:`tzfile(5)`) database to
specify the timezone rules. To do this, set the :envvar:`TZ` environment
variable to the path of the required timezone datafile, relative to the root of
the systems 'zoneinfo' timezone database, usually located at
:file:`/usr/share/zoneinfo`. For example, ``'US/Eastern'``,
``'Australia/Melbourne'``, ``'Egypt'`` or ``'Europe/Amsterdam'``. ::
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'US/Eastern'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EST', 'EDT')
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'Egypt'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EET', 'EEST')
.. seealso::
Module :mod:`datetime`
More object-oriented interface to dates and times.
Module :mod:`locale`
Internationalization services. The locale setting affects the interpretation
of many format specifiers in :func:`strftime` and :func:`strptime`.
Module :mod:`calendar`
General calendar-related functions. :func:`~calendar.timegm` is the
inverse of :func:`gmtime` from this module.
.. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [#] The use of ``%Z`` is now deprecated, but the ``%z`` escape that expands to the
preferred hour/minute offset is not supported by all ANSI C libraries. Also, a
strict reading of the original 1982 :rfc:`822` standard calls for a two-digit
year (%y rather than %Y), but practice moved to 4-digit years long before the
year 2000. After that, :rfc:`822` became obsolete and the 4-digit year has
been first recommended by :rfc:`1123` and then mandated by :rfc:`2822`.
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