mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
539 lines
19 KiB
ReStructuredText
539 lines
19 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. highlight:: c
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.. _longobjects:
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Integer Objects
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---------------
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.. index:: pair: object; long integer
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pair: object; integer
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All integers are implemented as "long" integer objects of arbitrary size.
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On error, most ``PyLong_As*`` APIs return ``(return type)-1`` which cannot be
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distinguished from a number. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.
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.. c:type:: PyLongObject
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This subtype of :c:type:`PyObject` represents a Python integer object.
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.. c:var:: PyTypeObject PyLong_Type
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This instance of :c:type:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python integer type.
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This is the same object as :class:`int` in the Python layer.
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.. c:function:: int PyLong_Check(PyObject *p)
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Return true if its argument is a :c:type:`PyLongObject` or a subtype of
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:c:type:`PyLongObject`. This function always succeeds.
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.. c:function:: int PyLong_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
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Return true if its argument is a :c:type:`PyLongObject`, but not a subtype of
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:c:type:`PyLongObject`. This function always succeeds.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromLong(long v)
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Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from *v*, or ``NULL`` on failure.
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The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for all integers
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between ``-5`` and ``256``. When you create an int in that range you actually
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just get back a reference to the existing object.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(unsigned long v)
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Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from a C :c:expr:`unsigned long`, or
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``NULL`` on failure.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_ssize_t v)
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Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from a C :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`, or
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``NULL`` on failure.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t v)
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Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from a C :c:type:`size_t`, or
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``NULL`` on failure.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromLongLong(long long v)
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Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from a C :c:expr:`long long`, or ``NULL``
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on failure.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(unsigned long long v)
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Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from a C :c:expr:`unsigned long long`,
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or ``NULL`` on failure.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromDouble(double v)
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Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from the integer part of *v*, or
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``NULL`` on failure.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromString(const char *str, char **pend, int base)
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Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` based on the string value in *str*, which
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is interpreted according to the radix in *base*, or ``NULL`` on failure. If
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*pend* is non-``NULL``, *\*pend* will point to the end of *str* on success or
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to the first character that could not be processed on error. If *base* is ``0``,
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*str* is interpreted using the :ref:`integers` definition; in this case, leading
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zeros in a non-zero decimal number raises a :exc:`ValueError`. If *base* is not
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``0``, it must be between ``2`` and ``36``, inclusive. Leading and trailing
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whitespace and single underscores after a base specifier and between digits are
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ignored. If there are no digits or *str* is not NULL-terminated following the
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digits and trailing whitespace, :exc:`ValueError` will be raised.
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.. seealso:: Python methods :meth:`int.to_bytes` and :meth:`int.from_bytes`
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to convert a :c:type:`PyLongObject` to/from an array of bytes in base
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``256``. You can call those from C using :c:func:`PyObject_CallMethod`.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromUnicodeObject(PyObject *u, int base)
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Convert a sequence of Unicode digits in the string *u* to a Python integer
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value.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromVoidPtr(void *p)
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Create a Python integer from the pointer *p*. The pointer value can be
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retrieved from the resulting value using :c:func:`PyLong_AsVoidPtr`.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromNativeBytes(const void* buffer, size_t n_bytes, int flags)
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Create a Python integer from the value contained in the first *n_bytes* of
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*buffer*, interpreted as a two's-complement signed number.
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*flags* are as for :c:func:`PyLong_AsNativeBytes`. Passing ``-1`` will select
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the native endian that CPython was compiled with and assume that the
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most-significant bit is a sign bit. Passing
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``Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER`` will produce the same result as calling
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:c:func:`PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes`. Other flags are ignored.
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.. versionadded:: 3.13
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes(const void* buffer, size_t n_bytes, int flags)
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Create a Python integer from the value contained in the first *n_bytes* of
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*buffer*, interpreted as an unsigned number.
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*flags* are as for :c:func:`PyLong_AsNativeBytes`. Passing ``-1`` will select
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the native endian that CPython was compiled with and assume that the
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most-significant bit is not a sign bit. Flags other than endian are ignored.
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.. versionadded:: 3.13
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.. XXX alias PyLong_AS_LONG (for now)
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.. c:function:: long PyLong_AsLong(PyObject *obj)
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.. index::
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single: LONG_MAX (C macro)
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single: OverflowError (built-in exception)
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Return a C :c:expr:`long` representation of *obj*. If *obj* is not an
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instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its :meth:`~object.__index__` method
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(if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
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Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
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:c:expr:`long`.
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Returns ``-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Use :meth:`~object.__index__` if available.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.10
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This function will no longer use :meth:`~object.__int__`.
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.. c:function:: int PyLong_AsInt(PyObject *obj)
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Similar to :c:func:`PyLong_AsLong`, but store the result in a C
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:c:expr:`int` instead of a C :c:expr:`long`.
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.. versionadded:: 3.13
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.. c:function:: long PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)
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Return a C :c:expr:`long` representation of *obj*. If *obj* is not an
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instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its :meth:`~object.__index__`
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method (if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
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If the value of *obj* is greater than :c:macro:`LONG_MAX` or less than
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:c:macro:`LONG_MIN`, set *\*overflow* to ``1`` or ``-1``, respectively, and
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return ``-1``; otherwise, set *\*overflow* to ``0``. If any other exception
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occurs set *\*overflow* to ``0`` and return ``-1`` as usual.
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Returns ``-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Use :meth:`~object.__index__` if available.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.10
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This function will no longer use :meth:`~object.__int__`.
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.. c:function:: long long PyLong_AsLongLong(PyObject *obj)
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.. index::
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single: OverflowError (built-in exception)
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Return a C :c:expr:`long long` representation of *obj*. If *obj* is not an
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instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its :meth:`~object.__index__` method
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(if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
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Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
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:c:expr:`long long`.
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Returns ``-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Use :meth:`~object.__index__` if available.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.10
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This function will no longer use :meth:`~object.__int__`.
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.. c:function:: long long PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)
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Return a C :c:expr:`long long` representation of *obj*. If *obj* is not an
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instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its :meth:`~object.__index__` method
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(if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
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If the value of *obj* is greater than :c:macro:`LLONG_MAX` or less than
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:c:macro:`LLONG_MIN`, set *\*overflow* to ``1`` or ``-1``, respectively,
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and return ``-1``; otherwise, set *\*overflow* to ``0``. If any other
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exception occurs set *\*overflow* to ``0`` and return ``-1`` as usual.
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Returns ``-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Use :meth:`~object.__index__` if available.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.10
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This function will no longer use :meth:`~object.__int__`.
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.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsSsize_t(PyObject *pylong)
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.. index::
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single: PY_SSIZE_T_MAX (C macro)
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single: OverflowError (built-in exception)
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Return a C :c:type:`Py_ssize_t` representation of *pylong*. *pylong* must
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be an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
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Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *pylong* is out of range for a
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:c:type:`Py_ssize_t`.
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Returns ``-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.
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.. c:function:: unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject *pylong)
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.. index::
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single: ULONG_MAX (C macro)
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single: OverflowError (built-in exception)
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Return a C :c:expr:`unsigned long` representation of *pylong*. *pylong*
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must be an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
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Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *pylong* is out of range for a
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:c:expr:`unsigned long`.
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Returns ``(unsigned long)-1`` on error.
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Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.
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.. c:function:: size_t PyLong_AsSize_t(PyObject *pylong)
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.. index::
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single: SIZE_MAX (C macro)
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single: OverflowError (built-in exception)
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Return a C :c:type:`size_t` representation of *pylong*. *pylong* must be
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an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
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Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *pylong* is out of range for a
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:c:type:`size_t`.
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Returns ``(size_t)-1`` on error.
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Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.
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.. c:function:: unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject *pylong)
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.. index::
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single: OverflowError (built-in exception)
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Return a C :c:expr:`unsigned long long` representation of *pylong*. *pylong*
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must be an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
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Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *pylong* is out of range for an
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:c:expr:`unsigned long long`.
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Returns ``(unsigned long long)-1`` on error.
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Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.1
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A negative *pylong* now raises :exc:`OverflowError`, not :exc:`TypeError`.
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.. c:function:: unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *obj)
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Return a C :c:expr:`unsigned long` representation of *obj*. If *obj* is not
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an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its :meth:`~object.__index__`
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method (if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
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If the value of *obj* is out of range for an :c:expr:`unsigned long`,
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return the reduction of that value modulo ``ULONG_MAX + 1``.
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Returns ``(unsigned long)-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to
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disambiguate.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Use :meth:`~object.__index__` if available.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.10
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This function will no longer use :meth:`~object.__int__`.
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.. c:function:: unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *obj)
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Return a C :c:expr:`unsigned long long` representation of *obj*. If *obj*
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is not an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its
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:meth:`~object.__index__` method (if present) to convert it to a
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:c:type:`PyLongObject`.
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If the value of *obj* is out of range for an :c:expr:`unsigned long long`,
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return the reduction of that value modulo ``ULLONG_MAX + 1``.
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Returns ``(unsigned long long)-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred`
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to disambiguate.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Use :meth:`~object.__index__` if available.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.10
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This function will no longer use :meth:`~object.__int__`.
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.. c:function:: double PyLong_AsDouble(PyObject *pylong)
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Return a C :c:expr:`double` representation of *pylong*. *pylong* must be
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an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
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Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *pylong* is out of range for a
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:c:expr:`double`.
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Returns ``-1.0`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.
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.. c:function:: void* PyLong_AsVoidPtr(PyObject *pylong)
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Convert a Python integer *pylong* to a C :c:expr:`void` pointer.
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If *pylong* cannot be converted, an :exc:`OverflowError` will be raised. This
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is only assured to produce a usable :c:expr:`void` pointer for values created
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with :c:func:`PyLong_FromVoidPtr`.
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Returns ``NULL`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.
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.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsNativeBytes(PyObject *pylong, void* buffer, Py_ssize_t n_bytes, int flags)
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Copy the Python integer value *pylong* to a native *buffer* of size
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*n_bytes*. The *flags* can be set to ``-1`` to behave similarly to a C cast,
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or to values documented below to control the behavior.
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Returns ``-1`` with an exception raised on error. This may happen if
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*pylong* cannot be interpreted as an integer, or if *pylong* was negative
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and the ``Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE`` flag was set.
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Otherwise, returns the number of bytes required to store the value.
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If this is equal to or less than *n_bytes*, the entire value was copied.
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All *n_bytes* of the buffer are written: large buffers are padded with
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zeroes.
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If the returned value is greater than than *n_bytes*, the value was
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truncated: as many of the lowest bits of the value as could fit are written,
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and the higher bits are ignored. This matches the typical behavior
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of a C-style downcast.
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.. note::
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Overflow is not considered an error. If the returned value
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is larger than *n_bytes*, most significant bits were discarded.
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``0`` will never be returned.
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Values are always copied as two's-complement.
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Usage example::
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int32_t value;
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Py_ssize_t bytes = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, &value, sizeof(value), -1);
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if (bytes < 0) {
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// Failed. A Python exception was set with the reason.
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return NULL;
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}
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else if (bytes <= (Py_ssize_t)sizeof(value)) {
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// Success!
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}
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else {
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// Overflow occurred, but 'value' contains the truncated
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// lowest bits of pylong.
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}
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Passing zero to *n_bytes* will return the size of a buffer that would
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be large enough to hold the value. This may be larger than technically
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necessary, but not unreasonably so. If *n_bytes=0*, *buffer* may be
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``NULL``.
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.. note::
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Passing *n_bytes=0* to this function is not an accurate way to determine
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the bit length of the value.
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To get at the entire Python value of an unknown size, the function can be
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called twice: first to determine the buffer size, then to fill it::
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// Ask how much space we need.
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Py_ssize_t expected = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, NULL, 0, -1);
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if (expected < 0) {
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// Failed. A Python exception was set with the reason.
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return NULL;
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}
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assert(expected != 0); // Impossible per the API definition.
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uint8_t *bignum = malloc(expected);
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if (!bignum) {
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PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "bignum malloc failed.");
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return NULL;
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}
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// Safely get the entire value.
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Py_ssize_t bytes = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, bignum, expected, -1);
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if (bytes < 0) { // Exception has been set.
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free(bignum);
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return NULL;
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}
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else if (bytes > expected) { // This should not be possible.
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PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
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"Unexpected bignum truncation after a size check.");
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free(bignum);
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return NULL;
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}
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// The expected success given the above pre-check.
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// ... use bignum ...
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free(bignum);
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*flags* is either ``-1`` (``Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_DEFAULTS``) to select defaults
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that behave most like a C cast, or a combintation of the other flags in
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the table below.
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Note that ``-1`` cannot be combined with other flags.
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Currently, ``-1`` corresponds to
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``Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER``.
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============================================= ======
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Flag Value
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============================================= ======
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.. c:macro:: Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_DEFAULTS ``-1``
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.. c:macro:: Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_BIG_ENDIAN ``0``
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.. c:macro:: Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_LITTLE_ENDIAN ``1``
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.. c:macro:: Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN ``3``
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.. c:macro:: Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER ``4``
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.. c:macro:: Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE ``8``
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.. c:macro:: Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_ALLOW_INDEX ``16``
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============================================= ======
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Specifying ``Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN`` will override any other endian
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flags. Passing ``2`` is reserved.
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By default, sufficient buffer will be requested to include a sign bit.
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For example, when converting 128 with *n_bytes=1*, the function will return
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2 (or more) in order to store a zero sign bit.
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If ``Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER`` is specified, a zero sign bit
|
|
will be omitted from size calculations. This allows, for example, 128 to fit
|
|
in a single-byte buffer. If the destination buffer is later treated as
|
|
signed, a positive input value may become negative.
|
|
Note that the flag does not affect handling of negative values: for those,
|
|
space for a sign bit is always requested.
|
|
|
|
Specifying ``Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE`` causes an exception to be set
|
|
if *pylong* is negative. Without this flag, negative values will be copied
|
|
provided there is enough space for at least one sign bit, regardless of
|
|
whether ``Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER`` was specified.
|
|
|
|
If ``Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_ALLOW_INDEX`` is specified and a non-integer value is
|
|
passed, its :meth:`~object.__index__` method will be called first. This may
|
|
result in Python code executing and other threads being allowed to run, which
|
|
could cause changes to other objects or values in use. When *flags* is
|
|
``-1``, this option is not set, and non-integer values will raise
|
|
:exc:`TypeError`.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
With the default *flags* (``-1``, or *UNSIGNED_BUFFER* without
|
|
*REJECT_NEGATIVE*), multiple Python integers can map to a single value
|
|
without overflow. For example, both ``255`` and ``-1`` fit a single-byte
|
|
buffer and set all its bits.
|
|
This matches typical C cast behavior.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.13
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. c:function:: int PyLong_GetSign(PyObject *obj, int *sign)
|
|
|
|
Get the sign of the integer object *obj*.
|
|
|
|
On success, set *\*sign* to the integer sign (0, -1 or +1 for zero, negative or
|
|
positive integer, respectively) and return 0.
|
|
|
|
On failure, return -1 with an exception set. This function always succeeds
|
|
if *obj* is a :c:type:`PyLongObject` or its subtype.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.14
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. c:function:: int PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact(const PyLongObject* op)
|
|
|
|
Return 1 if *op* is compact, 0 otherwise.
|
|
|
|
This function makes it possible for performance-critical code to implement
|
|
a “fast path” for small integers. For compact values use
|
|
:c:func:`PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue`; for others fall back to a
|
|
:c:func:`PyLong_As* <PyLong_AsSize_t>` function or
|
|
:c:func:`PyLong_AsNativeBytes`.
|
|
|
|
The speedup is expected to be negligible for most users.
|
|
|
|
Exactly what values are considered compact is an implementation detail
|
|
and is subject to change.
|
|
|
|
.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue(const PyLongObject* op)
|
|
|
|
If *op* is compact, as determined by :c:func:`PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact`,
|
|
return its value.
|
|
|
|
Otherwise, the return value is undefined.
|
|
|