mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
597 lines
21 KiB
ReStructuredText
597 lines
21 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`os.path` --- Common pathname manipulations
|
|
================================================
|
|
|
|
.. module:: os.path
|
|
:synopsis: Operations on pathnames.
|
|
|
|
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/genericpath.py`, :source:`Lib/posixpath.py` (for POSIX) and
|
|
:source:`Lib/ntpath.py` (for Windows).
|
|
|
|
.. index:: single: path; operations
|
|
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or write
|
|
files see :func:`open`, and for accessing the filesystem see the :mod:`os`
|
|
module. The path parameters can be passed as strings, or bytes, or any object
|
|
implementing the :class:`os.PathLike` protocol.
|
|
|
|
Unlike a Unix shell, Python does not do any *automatic* path expansions.
|
|
Functions such as :func:`expanduser` and :func:`expandvars` can be invoked
|
|
explicitly when an application desires shell-like path expansion. (See also
|
|
the :mod:`glob` module.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
The :mod:`pathlib` module offers high-level path objects.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
All of these functions accept either only bytes or only string objects as
|
|
their parameters. The result is an object of the same type, if a path or
|
|
file name is returned.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
Since different operating systems have different path name conventions, there
|
|
are several versions of this module in the standard library. The
|
|
:mod:`os.path` module is always the path module suitable for the operating
|
|
system Python is running on, and therefore usable for local paths. However,
|
|
you can also import and use the individual modules if you want to manipulate
|
|
a path that is *always* in one of the different formats. They all have the
|
|
same interface:
|
|
|
|
* :mod:`posixpath` for UNIX-style paths
|
|
* :mod:`ntpath` for Windows paths
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
|
|
|
|
:func:`exists`, :func:`lexists`, :func:`isdir`, :func:`isfile`,
|
|
:func:`islink`, and :func:`ismount` now return ``False`` instead of
|
|
raising an exception for paths that contain characters or bytes
|
|
unrepresentable at the OS level.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: abspath(path)
|
|
|
|
Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname *path*. On most
|
|
platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function :func:`normpath` as
|
|
follows: ``normpath(join(os.getcwd(), path))``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: basename(path)
|
|
|
|
Return the base name of pathname *path*. This is the second element of the
|
|
pair returned by passing *path* to the function :func:`split`. Note that
|
|
the result of this function is different
|
|
from the Unix :program:`basename` program; where :program:`basename` for
|
|
``'/foo/bar/'`` returns ``'bar'``, the :func:`basename` function returns an
|
|
empty string (``''``).
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: commonpath(paths)
|
|
|
|
Return the longest common sub-path of each pathname in the iterable
|
|
*paths*. Raise :exc:`ValueError` if *paths* contain both absolute
|
|
and relative pathnames, the *paths* are on the different drives or
|
|
if *paths* is empty. Unlike :func:`commonprefix`, this returns a
|
|
valid path.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.5
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a sequence of :term:`path-like objects <path-like object>`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.13
|
|
Any iterable can now be passed, rather than just sequences.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: commonprefix(list)
|
|
|
|
Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a
|
|
prefix of all paths in *list*. If *list* is empty, return the empty string
|
|
(``''``).
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
This function may return invalid paths because it works a
|
|
character at a time. To obtain a valid path, see
|
|
:func:`commonpath`.
|
|
|
|
::
|
|
|
|
>>> os.path.commonprefix(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib'])
|
|
'/usr/l'
|
|
|
|
>>> os.path.commonpath(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib'])
|
|
'/usr'
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: dirname(path)
|
|
|
|
Return the directory name of pathname *path*. This is the first element of
|
|
the pair returned by passing *path* to the function :func:`split`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: exists(path)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if *path* refers to an existing path or an open
|
|
file descriptor. Returns ``False`` for broken symbolic links. On
|
|
some platforms, this function may return ``False`` if permission is
|
|
not granted to execute :func:`os.stat` on the requested file, even
|
|
if the *path* physically exists.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
|
|
*path* can now be an integer: ``True`` is returned if it is an
|
|
open file descriptor, ``False`` otherwise.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: lexists(path)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if *path* refers to an existing path, including
|
|
broken symbolic links. Equivalent to :func:`exists` on platforms lacking
|
|
:func:`os.lstat`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. index:: single: ~ (tilde); home directory expansion
|
|
|
|
.. function:: expanduser(path)
|
|
|
|
On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component of ``~`` or
|
|
``~user`` replaced by that *user*'s home directory.
|
|
|
|
.. index:: pair: module; pwd
|
|
|
|
On Unix, an initial ``~`` is replaced by the environment variable :envvar:`HOME`
|
|
if it is set; otherwise the current user's home directory is looked up in the
|
|
password directory through the built-in module :mod:`pwd`. An initial ``~user``
|
|
is looked up directly in the password directory.
|
|
|
|
On Windows, :envvar:`USERPROFILE` will be used if set, otherwise a combination
|
|
of :envvar:`HOMEPATH` and :envvar:`HOMEDRIVE` will be used. An initial
|
|
``~user`` is handled by checking that the last directory component of the current
|
|
user's home directory matches :envvar:`USERNAME`, and replacing it if so.
|
|
|
|
If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path is
|
|
returned unchanged.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
|
|
No longer uses :envvar:`HOME` on Windows.
|
|
|
|
.. index::
|
|
single: $ (dollar); environment variables expansion
|
|
single: % (percent); environment variables expansion (Windows)
|
|
|
|
.. function:: expandvars(path)
|
|
|
|
Return the argument with environment variables expanded. Substrings of the form
|
|
``$name`` or ``${name}`` are replaced by the value of environment variable
|
|
*name*. Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables are
|
|
left unchanged.
|
|
|
|
On Windows, ``%name%`` expansions are supported in addition to ``$name`` and
|
|
``${name}``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: getatime(path)
|
|
|
|
Return the time of last access of *path*. The return value is a floating point number giving
|
|
the number of seconds since the epoch (see the :mod:`time` module). Raise
|
|
:exc:`OSError` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: getmtime(path)
|
|
|
|
Return the time of last modification of *path*. The return value is a floating point number
|
|
giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the :mod:`time` module).
|
|
Raise :exc:`OSError` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: getctime(path)
|
|
|
|
Return the system's ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the
|
|
last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for *path*.
|
|
The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see
|
|
the :mod:`time` module). Raise :exc:`OSError` if the file does not exist or
|
|
is inaccessible.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: getsize(path)
|
|
|
|
Return the size, in bytes, of *path*. Raise :exc:`OSError` if the file does
|
|
not exist or is inaccessible.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: isabs(path)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if *path* is an absolute pathname. On Unix, that means it
|
|
begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with two (back)slashes, or a
|
|
drive letter, colon, and (back)slash together.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.13
|
|
On Windows, returns ``False`` if the given path starts with exactly one
|
|
(back)slash.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: isfile(path)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if *path* is an :func:`existing <exists>` regular file.
|
|
This follows symbolic links, so both :func:`islink` and :func:`isfile` can
|
|
be true for the same path.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: isdir(path)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if *path* is an :func:`existing <exists>` directory. This
|
|
follows symbolic links, so both :func:`islink` and :func:`isdir` can be true
|
|
for the same path.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: isjunction(path)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if *path* refers to an :func:`existing <lexists>` directory
|
|
entry that is a junction. Always return ``False`` if junctions are not
|
|
supported on the current platform.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.12
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: islink(path)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if *path* refers to an :func:`existing <exists>` directory
|
|
entry that is a symbolic link. Always ``False`` if symbolic links are not
|
|
supported by the Python runtime.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: ismount(path)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if pathname *path* is a :dfn:`mount point`: a point in a
|
|
file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the
|
|
function checks whether *path*'s parent, :file:`{path}/..`, is on a different
|
|
device than *path*, or whether :file:`{path}/..` and *path* point to the same
|
|
i-node on the same device --- this should detect mount points for all Unix
|
|
and POSIX variants. It is not able to reliably detect bind mounts on the
|
|
same filesystem. On Windows, a drive letter root and a share UNC are
|
|
always mount points, and for any other path ``GetVolumePathName`` is called
|
|
to see if it is different from the input path.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
Added support for detecting non-root mount points on Windows.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: isdevdrive(path)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if pathname *path* is located on a Windows Dev Drive.
|
|
A Dev Drive is optimized for developer scenarios, and offers faster
|
|
performance for reading and writing files. It is recommended for use for
|
|
source code, temporary build directories, package caches, and other
|
|
IO-intensive operations.
|
|
|
|
May raise an error for an invalid path, for example, one without a
|
|
recognizable drive, but returns ``False`` on platforms that do not support
|
|
Dev Drives. See `the Windows documentation <https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/dev-drive/>`_
|
|
for information on enabling and creating Dev Drives.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.12
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.13
|
|
The function is now available on all platforms, and will always return ``False`` on those that have no support for Dev Drives
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: isreserved(path)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if *path* is a reserved pathname on the current system.
|
|
|
|
On Windows, reserved filenames include those that end with a space or dot;
|
|
those that contain colons (i.e. file streams such as "name:stream"),
|
|
wildcard characters (i.e. ``'*?"<>'``), pipe, or ASCII control characters;
|
|
as well as DOS device names such as "NUL", "CON", "CONIN$", "CONOUT$",
|
|
"AUX", "PRN", "COM1", and "LPT1".
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
This function approximates rules for reserved paths on most Windows
|
|
systems. These rules change over time in various Windows releases.
|
|
This function may be updated in future Python releases as changes to
|
|
the rules become broadly available.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Windows.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.13
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: join(path, *paths)
|
|
|
|
Join one or more path segments intelligently. The return value is the
|
|
concatenation of *path* and all members of *\*paths*, with exactly one
|
|
directory separator following each non-empty part, except the last. That is,
|
|
the result will only end in a separator if the last part is either empty or
|
|
ends in a separator. If a segment is an absolute path (which on Windows
|
|
requires both a drive and a root), then all previous segments are ignored and
|
|
joining continues from the absolute path segment.
|
|
|
|
On Windows, the drive is not reset when a rooted path segment (e.g.,
|
|
``r'\foo'``) is encountered. If a segment is on a different drive or is an
|
|
absolute path, all previous segments are ignored and the drive is reset. Note
|
|
that since there is a current directory for each drive,
|
|
``os.path.join("c:", "foo")`` represents a path relative to the current
|
|
directory on drive :file:`C:` (:file:`c:foo`), not :file:`c:\\foo`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for *path* and *paths*.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: normcase(path)
|
|
|
|
Normalize the case of a pathname. On Windows, convert all characters in the
|
|
pathname to lowercase, and also convert forward slashes to backward slashes.
|
|
On other operating systems, return the path unchanged.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: normpath(path)
|
|
|
|
Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-level
|
|
references so that ``A//B``, ``A/B/``, ``A/./B`` and ``A/foo/../B`` all
|
|
become ``A/B``. This string manipulation may change the meaning of a path
|
|
that contains symbolic links. On Windows, it converts forward slashes to
|
|
backward slashes. To normalize case, use :func:`normcase`.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
On POSIX systems, in accordance with `IEEE Std 1003.1 2013 Edition; 4.13
|
|
Pathname Resolution <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_13>`_,
|
|
if a pathname begins with exactly two slashes, the first component
|
|
following the leading characters may be interpreted in an implementation-defined
|
|
manner, although more than two leading characters shall be treated as a
|
|
single character.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: realpath(path, *, strict=False)
|
|
|
|
Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic
|
|
links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating
|
|
system). On Windows, this function will also resolve MS-DOS (also called 8.3)
|
|
style names such as ``C:\\PROGRA~1`` to ``C:\\Program Files``.
|
|
|
|
If a path doesn't exist or a symlink loop is encountered, and *strict* is
|
|
``True``, :exc:`OSError` is raised. If *strict* is ``False`` these errors
|
|
are ignored, and so the result might be missing or otherwise inaccessible.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
This function emulates the operating system's procedure for making a path
|
|
canonical, which differs slightly between Windows and UNIX with respect
|
|
to how links and subsequent path components interact.
|
|
|
|
Operating system APIs make paths canonical as needed, so it's not
|
|
normally necessary to call this function.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
|
|
Symbolic links and junctions are now resolved on Windows.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.10
|
|
The *strict* parameter was added.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: relpath(path, start=os.curdir)
|
|
|
|
Return a relative filepath to *path* either from the current directory or
|
|
from an optional *start* directory. This is a path computation: the
|
|
filesystem is not accessed to confirm the existence or nature of *path* or
|
|
*start*. On Windows, :exc:`ValueError` is raised when *path* and *start*
|
|
are on different drives.
|
|
|
|
*start* defaults to :data:`os.curdir`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: samefile(path1, path2)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory.
|
|
This is determined by the device number and i-node number and raises an
|
|
exception if an :func:`os.stat` call on either pathname fails.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
|
|
Added Windows support.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
Windows now uses the same implementation as all other platforms.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if the file descriptors *fp1* and *fp2* refer to the same file.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
|
|
Added Windows support.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: samestat(stat1, stat2)
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if the stat tuples *stat1* and *stat2* refer to the same file.
|
|
These structures may have been returned by :func:`os.fstat`,
|
|
:func:`os.lstat`, or :func:`os.stat`. This function implements the
|
|
underlying comparison used by :func:`samefile` and :func:`sameopenfile`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
Added Windows support.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: split(path)
|
|
|
|
Split the pathname *path* into a pair, ``(head, tail)`` where *tail* is the
|
|
last pathname component and *head* is everything leading up to that. The
|
|
*tail* part will never contain a slash; if *path* ends in a slash, *tail*
|
|
will be empty. If there is no slash in *path*, *head* will be empty. If
|
|
*path* is empty, both *head* and *tail* are empty. Trailing slashes are
|
|
stripped from *head* unless it is the root (one or more slashes only). In
|
|
all cases, ``join(head, tail)`` returns a path to the same location as *path*
|
|
(but the strings may differ). Also see the functions :func:`dirname` and
|
|
:func:`basename`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: splitdrive(path)
|
|
|
|
Split the pathname *path* into a pair ``(drive, tail)`` where *drive* is either
|
|
a mount point or the empty string. On systems which do not use drive
|
|
specifications, *drive* will always be the empty string. In all cases, ``drive
|
|
+ tail`` will be the same as *path*.
|
|
|
|
On Windows, splits a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path.
|
|
|
|
If the path contains a drive letter, drive will contain everything
|
|
up to and including the colon::
|
|
|
|
>>> splitdrive("c:/dir")
|
|
("c:", "/dir")
|
|
|
|
If the path contains a UNC path, drive will contain the host name
|
|
and share::
|
|
|
|
>>> splitdrive("//host/computer/dir")
|
|
("//host/computer", "/dir")
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: splitroot(path)
|
|
|
|
Split the pathname *path* into a 3-item tuple ``(drive, root, tail)`` where
|
|
*drive* is a device name or mount point, *root* is a string of separators
|
|
after the drive, and *tail* is everything after the root. Any of these
|
|
items may be the empty string. In all cases, ``drive + root + tail`` will
|
|
be the same as *path*.
|
|
|
|
On POSIX systems, *drive* is always empty. The *root* may be empty (if *path* is
|
|
relative), a single forward slash (if *path* is absolute), or two forward slashes
|
|
(implementation-defined per `IEEE Std 1003.1-2017; 4.13 Pathname Resolution
|
|
<https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_13>`_.)
|
|
For example::
|
|
|
|
>>> splitroot('/home/sam')
|
|
('', '/', 'home/sam')
|
|
>>> splitroot('//home/sam')
|
|
('', '//', 'home/sam')
|
|
>>> splitroot('///home/sam')
|
|
('', '/', '//home/sam')
|
|
|
|
On Windows, *drive* may be empty, a drive-letter name, a UNC share, or a device
|
|
name. The *root* may be empty, a forward slash, or a backward slash. For
|
|
example::
|
|
|
|
>>> splitroot('C:/Users/Sam')
|
|
('C:', '/', 'Users/Sam')
|
|
>>> splitroot('//Server/Share/Users/Sam')
|
|
('//Server/Share', '/', 'Users/Sam')
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.12
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: splitext(path)
|
|
|
|
Split the pathname *path* into a pair ``(root, ext)`` such that ``root + ext ==
|
|
path``, and the extension, *ext*, is empty or begins with a period and contains at
|
|
most one period.
|
|
|
|
If the path contains no extension, *ext* will be ``''``::
|
|
|
|
>>> splitext('bar')
|
|
('bar', '')
|
|
|
|
If the path contains an extension, then *ext* will be set to this extension,
|
|
including the leading period. Note that previous periods will be ignored::
|
|
|
|
>>> splitext('foo.bar.exe')
|
|
('foo.bar', '.exe')
|
|
>>> splitext('/foo/bar.exe')
|
|
('/foo/bar', '.exe')
|
|
|
|
Leading periods of the last component of the path are considered to
|
|
be part of the root::
|
|
|
|
>>> splitext('.cshrc')
|
|
('.cshrc', '')
|
|
>>> splitext('/foo/....jpg')
|
|
('/foo/....jpg', '')
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: supports_unicode_filenames
|
|
|
|
``True`` if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitations
|
|
imposed by the file system).
|