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cpython/Lib/pathlib.py

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import fnmatch
import functools
import io
import ntpath
import os
import posixpath
import re
import sys
import warnings
from _collections_abc import Sequence
from errno import ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP
from operator import attrgetter
from stat import S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK, S_ISREG, S_ISSOCK, S_ISBLK, S_ISCHR, S_ISFIFO
from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes as urlquote_from_bytes
__all__ = [
"PurePath", "PurePosixPath", "PureWindowsPath",
"Path", "PosixPath", "WindowsPath",
]
#
# Internals
#
_WINERROR_NOT_READY = 21 # drive exists but is not accessible
_WINERROR_INVALID_NAME = 123 # fix for bpo-35306
_WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME = 1921 # broken symlink pointing to itself
# EBADF - guard against macOS `stat` throwing EBADF
_IGNORED_ERRNOS = (ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP)
_IGNORED_WINERRORS = (
_WINERROR_NOT_READY,
_WINERROR_INVALID_NAME,
_WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME)
def _ignore_error(exception):
return (getattr(exception, 'errno', None) in _IGNORED_ERRNOS or
getattr(exception, 'winerror', None) in _IGNORED_WINERRORS)
def _is_wildcard_pattern(pat):
# Whether this pattern needs actual matching using fnmatch, or can
# be looked up directly as a file.
return "*" in pat or "?" in pat or "[" in pat
class _Flavour(object):
"""A flavour implements a particular (platform-specific) set of path
semantics."""
def __init__(self):
self.join = self.sep.join
def parse_parts(self, parts):
parsed = []
sep = self.sep
altsep = self.altsep
drv = root = ''
it = reversed(parts)
for part in it:
if not part:
continue
if altsep:
part = part.replace(altsep, sep)
drv, root, rel = self.splitroot(part)
if sep in rel:
for x in reversed(rel.split(sep)):
if x and x != '.':
parsed.append(sys.intern(x))
else:
if rel and rel != '.':
parsed.append(sys.intern(rel))
if drv or root:
if not drv:
# If no drive is present, try to find one in the previous
# parts. This makes the result of parsing e.g.
# ("C:", "/", "a") reasonably intuitive.
for part in it:
if not part:
continue
if altsep:
part = part.replace(altsep, sep)
drv = self.splitroot(part)[0]
if drv:
break
break
if drv or root:
parsed.append(drv + root)
parsed.reverse()
return drv, root, parsed
def join_parsed_parts(self, drv, root, parts, drv2, root2, parts2):
"""
Join the two paths represented by the respective
(drive, root, parts) tuples. Return a new (drive, root, parts) tuple.
"""
if root2:
if not drv2 and drv:
return drv, root2, [drv + root2] + parts2[1:]
elif drv2:
if drv2 == drv or self.casefold(drv2) == self.casefold(drv):
# Same drive => second path is relative to the first
return drv, root, parts + parts2[1:]
else:
# Second path is non-anchored (common case)
return drv, root, parts + parts2
return drv2, root2, parts2
class _WindowsFlavour(_Flavour):
# Reference for Windows paths can be found at
# http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365247%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
sep = '\\'
altsep = '/'
has_drv = True
pathmod = ntpath
is_supported = (os.name == 'nt')
drive_letters = set('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')
ext_namespace_prefix = '\\\\?\\'
reserved_names = (
{'CON', 'PRN', 'AUX', 'NUL', 'CONIN$', 'CONOUT$'} |
{'COM%s' % c for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'} |
{'LPT%s' % c for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'}
)
# Interesting findings about extended paths:
# * '\\?\c:\a' is an extended path, which bypasses normal Windows API
# path processing. Thus relative paths are not resolved and slash is not
# translated to backslash. It has the native NT path limit of 32767
# characters, but a bit less after resolving device symbolic links,
# such as '\??\C:' => '\Device\HarddiskVolume2'.
# * '\\?\c:/a' looks for a device named 'C:/a' because slash is a
# regular name character in the object namespace.
# * '\\?\c:\foo/bar' is invalid because '/' is illegal in NT filesystems.
# The only path separator at the filesystem level is backslash.
# * '//?/c:\a' and '//?/c:/a' are effectively equivalent to '\\.\c:\a' and
# thus limited to MAX_PATH.
# * Prior to Windows 8, ANSI API bytes paths are limited to MAX_PATH,
# even with the '\\?\' prefix.
def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep):
first = part[0:1]
second = part[1:2]
if (second == sep and first == sep):
# XXX extended paths should also disable the collapsing of "."
# components (according to MSDN docs).
prefix, part = self._split_extended_path(part)
first = part[0:1]
second = part[1:2]
else:
prefix = ''
third = part[2:3]
if (second == sep and first == sep and third != sep):
# is a UNC path:
# vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv root
# \\machine\mountpoint\directory\etc\...
# directory ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
index = part.find(sep, 2)
if index != -1:
index2 = part.find(sep, index + 1)
# a UNC path can't have two slashes in a row
# (after the initial two)
if index2 != index + 1:
if index2 == -1:
index2 = len(part)
if prefix:
return prefix + part[1:index2], sep, part[index2+1:]
else:
return part[:index2], sep, part[index2+1:]
drv = root = ''
if second == ':' and first in self.drive_letters:
drv = part[:2]
part = part[2:]
first = third
if first == sep:
root = first
part = part.lstrip(sep)
return prefix + drv, root, part
def casefold(self, s):
return s.lower()
def casefold_parts(self, parts):
return [p.lower() for p in parts]
def compile_pattern(self, pattern):
return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pattern), re.IGNORECASE).fullmatch
def _split_extended_path(self, s, ext_prefix=ext_namespace_prefix):
prefix = ''
if s.startswith(ext_prefix):
prefix = s[:4]
s = s[4:]
if s.startswith('UNC\\'):
prefix += s[:3]
s = '\\' + s[3:]
return prefix, s
def is_reserved(self, parts):
# NOTE: the rules for reserved names seem somewhat complicated
# (e.g. r"..\NUL" is reserved but not r"foo\NUL" if "foo" does not
# exist). We err on the side of caution and return True for paths
# which are not considered reserved by Windows.
if not parts:
return False
if parts[0].startswith('\\\\'):
# UNC paths are never reserved
return False
name = parts[-1].partition('.')[0].partition(':')[0].rstrip(' ')
return name.upper() in self.reserved_names
def make_uri(self, path):
# Under Windows, file URIs use the UTF-8 encoding.
drive = path.drive
if len(drive) == 2 and drive[1] == ':':
# It's a path on a local drive => 'file:///c:/a/b'
rest = path.as_posix()[2:].lstrip('/')
return 'file:///%s/%s' % (
drive, urlquote_from_bytes(rest.encode('utf-8')))
else:
# It's a path on a network drive => 'file://host/share/a/b'
return 'file:' + urlquote_from_bytes(path.as_posix().encode('utf-8'))
class _PosixFlavour(_Flavour):
sep = '/'
altsep = ''
has_drv = False
pathmod = posixpath
is_supported = (os.name != 'nt')
def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep):
if part and part[0] == sep:
stripped_part = part.lstrip(sep)
# According to POSIX path resolution:
# http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_11
# "A pathname that begins with two successive slashes may be
# interpreted in an implementation-defined manner, although more
# than two leading slashes shall be treated as a single slash".
if len(part) - len(stripped_part) == 2:
return '', sep * 2, stripped_part
else:
return '', sep, stripped_part
else:
return '', '', part
def casefold(self, s):
return s
def casefold_parts(self, parts):
return parts
def compile_pattern(self, pattern):
return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pattern)).fullmatch
def is_reserved(self, parts):
return False
def make_uri(self, path):
# We represent the path using the local filesystem encoding,
# for portability to other applications.
bpath = bytes(path)
return 'file://' + urlquote_from_bytes(bpath)
_windows_flavour = _WindowsFlavour()
_posix_flavour = _PosixFlavour()
#
# Globbing helpers
#
def _make_selector(pattern_parts, flavour):
pat = pattern_parts[0]
child_parts = pattern_parts[1:]
if not pat:
return _TerminatingSelector()
if pat == '**':
cls = _RecursiveWildcardSelector
elif '**' in pat:
raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component")
elif _is_wildcard_pattern(pat):
cls = _WildcardSelector
else:
cls = _PreciseSelector
return cls(pat, child_parts, flavour)
if hasattr(functools, "lru_cache"):
_make_selector = functools.lru_cache()(_make_selector)
class _Selector:
"""A selector matches a specific glob pattern part against the children
of a given path."""
def __init__(self, child_parts, flavour):
self.child_parts = child_parts
if child_parts:
self.successor = _make_selector(child_parts, flavour)
self.dironly = True
else:
self.successor = _TerminatingSelector()
self.dironly = False
def select_from(self, parent_path):
"""Iterate over all child paths of `parent_path` matched by this
selector. This can contain parent_path itself."""
path_cls = type(parent_path)
is_dir = path_cls.is_dir
exists = path_cls.exists
scandir = path_cls._scandir
if not is_dir(parent_path):
return iter([])
return self._select_from(parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir)
class _TerminatingSelector:
def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
yield parent_path
class _PreciseSelector(_Selector):
def __init__(self, name, child_parts, flavour):
self.name = name
_Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour)
def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
try:
path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(self.name)
if (is_dir if self.dironly else exists)(path):
for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
yield p
except PermissionError:
return
class _WildcardSelector(_Selector):
def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour):
self.match = flavour.compile_pattern(pat)
_Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour)
def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
try:
with scandir(parent_path) as scandir_it:
entries = list(scandir_it)
for entry in entries:
if self.dironly:
try:
# "entry.is_dir()" can raise PermissionError
# in some cases (see bpo-38894), which is not
# among the errors ignored by _ignore_error()
if not entry.is_dir():
continue
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
continue
name = entry.name
if self.match(name):
path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(name)
for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
yield p
except PermissionError:
return
class _RecursiveWildcardSelector(_Selector):
def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour):
_Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour)
def _iterate_directories(self, parent_path, is_dir, scandir):
yield parent_path
try:
with scandir(parent_path) as scandir_it:
entries = list(scandir_it)
for entry in entries:
entry_is_dir = False
try:
entry_is_dir = entry.is_dir()
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
if entry_is_dir and not entry.is_symlink():
path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(entry.name)
for p in self._iterate_directories(path, is_dir, scandir):
yield p
except PermissionError:
return
def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
try:
yielded = set()
try:
successor_select = self.successor._select_from
for starting_point in self._iterate_directories(parent_path, is_dir, scandir):
for p in successor_select(starting_point, is_dir, exists, scandir):
if p not in yielded:
yield p
yielded.add(p)
finally:
yielded.clear()
except PermissionError:
return
#
# Public API
#
class _PathParents(Sequence):
"""This object provides sequence-like access to the logical ancestors
of a path. Don't try to construct it yourself."""
__slots__ = ('_pathcls', '_drv', '_root', '_parts')
def __init__(self, path):
# We don't store the instance to avoid reference cycles
self._pathcls = type(path)
self._drv = path._drv
self._root = path._root
self._parts = path._parts
def __len__(self):
if self._drv or self._root:
return len(self._parts) - 1
else:
return len(self._parts)
def __getitem__(self, idx):
if isinstance(idx, slice):
return tuple(self[i] for i in range(*idx.indices(len(self))))
if idx >= len(self) or idx < -len(self):
raise IndexError(idx)
return self._pathcls._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
self._parts[:-idx - 1])
def __repr__(self):
return "<{}.parents>".format(self._pathcls.__name__)
class PurePath(object):
"""Base class for manipulating paths without I/O.
PurePath represents a filesystem path and offers operations which
don't imply any actual filesystem I/O. Depending on your system,
instantiating a PurePath will return either a PurePosixPath or a
PureWindowsPath object. You can also instantiate either of these classes
directly, regardless of your system.
"""
__slots__ = (
'_drv', '_root', '_parts',
'_str', '_hash', '_pparts', '_cached_cparts',
)
def __new__(cls, *args):
"""Construct a PurePath from one or several strings and or existing
PurePath objects. The strings and path objects are combined so as
to yield a canonicalized path, which is incorporated into the
new PurePath object.
"""
if cls is PurePath:
cls = PureWindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PurePosixPath
return cls._from_parts(args)
def __reduce__(self):
# Using the parts tuple helps share interned path parts
# when pickling related paths.
return (self.__class__, tuple(self._parts))
@classmethod
def _parse_args(cls, args):
# This is useful when you don't want to create an instance, just
# canonicalize some constructor arguments.
parts = []
for a in args:
if isinstance(a, PurePath):
parts += a._parts
else:
a = os.fspath(a)
if isinstance(a, str):
# Force-cast str subclasses to str (issue #21127)
parts.append(str(a))
else:
raise TypeError(
"argument should be a str object or an os.PathLike "
"object returning str, not %r"
% type(a))
return cls._flavour.parse_parts(parts)
@classmethod
def _from_parts(cls, args):
# We need to call _parse_args on the instance, so as to get the
# right flavour.
self = object.__new__(cls)
drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args)
self._drv = drv
self._root = root
self._parts = parts
return self
@classmethod
def _from_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts):
self = object.__new__(cls)
self._drv = drv
self._root = root
self._parts = parts
return self
@classmethod
def _format_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts):
if drv or root:
return drv + root + cls._flavour.join(parts[1:])
else:
return cls._flavour.join(parts)
def _make_child(self, args):
drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args)
drv, root, parts = self._flavour.join_parsed_parts(
self._drv, self._root, self._parts, drv, root, parts)
return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts)
def __str__(self):
"""Return the string representation of the path, suitable for
passing to system calls."""
try:
return self._str
except AttributeError:
self._str = self._format_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
self._parts) or '.'
return self._str
def __fspath__(self):
return str(self)
def as_posix(self):
"""Return the string representation of the path with forward (/)
slashes."""
f = self._flavour
return str(self).replace(f.sep, '/')
def __bytes__(self):
"""Return the bytes representation of the path. This is only
recommended to use under Unix."""
return os.fsencode(self)
def __repr__(self):
return "{}({!r})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.as_posix())
def as_uri(self):
"""Return the path as a 'file' URI."""
if not self.is_absolute():
raise ValueError("relative path can't be expressed as a file URI")
return self._flavour.make_uri(self)
@property
def _cparts(self):
# Cached casefolded parts, for hashing and comparison
try:
return self._cached_cparts
except AttributeError:
self._cached_cparts = self._flavour.casefold_parts(self._parts)
return self._cached_cparts
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, PurePath):
return NotImplemented
return self._cparts == other._cparts and self._flavour is other._flavour
def __hash__(self):
try:
return self._hash
except AttributeError:
self._hash = hash(tuple(self._cparts))
return self._hash
def __lt__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
return NotImplemented
return self._cparts < other._cparts
def __le__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
return NotImplemented
return self._cparts <= other._cparts
def __gt__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
return NotImplemented
return self._cparts > other._cparts
def __ge__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
return NotImplemented
return self._cparts >= other._cparts
drive = property(attrgetter('_drv'),
doc="""The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any.""")
root = property(attrgetter('_root'),
doc="""The root of the path, if any.""")
@property
def anchor(self):
"""The concatenation of the drive and root, or ''."""
anchor = self._drv + self._root
return anchor
@property
def name(self):
"""The final path component, if any."""
parts = self._parts
if len(parts) == (1 if (self._drv or self._root) else 0):
return ''
return parts[-1]
@property
def suffix(self):
"""
The final component's last suffix, if any.
This includes the leading period. For example: '.txt'
"""
name = self.name
i = name.rfind('.')
if 0 < i < len(name) - 1:
return name[i:]
else:
return ''
@property
def suffixes(self):
"""
A list of the final component's suffixes, if any.
These include the leading periods. For example: ['.tar', '.gz']
"""
name = self.name
if name.endswith('.'):
return []
name = name.lstrip('.')
return ['.' + suffix for suffix in name.split('.')[1:]]
@property
def stem(self):
"""The final path component, minus its last suffix."""
name = self.name
i = name.rfind('.')
if 0 < i < len(name) - 1:
return name[:i]
else:
return name
def with_name(self, name):
"""Return a new path with the file name changed."""
if not self.name:
raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
drv, root, parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((name,))
if (not name or name[-1] in [self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep]
or drv or root or len(parts) != 1):
raise ValueError("Invalid name %r" % (name))
return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
self._parts[:-1] + [name])
def with_stem(self, stem):
"""Return a new path with the stem changed."""
return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)
def with_suffix(self, suffix):
"""Return a new path with the file suffix changed. If the path
has no suffix, add given suffix. If the given suffix is an empty
string, remove the suffix from the path.
"""
f = self._flavour
if f.sep in suffix or f.altsep and f.altsep in suffix:
raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix,))
if suffix and not suffix.startswith('.') or suffix == '.':
raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix))
name = self.name
if not name:
raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
old_suffix = self.suffix
if not old_suffix:
name = name + suffix
else:
name = name[:-len(old_suffix)] + suffix
return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
self._parts[:-1] + [name])
def relative_to(self, *other):
"""Return the relative path to another path identified by the passed
arguments. If the operation is not possible (because this is not
a subpath of the other path), raise ValueError.
"""
# For the purpose of this method, drive and root are considered
# separate parts, i.e.:
# Path('c:/').relative_to('c:') gives Path('/')
# Path('c:/').relative_to('/') raise ValueError
if not other:
raise TypeError("need at least one argument")
parts = self._parts
drv = self._drv
root = self._root
if root:
abs_parts = [drv, root] + parts[1:]
else:
abs_parts = parts
to_drv, to_root, to_parts = self._parse_args(other)
if to_root:
to_abs_parts = [to_drv, to_root] + to_parts[1:]
else:
to_abs_parts = to_parts
n = len(to_abs_parts)
cf = self._flavour.casefold_parts
if (root or drv) if n == 0 else cf(abs_parts[:n]) != cf(to_abs_parts):
formatted = self._format_parsed_parts(to_drv, to_root, to_parts)
raise ValueError("{!r} is not in the subpath of {!r}"
" OR one path is relative and the other is absolute."
.format(str(self), str(formatted)))
return self._from_parsed_parts('', root if n == 1 else '',
abs_parts[n:])
def is_relative_to(self, *other):
"""Return True if the path is relative to another path or False.
"""
try:
self.relative_to(*other)
return True
except ValueError:
return False
@property
def parts(self):
"""An object providing sequence-like access to the
components in the filesystem path."""
# We cache the tuple to avoid building a new one each time .parts
# is accessed. XXX is this necessary?
try:
return self._pparts
except AttributeError:
self._pparts = tuple(self._parts)
return self._pparts
def joinpath(self, *args):
"""Combine this path with one or several arguments, and return a
new path representing either a subpath (if all arguments are relative
paths) or a totally different path (if one of the arguments is
anchored).
"""
return self._make_child(args)
def __truediv__(self, key):
try:
return self._make_child((key,))
except TypeError:
return NotImplemented
def __rtruediv__(self, key):
try:
return self._from_parts([key] + self._parts)
except TypeError:
return NotImplemented
@property
def parent(self):
"""The logical parent of the path."""
drv = self._drv
root = self._root
parts = self._parts
if len(parts) == 1 and (drv or root):
return self
return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts[:-1])
@property
def parents(self):
"""A sequence of this path's logical parents."""
return _PathParents(self)
def is_absolute(self):
"""True if the path is absolute (has both a root and, if applicable,
a drive)."""
if not self._root:
return False
return not self._flavour.has_drv or bool(self._drv)
def is_reserved(self):
"""Return True if the path contains one of the special names reserved
by the system, if any."""
return self._flavour.is_reserved(self._parts)
def match(self, path_pattern):
"""
Return True if this path matches the given pattern.
"""
cf = self._flavour.casefold
path_pattern = cf(path_pattern)
drv, root, pat_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((path_pattern,))
if not pat_parts:
raise ValueError("empty pattern")
if drv and drv != cf(self._drv):
return False
if root and root != cf(self._root):
return False
parts = self._cparts
if drv or root:
if len(pat_parts) != len(parts):
return False
pat_parts = pat_parts[1:]
elif len(pat_parts) > len(parts):
return False
for part, pat in zip(reversed(parts), reversed(pat_parts)):
if not fnmatch.fnmatchcase(part, pat):
return False
return True
# Can't subclass os.PathLike from PurePath and keep the constructor
# optimizations in PurePath._parse_args().
os.PathLike.register(PurePath)
class PurePosixPath(PurePath):
"""PurePath subclass for non-Windows systems.
On a POSIX system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object.
However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system.
"""
_flavour = _posix_flavour
__slots__ = ()
class PureWindowsPath(PurePath):
"""PurePath subclass for Windows systems.
On a Windows system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object.
However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system.
"""
_flavour = _windows_flavour
__slots__ = ()
# Filesystem-accessing classes
class Path(PurePath):
"""PurePath subclass that can make system calls.
Path represents a filesystem path but unlike PurePath, also offers
methods to do system calls on path objects. Depending on your system,
instantiating a Path will return either a PosixPath or a WindowsPath
object. You can also instantiate a PosixPath or WindowsPath directly,
but cannot instantiate a WindowsPath on a POSIX system or vice versa.
"""
__slots__ = ()
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if cls is Path:
cls = WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PosixPath
self = cls._from_parts(args)
if not self._flavour.is_supported:
raise NotImplementedError("cannot instantiate %r on your system"
% (cls.__name__,))
return self
def _make_child_relpath(self, part):
# This is an optimization used for dir walking. `part` must be
# a single part relative to this path.
parts = self._parts + [part]
return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, parts)
def __enter__(self):
# In previous versions of pathlib, __exit__() marked this path as
# closed; subsequent attempts to perform I/O would raise an IOError.
# This functionality was never documented, and had the effect of
# making Path objects mutable, contrary to PEP 428.
# In Python 3.9 __exit__() was made a no-op.
# In Python 3.11 __enter__() began emitting DeprecationWarning.
# In Python 3.13 __enter__() and __exit__() should be removed.
warnings.warn("pathlib.Path.__enter__() is deprecated and scheduled "
"for removal in Python 3.13; Path objects as a context "
"manager is a no-op",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
return self
def __exit__(self, t, v, tb):
pass
# Public API
@classmethod
def cwd(cls):
"""Return a new path pointing to the current working directory
(as returned by os.getcwd()).
"""
return cls(os.getcwd())
@classmethod
def home(cls):
"""Return a new path pointing to the user's home directory (as
returned by os.path.expanduser('~')).
"""
return cls("~").expanduser()
def samefile(self, other_path):
"""Return whether other_path is the same or not as this file
(as returned by os.path.samefile()).
"""
st = self.stat()
try:
other_st = other_path.stat()
except AttributeError:
other_st = self.__class__(other_path).stat()
return os.path.samestat(st, other_st)
def iterdir(self):
"""Iterate over the files in this directory. Does not yield any
result for the special paths '.' and '..'.
"""
for name in os.listdir(self):
yield self._make_child_relpath(name)
def _scandir(self):
# bpo-24132: a future version of pathlib will support subclassing of
# pathlib.Path to customize how the filesystem is accessed. This
# includes scandir(), which is used to implement glob().
return os.scandir(self)
def glob(self, pattern):
"""Iterate over this subtree and yield all existing files (of any
kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern.
"""
sys.audit("pathlib.Path.glob", self, pattern)
if not pattern:
raise ValueError("Unacceptable pattern: {!r}".format(pattern))
drv, root, pattern_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((pattern,))
if drv or root:
raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported")
if pattern[-1] in (self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep):
pattern_parts.append('')
selector = _make_selector(tuple(pattern_parts), self._flavour)
for p in selector.select_from(self):
yield p
def rglob(self, pattern):
"""Recursively yield all existing files (of any kind, including
directories) matching the given relative pattern, anywhere in
this subtree.
"""
sys.audit("pathlib.Path.rglob", self, pattern)
drv, root, pattern_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((pattern,))
if drv or root:
raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported")
if pattern and pattern[-1] in (self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep):
pattern_parts.append('')
selector = _make_selector(("**",) + tuple(pattern_parts), self._flavour)
for p in selector.select_from(self):
yield p
def absolute(self):
"""Return an absolute version of this path by prepending the current
working directory. No normalization or symlink resolution is performed.
Use resolve() to get the canonical path to a file.
"""
if self.is_absolute():
return self
return self._from_parts([self.cwd()] + self._parts)
def resolve(self, strict=False):
"""
Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also
normalizing it.
"""
def check_eloop(e):
winerror = getattr(e, 'winerror', 0)
if e.errno == ELOOP or winerror == _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME:
raise RuntimeError("Symlink loop from %r" % e.filename)
try:
s = os.path.realpath(self, strict=strict)
except OSError as e:
check_eloop(e)
raise
p = self._from_parts((s,))
# In non-strict mode, realpath() doesn't raise on symlink loops.
# Ensure we get an exception by calling stat()
if not strict:
try:
p.stat()
except OSError as e:
check_eloop(e)
return p
def stat(self, *, follow_symlinks=True):
"""
Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like
os.stat() does.
"""
return os.stat(self, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
def owner(self):
"""
Return the login name of the file owner.
"""
try:
import pwd
return pwd.getpwuid(self.stat().st_uid).pw_name
except ImportError:
raise NotImplementedError("Path.owner() is unsupported on this system")
def group(self):
"""
Return the group name of the file gid.
"""
try:
import grp
return grp.getgrgid(self.stat().st_gid).gr_name
except ImportError:
raise NotImplementedError("Path.group() is unsupported on this system")
def open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None,
errors=None, newline=None):
"""
Open the file pointed by this path and return a file object, as
the built-in open() function does.
"""
if "b" not in mode:
encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
return io.open(self, mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline)
def read_bytes(self):
"""
Open the file in bytes mode, read it, and close the file.
"""
with self.open(mode='rb') as f:
return f.read()
def read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
"""
Open the file in text mode, read it, and close the file.
"""
encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
with self.open(mode='r', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f:
return f.read()
def write_bytes(self, data):
"""
Open the file in bytes mode, write to it, and close the file.
"""
# type-check for the buffer interface before truncating the file
view = memoryview(data)
with self.open(mode='wb') as f:
return f.write(view)
def write_text(self, data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None):
"""
Open the file in text mode, write to it, and close the file.
"""
if not isinstance(data, str):
raise TypeError('data must be str, not %s' %
data.__class__.__name__)
encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
with self.open(mode='w', encoding=encoding, errors=errors, newline=newline) as f:
return f.write(data)
def readlink(self):
"""
Return the path to which the symbolic link points.
"""
if not hasattr(os, "readlink"):
raise NotImplementedError("os.readlink() not available on this system")
return self._from_parts((os.readlink(self),))
def touch(self, mode=0o666, exist_ok=True):
"""
Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist.
"""
if exist_ok:
# First try to bump modification time
# Implementation note: GNU touch uses the UTIME_NOW option of
# the utimensat() / futimens() functions.
try:
os.utime(self, None)
except OSError:
# Avoid exception chaining
pass
else:
return
flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY
if not exist_ok:
flags |= os.O_EXCL
fd = os.open(self, flags, mode)
os.close(fd)
def mkdir(self, mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False):
"""
Create a new directory at this given path.
"""
try:
os.mkdir(self, mode)
except FileNotFoundError:
if not parents or self.parent == self:
raise
self.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
self.mkdir(mode, parents=False, exist_ok=exist_ok)
except OSError:
# Cannot rely on checking for EEXIST, since the operating system
# could give priority to other errors like EACCES or EROFS
if not exist_ok or not self.is_dir():
raise
def chmod(self, mode, *, follow_symlinks=True):
"""
Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod().
"""
os.chmod(self, mode, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
def lchmod(self, mode):
"""
Like chmod(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's
permissions are changed, rather than its target's.
"""
self.chmod(mode, follow_symlinks=False)
def unlink(self, missing_ok=False):
"""
Remove this file or link.
If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead.
"""
try:
os.unlink(self)
except FileNotFoundError:
if not missing_ok:
raise
def rmdir(self):
"""
Remove this directory. The directory must be empty.
"""
os.rmdir(self)
def lstat(self):
"""
Like stat(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's
status information is returned, rather than its target's.
"""
return self.stat(follow_symlinks=False)
def rename(self, target):
"""
Rename this path to the target path.
The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
directory of the Path object.
Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path.
"""
os.rename(self, target)
return self.__class__(target)
def replace(self, target):
"""
Rename this path to the target path, overwriting if that path exists.
The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
directory of the Path object.
Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path.
"""
os.replace(self, target)
return self.__class__(target)
def symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False):
"""
Make this path a symlink pointing to the target path.
Note the order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of os.symlink.
"""
if not hasattr(os, "symlink"):
raise NotImplementedError("os.symlink() not available on this system")
os.symlink(target, self, target_is_directory)
def hardlink_to(self, target):
"""
Make this path a hard link pointing to the same file as *target*.
Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.link's.
"""
if not hasattr(os, "link"):
raise NotImplementedError("os.link() not available on this system")
os.link(target, self)
def link_to(self, target):
"""
Make the target path a hard link pointing to this path.
Note this function does not make this path a hard link to *target*,
despite the implication of the function and argument names. The order
of arguments (target, link) is the reverse of Path.symlink_to, but
matches that of os.link.
Deprecated since Python 3.10 and scheduled for removal in Python 3.12.
Use `hardlink_to()` instead.
"""
warnings.warn("pathlib.Path.link_to() is deprecated and is scheduled "
"for removal in Python 3.12. "
"Use pathlib.Path.hardlink_to() instead.",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
self.__class__(target).hardlink_to(self)
# Convenience functions for querying the stat results
def exists(self):
"""
Whether this path exists.
"""
try:
self.stat()
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
return True
def is_dir(self):
"""
Whether this path is a directory.
"""
try:
return S_ISDIR(self.stat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_file(self):
"""
Whether this path is a regular file (also True for symlinks pointing
to regular files).
"""
try:
return S_ISREG(self.stat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_mount(self):
"""
Check if this path is a POSIX mount point
"""
# Need to exist and be a dir
if not self.exists() or not self.is_dir():
return False
try:
parent_dev = self.parent.stat().st_dev
except OSError:
return False
dev = self.stat().st_dev
if dev != parent_dev:
return True
ino = self.stat().st_ino
parent_ino = self.parent.stat().st_ino
return ino == parent_ino
def is_symlink(self):
"""
Whether this path is a symbolic link.
"""
try:
return S_ISLNK(self.lstat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_block_device(self):
"""
Whether this path is a block device.
"""
try:
return S_ISBLK(self.stat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_char_device(self):
"""
Whether this path is a character device.
"""
try:
return S_ISCHR(self.stat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_fifo(self):
"""
Whether this path is a FIFO.
"""
try:
return S_ISFIFO(self.stat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_socket(self):
"""
Whether this path is a socket.
"""
try:
return S_ISSOCK(self.stat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def expanduser(self):
""" Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs
(as returned by os.path.expanduser)
"""
if (not (self._drv or self._root) and
self._parts and self._parts[0][:1] == '~'):
homedir = os.path.expanduser(self._parts[0])
if homedir[:1] == "~":
raise RuntimeError("Could not determine home directory.")
return self._from_parts([homedir] + self._parts[1:])
return self
class PosixPath(Path, PurePosixPath):
"""Path subclass for non-Windows systems.
On a POSIX system, instantiating a Path should return this object.
"""
__slots__ = ()
class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath):
"""Path subclass for Windows systems.
On a Windows system, instantiating a Path should return this object.
"""
__slots__ = ()
def is_mount(self):
raise NotImplementedError("Path.is_mount() is unsupported on this system")
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