mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
106 lines
3.5 KiB
ReStructuredText
106 lines
3.5 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`fnmatch` --- Unix filename pattern matching
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=================================================
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.. module:: fnmatch
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:synopsis: Unix shell style filename pattern matching.
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/fnmatch.py`
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.. index:: single: filenames; wildcard expansion
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.. index:: pair: module; re
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--------------
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This module provides support for Unix shell-style wildcards, which are *not* the
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same as regular expressions (which are documented in the :mod:`re` module). The
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special characters used in shell-style wildcards are:
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.. index::
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single: * (asterisk); in glob-style wildcards
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single: ? (question mark); in glob-style wildcards
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single: [] (square brackets); in glob-style wildcards
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single: ! (exclamation); in glob-style wildcards
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single: - (minus); in glob-style wildcards
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+------------+------------------------------------+
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| Pattern | Meaning |
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+============+====================================+
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| ``*`` | matches everything |
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+------------+------------------------------------+
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| ``?`` | matches any single character |
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+------------+------------------------------------+
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| ``[seq]`` | matches any character in *seq* |
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+------------+------------------------------------+
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| ``[!seq]`` | matches any character not in *seq* |
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+------------+------------------------------------+
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For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets.
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For example, ``'[?]'`` matches the character ``'?'``.
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.. index:: pair: module; glob
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Note that the filename separator (``'/'`` on Unix) is *not* special to this
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module. See module :mod:`glob` for pathname expansion (:mod:`glob` uses
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:func:`.filter` to match pathname segments). Similarly, filenames starting with
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a period are not special for this module, and are matched by the ``*`` and ``?``
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patterns.
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Also note that :func:`functools.lru_cache` with the *maxsize* of 32768 is used to
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cache the compiled regex patterns in the following functions: :func:`fnmatch`,
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:func:`fnmatchcase`, :func:`.filter`.
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.. function:: fnmatch(filename, pattern)
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Test whether the *filename* string matches the *pattern* string, returning
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:const:`True` or :const:`False`. Both parameters are case-normalized
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using :func:`os.path.normcase`. :func:`fnmatchcase` can be used to perform a
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case-sensitive comparison, regardless of whether that's standard for the
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operating system.
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This example will print all file names in the current directory with the
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extension ``.txt``::
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import fnmatch
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import os
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for file in os.listdir('.'):
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if fnmatch.fnmatch(file, '*.txt'):
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print(file)
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.. function:: fnmatchcase(filename, pattern)
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Test whether *filename* matches *pattern*, returning :const:`True` or
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:const:`False`; the comparison is case-sensitive and does not apply
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:func:`os.path.normcase`.
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.. function:: filter(names, pattern)
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Construct a list from those elements of the iterable *names* that match *pattern*. It is the same as
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``[n for n in names if fnmatch(n, pattern)]``, but implemented more efficiently.
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.. function:: translate(pattern)
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Return the shell-style *pattern* converted to a regular expression for
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using with :func:`re.match`.
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Example:
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>>> import fnmatch, re
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>>>
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>>> regex = fnmatch.translate('*.txt')
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>>> regex
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'(?s:.*\\.txt)\\Z'
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>>> reobj = re.compile(regex)
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>>> reobj.match('foobar.txt')
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<re.Match object; span=(0, 10), match='foobar.txt'>
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.. seealso::
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Module :mod:`glob`
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Unix shell-style path expansion.
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