from UserList import UserList def f(*a, **k): print a, k def g(x, *y, **z): print x, y, z def h(j=1, a=2, h=3): print j, a, h f() f(1) f(1, 2) f(1, 2, 3) f(1, 2, 3, *(4, 5)) f(1, 2, 3, *[4, 5]) f(1, 2, 3, *UserList([4, 5])) f(1, 2, 3, **{'a':4, 'b':5}) f(1, 2, 3, *(4, 5), **{'a':6, 'b':7}) f(1, 2, 3, x=4, y=5, *(6, 7), **{'a':8, 'b':9}) try: g() except TypeError, err: print "TypeError:", err else: print "should raise TypeError: not enough arguments; expected 1, got 0" try: g(*()) except TypeError, err: print "TypeError:", err else: print "should raise TypeError: not enough arguments; expected 1, got 0" try: g(*(), **{}) except TypeError, err: print "TypeError:", err else: print "should raise TypeError: not enough arguments; expected 1, got 0" g(1) g(1, 2) g(1, 2, 3) g(1, 2, 3, *(4, 5)) class Nothing: pass try: g(*Nothing()) except AttributeError, attr: pass else: print "should raise AttributeError: __len__" class Nothing: def __len__(self): return 5 try: g(*Nothing()) except AttributeError, attr: pass else: print "should raise AttributeError: __getitem__" class Nothing: def __len__(self): return 5 def __getitem__(self, i): if i < 3: return i else: raise IndexError, i g(*Nothing()) # make sure the function call doesn't stomp on the dictionary? d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} d2 = d.copy() assert d == d2 g(1, d=4, **d) print d print d2 assert d == d2, "function call modified dictionary" # what about willful misconduct? def saboteur(**kw): kw['x'] = locals() d = {} saboteur(a=1, **d) assert d == {} try: g(1, 2, 3, **{'x':4, 'y':5}) except TypeError, err: print err else: print "should raise TypeError: keyword parameter redefined" try: g(1, 2, 3, a=4, b=5, *(6, 7), **{'a':8, 'b':9}) except TypeError, err: print err else: print "should raise TypeError: keyword parameter redefined" try: f(**{1:2}) except TypeError, err: print err else: print "should raise TypeError: keywords must be strings" try: h(**{'e': 2}) except TypeError, err: print err else: print "should raise TypeError: unexpected keyword argument: e" try: h(*h) except TypeError, err: print err else: print "should raise TypeError: * argument must be a tuple" try: h(**h) except TypeError, err: print err else: print "should raise TypeError: ** argument must be a dictionary" def f2(*a, **b): return a, b d = {} for i in range(512): key = 'k%d' % i d[key] = i a, b = f2(1, *(2, 3), **d) print len(a), len(b), b == d