Asymptotically faster (O(n log n)) str->int for very large strings, leveraging the faster multiplication scheme in the C-coded `_decimal` when available. This is used instead of the current Karatsuba-limited method starting at 2 million digits.
Lots of opportunity remains for fine-tuning. Good targets include changing BYTELIM, and possibly changing the internal output base (from 256 to a higher number of bytes).
Doing this was substantial work, and many of the new lines are actually comments giving correctness proofs. The obvious approaches sticking to integers were too slow to be useful, so this is doing variable-precision decimal floating-point arithmetic. Much faster, but worst-possible rounding errors have to be wholly accounted for, using as little precision as possible.
Special thanks to Serhiy Storchaka for asking many good questions in his code reviews!
Co-authored-by: Jelle Zijlstra <jelle.zijlstra@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: sstandre <43125375+sstandre@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Pieter Eendebak <pieter.eendebak@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Nice Zombies <nineteendo19d0@gmail.com>
A new `compute_powers()` function computes all and only the powers of the base the various base-conversion functions need, as efficiently as reasonably possible (turns out that invoking `**`is needed at most once). This typically gives a few % speedup, but the primary point is to simplify the base-conversion functions, which no longer need their own, ad hoc, and less efficient power-caching schemes.
Co-authored-by: Serhiy Storchaka <storchaka@gmail.com>
For converting large ints to strings, CPython invokes a function in _pylong.py,
which uses the decimal module to implement an asymptotically waaaaay
sub-quadratic algorithm. But if the C decimal module isn't available, CPython
uses _pydecimal.py instead. Which in turn frequently does str(int). If the int
is very large, _pylong ends up doing the work, which in turn asks decimal to do
"big" arithmetic, which in turn calls str(big_int), which in turn ... it can
become infinite mutual recursion.
This change introduces a different int->str function that doesn't use decimal.
It's asymptotically worse, "Karatsuba time" instead of quadratic time, so
still a huge improvement. _pylong switches to that when the C decimal isn't
available. It is also used for not too large integers (less than 450_000 bits),
where it is faster (up to 2 times for 30_000 bits) than the asymptotically
better implementation that uses the C decimal.
Co-authored-by: Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com>
Add Python implementations of certain longobject.c functions. These use
asymptotically faster algorithms that can be used for operations on
integers with many digits. In those cases, the performance overhead of
the Python implementation is not significant since the asymptotic
behavior is what dominates runtime. Functions provided by this module
should be considered private and not part of any public API.
Co-author: Tim Peters <tim.peters@gmail.com>
Co-author: Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com>
Co-author: Bjorn Martinsson
Nikita Sobolev
Tim Peters
Serhiy Storchaka
Alex Waygood
Victor Stinner
Neil Schemenauer