mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
Tweak programming faq examples so that it (mostly) passes doctest.
The exception is the import related questions at the end, which need to be rewritten anyway.
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@ -214,9 +214,9 @@ Why do lambdas defined in a loop with different values all return the same resul
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Assume you use a for loop to define a few different lambdas (or even plain
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functions), e.g.::
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squares = []
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for x in range(5):
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squares.append(lambda: x**2)
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>>> squares = []
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>>> for x in range(5):
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... squares.append(lambda: x**2)
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This gives you a list that contains 5 lambdas that calculate ``x**2``. You
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might expect that, when called, they would return, respectively, ``0``, ``1``,
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@ -241,9 +241,9 @@ changing the value of ``x`` and see how the results of the lambdas change::
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In order to avoid this, you need to save the values in variables local to the
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lambdas, so that they don't rely on the value of the global ``x``::
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squares = []
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for x in range(5):
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squares.append(lambda n=x: n**2)
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>>> squares = []
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>>> for x in range(5):
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... squares.append(lambda n=x: n**2)
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Here, ``n=x`` creates a new variable ``n`` local to the lambda and computed
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when the lambda is defined so that it has the same value that ``x`` had at
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@ -592,11 +592,11 @@ Comma is not an operator in Python. Consider this session::
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Since the comma is not an operator, but a separator between expressions the
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above is evaluated as if you had entered::
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>>> ("a" in "b"), "a"
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("a" in "b"), "a"
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not::
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>>> "a" in ("b", "a")
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"a" in ("b", "a")
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The same is true of the various assignment operators (``=``, ``+=`` etc). They
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are not truly operators but syntactic delimiters in assignment statements.
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@ -744,6 +744,7 @@ it from. However, if you need an object with the ability to modify in-place
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unicode data, try using a :class:`io.StringIO` object or the :mod:`array`
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module::
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>>> import io
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>>> s = "Hello, world"
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>>> sio = io.StringIO(s)
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>>> sio.getvalue()
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@ -761,7 +762,7 @@ module::
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array('u', 'Hello, world')
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>>> a[0] = 'y'
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>>> print(a)
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array('u', 'yello world')
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array('u', 'yello, world')
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>>> a.tounicode()
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'yello, world'
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@ -1060,7 +1061,7 @@ How do I create a multidimensional list?
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You probably tried to make a multidimensional array like this::
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A = [[None] * 2] * 3
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>>> A = [[None] * 2] * 3
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This looks correct if you print it::
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@ -1615,13 +1616,13 @@ file is automatic if you're importing a module and Python has the ability
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(permissions, free space, etc...) to write the compiled module back to the
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directory.
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Running Python on a top level script is not considered an import and no ``.pyc``
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will be created. For example, if you have a top-level module ``abc.py`` that
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imports another module ``xyz.py``, when you run abc, ``xyz.pyc`` will be created
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since xyz is imported, but no ``abc.pyc`` file will be created since ``abc.py``
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isn't being imported.
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Running Python on a top level script is not considered an import and no
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``.pyc`` will be created. For example, if you have a top-level module
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``foo.py`` that imports another module ``xyz.py``, when you run ``foo``,
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``xyz.pyc`` will be created since ``xyz`` is imported, but no ``foo.pyc`` file
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will be created since ``foo.py`` isn't being imported.
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If you need to create abc.pyc -- that is, to create a .pyc file for a module
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If you need to create ``foo.pyc`` -- that is, to create a ``.pyc`` file for a module
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that is not imported -- you can, using the :mod:`py_compile` and
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:mod:`compileall` modules.
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@ -1629,9 +1630,9 @@ The :mod:`py_compile` module can manually compile any module. One way is to use
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the ``compile()`` function in that module interactively::
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>>> import py_compile
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>>> py_compile.compile('abc.py')
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>>> py_compile.compile('foo.py') # doctest: +SKIP
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This will write the ``.pyc`` to the same location as ``abc.py`` (or you can
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This will write the ``.pyc`` to the same location as ``foo.py`` (or you can
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override that with the optional parameter ``cfile``).
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You can also automatically compile all files in a directory or directories using
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