mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
Various updates to README.rst (#21)
These include spelling/grammar fixes, removing some outdated prose, updating some superseded prose, and adding/cleaning up some links. Also rewraps the entire file at 79 columns.
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Zachary Ware
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README.rst
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README.rst
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@ -13,11 +13,8 @@ Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011,
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2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Python Software Foundation. All rights
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reserved.
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Python 3.x is a new version of the language, which is incompatible with the
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2.x line of releases. The language is mostly the same, but many details,
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especially how built-in objects like dictionaries and strings work,
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have changed considerably, and a lot of deprecated features have finally
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been removed.
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See the end of this file for further copyright and license information.
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Using Python
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------------
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@ -40,16 +37,17 @@ On Unix, Linux, BSD, OSX, and Cygwin::
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This will install Python as python3.
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You can pass many options to the configure script; run ``./configure --help`` to
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find out more. On OSX and Cygwin, the executable is called ``python.exe``;
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You can pass many options to the configure script; run ``./configure --help``
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to find out more. On OSX and Cygwin, the executable is called ``python.exe``;
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elsewhere it's just ``python``.
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On Mac OS X, if you have configured Python with ``--enable-framework``, you should
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use ``make frameworkinstall`` to do the installation. Note that this installs the
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Python executable in a place that is not normally on your PATH, you may want to
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set up a symlink in ``/usr/local/bin``.
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On Mac OS X, if you have configured Python with ``--enable-framework``, you
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should use ``make frameworkinstall`` to do the installation. Note that this
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installs the Python executable in a place that is not normally on your PATH,
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you may want to set up a symlink in ``/usr/local/bin``.
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On Windows, see PCbuild/readme.txt.
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On Windows, see `PCbuild/readme.txt
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<https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/PCbuild/readme.txt>`_.
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If you wish, you can create a subdirectory and invoke configure from there.
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For example::
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@ -60,57 +58,58 @@ For example::
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make
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make test
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(This will fail if you *also* built at the top-level directory.
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You should do a ``make clean`` at the toplevel first.)
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(This will fail if you *also* built at the top-level directory. You should do
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a ``make clean`` at the toplevel first.)
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To get an optimized build of Python, ``configure --enable-optimizations`` before
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you run ``make``. This sets the default make targets up to enable Profile Guided
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Optimization (PGO) and may be used to auto-enable Link Time Optimization (LTO)
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on some platforms. For more details, see the sections bellow.
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To get an optimized build of Python, ``configure --enable-optimizations``
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before you run ``make``. This sets the default make targets up to enable
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Profile Guided Optimization (PGO) and may be used to auto-enable Link Time
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Optimization (LTO) on some platforms. For more details, see the sections
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below.
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Profile Guided Optimization
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---------------------------
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PGO takes advantage of recent versions of the GCC or Clang compilers.
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If ran, ``make profile-opt`` will do several steps.
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PGO takes advantage of recent versions of the GCC or Clang compilers. If ran,
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``make profile-opt`` will do several steps.
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First, the entire Python directory is cleaned of temporary files that
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may have resulted in a previous compilation.
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First, the entire Python directory is cleaned of temporary files that may have
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resulted in a previous compilation.
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Then, an instrumented version of the interpreter is built, using suitable
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compiler flags for each flavour. Note that this is just an intermediary
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step and the binary resulted after this step is not good for real life
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workloads, as it has profiling instructions embedded inside.
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compiler flags for each flavour. Note that this is just an intermediary step
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and the binary resulted after this step is not good for real life workloads, as
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it has profiling instructions embedded inside.
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After this instrumented version of the interpreter is built, the Makefile
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will automatically run a training workload. This is necessary in order to
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profile the interpreter execution. Note also that any output, both stdout
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and stderr, that may appear at this step is suppressed.
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After this instrumented version of the interpreter is built, the Makefile will
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automatically run a training workload. This is necessary in order to profile
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the interpreter execution. Note also that any output, both stdout and stderr,
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that may appear at this step is suppressed.
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Finally, the last step is to rebuild the interpreter, using the information
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collected in the previous one. The end result will be a Python binary
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that is optimized and suitable for distribution or production installation.
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collected in the previous one. The end result will be a Python binary that is
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optimized and suitable for distribution or production installation.
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Link Time Optimization
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----------------------
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Enabled via configure's ``--with-lto`` flag. LTO takes advantages of recent
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compiler toolchains ability to optimize across the otherwise arbitrary ``.o`` file
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boundary when building final executables or shared libraries for additional
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performance gains.
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Enabled via configure's ``--with-lto`` flag. LTO takes advantage of the
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ability of recent compiler toolchains to optimize across the otherwise
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arbitrary ``.o`` file boundary when building final executables or shared
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libraries for additional performance gains.
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What's New
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----------
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We have a comprehensive overview of the changes in the `What's New in
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Python 3.7 <https://docs.python.org/3.7/whatsnew/3.7.html>`_ document.
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For a more detailed change log, read Misc/NEWS (though this file, too,
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is incomplete, and also doesn't list anything merged in from the 2.7
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release under development).
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We have a comprehensive overview of the changes in the `What's New in Python
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3.7 <https://docs.python.org/3.7/whatsnew/3.7.html>`_ document. For a more
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detailed change log, read `Misc/NEWS
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<https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Misc/NEWS>`_, but a full
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accounting of changes can only be gleaned from the `commit history
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<https://github.com/python/cpython/commits/master>`_.
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If you want to install multiple versions of Python see the section below
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entitled "Installing multiple versions".
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@ -128,61 +127,56 @@ is primarily for documentation authors, translators, and people with special
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formatting requirements.
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If you would like to contribute to the development of Python, relevant
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documentation is available at: `Python Developer's Guide
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documentation is available in the `Python Developer's Guide
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<https://docs.python.org/devguide/>`_.
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For information about building Python's documentation, refer to Doc/README.txt.
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For information about building Python's documentation, refer to `Doc/README.txt
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<https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Doc/README.txt>`_.
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Converting From Python 2.x to 3.x
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---------------------------------
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Python starting with 2.6 contains features to help locating code that needs to
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be changed, such as optional warnings when deprecated features are used, and
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backported versions of certain key Python 3.x features.
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A source-to-source translation tool, ``2to3``, can take care of the mundane task
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of converting large amounts of source code. It is not a complete solution but
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is complemented by the deprecation warnings in 2.6. See
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`2to3 documentation <https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/2to3.html>`_ for more
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information.
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Significant backward incompatible changes were made for the release of Python
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3.0, which may cause programs written for Python 2 to fail when run with Python
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3. For more information about porting your code from Python 2 to Python 3, see
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the `Porting HOWTO <https://docs.python.org/3/howto/pyporting.html>`_.
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Testing
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-------
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To test the interpreter, type ``make test`` in the top-level directory.
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The test set produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages
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about skipped tests due to optional features which can't be imported.
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If a message is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core dump
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is produced, something is wrong.
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To test the interpreter, type ``make test`` in the top-level directory. The
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test set produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
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skipped tests due to optional features which can't be imported. If a message
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is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core dump is produced,
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something is wrong.
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By default, tests are prevented from overusing resources like disk space and
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memory. To enable these tests, run ``make testall``.
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IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report, *don't*
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include the output of ``make test``. It is useless. Run the failing test
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manually, as follows::
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If any tests fail, you can re-run the failing test(s) in verbose mode::
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./python -m test -v test_whatever
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make test TESTOPTS="-v test_that_failed"
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(substituting the top of the source tree for '.' if you built in a different
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directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
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If the failure persists and appears to be a problem with Python rather than
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your environment, you can `file a bug report <https://bugs.python.org>`_ and
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include relevant output from that command to show the issue.
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Installing multiple versions
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----------------------------
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On Unix and Mac systems if you intend to install multiple versions of Python
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using the same installation prefix (``--prefix`` argument to the configure script)
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you must take care that your primary python executable is not overwritten by the
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installation of a different version. All files and directories installed using
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``make altinstall`` contain the major and minor version and can thus live
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side-by-side. ``make install`` also creates ``${prefix}/bin/python3`` which refers to
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``${prefix}/bin/pythonX.Y``. If you intend to install multiple versions using the
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same prefix you must decide which version (if any) is your "primary" version.
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Install that version using ``make install``. Install all other versions using
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``make altinstall``.
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using the same installation prefix (``--prefix`` argument to the configure
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script) you must take care that your primary python executable is not
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overwritten by the installation of a different version. All files and
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directories installed using ``make altinstall`` contain the major and minor
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version and can thus live side-by-side. ``make install`` also creates
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``${prefix}/bin/python3`` which refers to ``${prefix}/bin/pythonX.Y``. If you
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intend to install multiple versions using the same prefix you must decide which
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version (if any) is your "primary" version. Install that version using ``make
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install``. Install all other versions using ``make altinstall``.
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For example, if you want to install Python 2.7, 3.6, and 3.7 with 3.7 being the
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primary version, you would execute ``make install`` in your 3.7 build directory
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@ -192,26 +186,26 @@ and ``make altinstall`` in the others.
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Issue Tracker and Mailing List
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------------------------------
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We're soliciting bug reports about all aspects of the language. Fixes are also
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welcome, preferably in unified diff format. Please use the issue tracker:
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`bugs.python.org <https://bugs.python.org/>`_.
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Bug reports are welcome! You can use the `issue tracker
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<https://bugs.python.org>`_ to report bugs, and/or submit pull requests `on
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GitHub <https://github.com/python/cpython>`_.
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If you're not sure whether you're dealing with a bug or a feature, use the
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mailing list: python-dev@python.org. To subscribe to the list, use the mailman
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form: `python-dev <https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-dev/>`_
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You can also follow development discussion on the `python-dev mailing list
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<https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-dev/>`_.
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Proposals for enhancement
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-------------------------
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If you have a proposal to change Python, you may want to send an email to the
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comp.lang.python or `python-ideas`_ mailing lists for initial feedback. A Python
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Enhancement Proposal (PEP) may be submitted if your idea gains ground. All
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current PEPs, as well as guidelines for submitting a new PEP, are listed at
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comp.lang.python or `python-ideas`_ mailing lists for initial feedback. A
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Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) may be submitted if your idea gains ground.
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All current PEPs, as well as guidelines for submitting a new PEP, are listed at
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`python.org/dev/peps/ <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/>`_.
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.. _python-ideas: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-ideas/
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Release Schedule
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----------------
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@ -231,8 +225,8 @@ rights reserved.
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Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum. All rights reserved.
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See the file "LICENSE" for information on the history of this software,
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terms & conditions for usage, and a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
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See the file "LICENSE" for information on the history of this software, terms &
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conditions for usage, and a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
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This Python distribution contains *no* GNU General Public License (GPL) code,
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so it may be used in proprietary projects. There are interfaces to some GNU
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