diff --git a/Lib/test/test_descr.py b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
index 0c88fd282e3..595af4b4986 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_descr.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
@@ -1026,6 +1026,22 @@ order (MRO) for bases """
         self.assertEqual(x.foo, 1)
         self.assertEqual(x.__dict__, {'foo': 1})
 
+    def test_object_class_assignment_between_heaptypes_and_nonheaptypes(self):
+        class SubType(types.ModuleType):
+            a = 1
+
+        m = types.ModuleType("m")
+        self.assertTrue(m.__class__ is types.ModuleType)
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(m, "a"))
+
+        m.__class__ = SubType
+        self.assertTrue(m.__class__ is SubType)
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(m, "a"))
+
+        m.__class__ = types.ModuleType
+        self.assertTrue(m.__class__ is types.ModuleType)
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(m, "a"))
+
     def test_slots(self):
         # Testing __slots__...
         class C0(object):
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS
index 8f13e6079d2..01af9d6f6f0 100644
--- a/Misc/NEWS
+++ b/Misc/NEWS
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ Release date: TBA
 Core and Builtins
 -----------------
 
+- Issue #22986: Allow changing an object's __class__ between a dynamic type and
+  static type in some cases.
+
 - Issue #15859: PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(), PyUnicode_EncodeMBCS() and
   PyUnicode_EncodeCodePage() now raise an exception if the object is not an
   Unicode object. For PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(), it was already the case on
diff --git a/Objects/typeobject.c b/Objects/typeobject.c
index 41771295e3f..b911a0f7f2e 100644
--- a/Objects/typeobject.c
+++ b/Objects/typeobject.c
@@ -1196,8 +1196,11 @@ subtype_dealloc(PyObject *self)
     assert(basedealloc);
     basedealloc(self);
 
-    /* Can't reference self beyond this point */
-    Py_DECREF(type);
+    /* Can't reference self beyond this point. It's possible tp_del switched
+       our type from a HEAPTYPE to a non-HEAPTYPE, so be careful about
+       reference counting. */
+    if (type->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)
+      Py_DECREF(type);
 
   endlabel:
     ++_PyTrash_delete_nesting;
@@ -3425,17 +3428,18 @@ object_get_class(PyObject *self, void *closure)
 }
 
 static int
-equiv_structs(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b)
+compatible_with_tp_base(PyTypeObject *child)
 {
-    return a == b ||
-           (a != NULL &&
-        b != NULL &&
-        a->tp_basicsize == b->tp_basicsize &&
-        a->tp_itemsize == b->tp_itemsize &&
-        a->tp_dictoffset == b->tp_dictoffset &&
-        a->tp_weaklistoffset == b->tp_weaklistoffset &&
-        ((a->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC) ==
-         (b->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC)));
+    PyTypeObject *parent = child->tp_base;
+    return (parent != NULL &&
+            child->tp_basicsize == parent->tp_basicsize &&
+            child->tp_itemsize == parent->tp_itemsize &&
+            child->tp_dictoffset == parent->tp_dictoffset &&
+            child->tp_weaklistoffset == parent->tp_weaklistoffset &&
+            ((child->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC) ==
+             (parent->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC)) &&
+            (child->tp_dealloc == subtype_dealloc ||
+             child->tp_dealloc == parent->tp_dealloc));
 }
 
 static int
@@ -3453,6 +3457,10 @@ same_slots_added(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b)
         size += sizeof(PyObject *);
 
     /* Check slots compliance */
+    if (!(a->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) ||
+        !(b->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)) {
+        return 0;
+    }
     slots_a = ((PyHeapTypeObject *)a)->ht_slots;
     slots_b = ((PyHeapTypeObject *)b)->ht_slots;
     if (slots_a && slots_b) {
@@ -3468,9 +3476,7 @@ compatible_for_assignment(PyTypeObject* oldto, PyTypeObject* newto, char* attr)
 {
     PyTypeObject *newbase, *oldbase;
 
-    if (newto->tp_dealloc != oldto->tp_dealloc ||
-        newto->tp_free != oldto->tp_free)
-    {
+    if (newto->tp_free != oldto->tp_free) {
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                      "%s assignment: "
                      "'%s' deallocator differs from '%s'",
@@ -3479,11 +3485,21 @@ compatible_for_assignment(PyTypeObject* oldto, PyTypeObject* newto, char* attr)
                      oldto->tp_name);
         return 0;
     }
+    /*
+     It's tricky to tell if two arbitrary types are sufficiently compatible as
+     to be interchangeable; e.g., even if they have the same tp_basicsize, they
+     might have totally different struct fields. It's much easier to tell if a
+     type and its supertype are compatible; e.g., if they have the same
+     tp_basicsize, then that means they have identical fields. So to check
+     whether two arbitrary types are compatible, we first find the highest
+     supertype that each is compatible with, and then if those supertypes are
+     compatible then the original types must also be compatible.
+    */
     newbase = newto;
     oldbase = oldto;
-    while (equiv_structs(newbase, newbase->tp_base))
+    while (compatible_with_tp_base(newbase))
         newbase = newbase->tp_base;
-    while (equiv_structs(oldbase, oldbase->tp_base))
+    while (compatible_with_tp_base(oldbase))
         oldbase = oldbase->tp_base;
     if (newbase != oldbase &&
         (newbase->tp_base != oldbase->tp_base ||
@@ -3518,17 +3534,12 @@ object_set_class(PyObject *self, PyObject *value, void *closure)
         return -1;
     }
     newto = (PyTypeObject *)value;
-    if (!(newto->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) ||
-        !(oldto->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE))
-    {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-                     "__class__ assignment: only for heap types");
-        return -1;
-    }
     if (compatible_for_assignment(oldto, newto, "__class__")) {
-        Py_INCREF(newto);
+        if (newto->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)
+            Py_INCREF(newto);
         Py_TYPE(self) = newto;
-        Py_DECREF(oldto);
+        if (oldto->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)
+            Py_DECREF(oldto);
         return 0;
     }
     else {