mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
Yury Selivanov
parent
46a8b40ca8
commit
95fd26bc01
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@ -73,11 +73,14 @@ New syntax features:
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* :pep:`465`, a new matrix multiplication operator: ``a @ b``.
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* :pep:`448`, additional unpacking generalizations.
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New library modules:
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* :mod:`typing`: :ref:`Type Hints <whatsnew-pep-484>` (:pep:`484`).
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* :mod:`zipapp`: :ref:`Improving Python ZIP Application Support
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<whatsnew-zipapp>` (:pep:`441`).
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New built-in features:
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* ``bytes % args``, ``bytearray % args``: :pep:`461` - Adding ``%`` formatting
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@ -100,6 +103,7 @@ New built-in features:
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* New :exc:`StopAsyncIteration` exception. (Contributed by
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Yury Selivanov in :issue:`24017`. See also :pep:`492`.)
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CPython implementation improvements:
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* When the ``LC_TYPE`` locale is the POSIX locale (``C`` locale),
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@ -114,32 +118,32 @@ CPython implementation improvements:
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* Builtin and extension modules are now initialized in a multi-phase process,
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which is similar to how Python modules are loaded. (:pep:`489`).
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Significantly improved library modules:
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* :class:`collections.OrderedDict` is now implemented in C, which makes it
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4 to 100 times faster. (Contributed by Eric Snow in :issue:`16991`.)
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Significant improvements in standard library:
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* You may now pass bytes to the :mod:`tempfile` module's APIs and it will
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return the temporary pathname as :class:`bytes` instead of :class:`str`.
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It also accepts a value of ``None`` on parameters where only str was
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accepted in the past to do the right thing based on the types of the
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other inputs. Two functions, :func:`gettempdirb` and
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:func:`gettempprefixb`, have been added to go along with this.
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This behavior matches that of the :mod:`os` APIs.
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(Contributed by Gregory P. Smith in :issue:`24230`.)
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* :class:`collections.OrderedDict` is now
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:ref:`implemented in C <whatsnew-ordereddict>`, which makes it
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4 to 100 times faster.
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* :mod:`ssl` module gained support for Memory BIO, which decouples SSL
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protocol handling from network IO. (Contributed by Geert Jansen in
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:issue:`21965`.)
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* :mod:`ssl` module gained
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:ref:`support for Memory BIO <whatsnew-sslmemorybio>`, which decouples SSL
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protocol handling from network IO.
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* :mod:`traceback` has new lightweight and convenient to work with
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classes :class:`~traceback.TracebackException`,
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:class:`~traceback.StackSummary`, and :class:`~traceback.FrameSummary`.
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(Contributed by Robert Collins in :issue:`17911`.)
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* :mod:`traceback` module has been significantly
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:ref:`enhanced <whatsnew-traceback>` for improved
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performance and developer convenience.
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* The new :func:`os.scandir` function provides a
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:ref:`better and significantly faster way <whatsnew-pep-471>`
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of directory traversal.
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* :func:`functools.lru_cache` has been largely
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:ref:`reimplemented in C <whatsnew-lrucache>`, yielding much better
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performance.
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* The new :func:`subprocess.run` function provides a
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:ref:`streamlined way to run subprocesses <whatsnew-subprocess>`.
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* Most of :func:`functools.lru_cache` machinery is now implemented in C.
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(Contributed by Matt Joiner, Alexey Kachayev, and Serhiy Storchaka
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in :issue:`14373`.)
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Security improvements:
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@ -152,6 +156,7 @@ Security improvements:
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against potential injection attacks. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou
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in :issue:`22796`.)
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Windows improvements:
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* A new installer for Windows has replaced the old MSI.
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@ -160,6 +165,7 @@ Windows improvements:
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* Windows builds now use Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0, and extension modules
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should use the same.
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Please read on for a comprehensive list of user-facing changes, including many
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other smaller improvements, CPython optimizations, deprecations, and potential
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porting issues.
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@ -238,7 +244,7 @@ context managers. The following script::
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finally:
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loop.close()
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will print::
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will output::
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coro 2: waiting for lock
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coro 2: holding the lock
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@ -352,22 +358,29 @@ unpackings::
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PEP 461 - % formatting support for bytes and bytearray
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------------------------------------------------------
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PEP 461 adds % formatting to :class:`bytes` and :class:`bytearray`, aiding in
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handling data that is a mixture of binary and ASCII compatible text. This
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feature also eases porting such code from Python 2.
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PEP 461 adds support for ``%``
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:ref:`interpolation operator <bytes-formatting>` to :class:`bytes`
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and :class:`bytearray`.
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While interpolation is usually thought of as a string operation, there are
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cases where interpolation on ``bytes`` or ``bytearrays`` make sense, and the
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work needed to make up for this missing functionality detracts from the
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overall readability of the code. This issue is particularly important when
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dealing with wire format protocols, which are often a mixture of binary
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and ASCII compatible text.
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Examples::
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>>> b'Hello %s!' % b'World'
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>>> b'Hello %b!' % b'World'
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b'Hello World!'
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>>> b'x=%i y=%f' % (1, 2.5)
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b'x=1 y=2.500000'
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Unicode is not allowed for ``%s``, but it is accepted by ``%a`` (equivalent of
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Unicode is not allowed for ``%b``, but it is accepted by ``%a`` (equivalent of
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``repr(obj).encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')``)::
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>>> b'Hello %s!' % 'World'
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>>> b'Hello %b!' % 'World'
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
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TypeError: %b requires bytes, or an object that implements __bytes__, not 'str'
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@ -375,6 +388,9 @@ Unicode is not allowed for ``%s``, but it is accepted by ``%a`` (equivalent of
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>>> b'price: %a' % '10€'
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b"price: '10\\u20ac'"
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Note that ``%s`` and ``%r`` conversion types, although supported, should
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only be used in codebases that need compatibility with Python 2.
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`461` -- Adding % formatting to bytes and bytearray
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@ -387,9 +403,17 @@ Unicode is not allowed for ``%s``, but it is accepted by ``%a`` (equivalent of
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PEP 484 - Type Hints
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--------------------
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This PEP introduces a provisional module to provide these standard
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definitions and tools, along with some conventions for situations
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where annotations are not available.
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Function annotation syntax has been a Python feature since version 3.0
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(:pep:`3107`), however the semantics of annotations has been left undefined.
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Experience has shown that the majority of function annotation
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uses were to provide type hints to function parameters and return values. It
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became evident that it would be beneficial for Python users, if the
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standard library included the base definitions and tools for type annotations.
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:pep:`484` introduces a :term:`provisional module <provisional api>` to
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provide these standard definitions and tools, along with some conventions
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for situations where annotations are not available.
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For example, here is a simple function whose argument and return type
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are declared in the annotations::
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@ -397,9 +421,14 @@ are declared in the annotations::
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def greeting(name: str) -> str:
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return 'Hello ' + name
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While these annotations are available at runtime through the usual
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:attr:`__annotations__` attribute, *no automatic type checking happens at
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runtime*. Instead, it is assumed that a separate off-line type checker will
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be used for on-demand source code analysis.
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The type system supports unions, generic types, and a special type
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named ``Any`` which is consistent with (i.e. assignable to and from) all
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types.
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named :class:`~typing.Any` which is consistent with (i.e. assignable to
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and from) all types.
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.. seealso::
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@ -407,6 +436,8 @@ types.
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* :pep:`484` -- Type Hints
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PEP written by Guido van Rossum, Jukka Lehtosalo, and Łukasz Langa;
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implemented by Guido van Rossum.
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* :pep:`483` -- The Theory of Type Hints
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PEP written by Guido van Rossum
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.. _whatsnew-pep-471:
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@ -416,8 +447,14 @@ PEP 471 - os.scandir() function -- a better and faster directory iterator
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:pep:`471` adds a new directory iteration function, :func:`os.scandir`,
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to the standard library. Additionally, :func:`os.walk` is now
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implemented using :func:`os.scandir`, which speeds it up by 3-5 times
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on POSIX systems and by 7-20 times on Windows systems.
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implemented using ``os.scandir()``, which makes it 3 to 5 times faster
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on POSIX systems and 7 to 20 times faster on Windows systems. This is
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largely achieved by greatly reducing the number of calls to :func:`os.stat`
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required to walk a directory tree.
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Additionally, ``os.scandir()`` returns an iterator, as opposed to returning
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a list of file names, which improves memory efficiency when iterating
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over very large directories.
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.. seealso::
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@ -430,14 +467,39 @@ on POSIX systems and by 7-20 times on Windows systems.
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PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR
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----------------------------------------------
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:pep:`475` adds support for automatic retry of system calls failing with
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:py:data:`~errno.EINTR`: this means that user code doesn't have to deal with
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``EINTR`` or :exc:`InterruptedError` manually, and should make it more robust
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against asynchronous signal reception.
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A :py:data:`~errno.EINTR` error code is returned whenever a system call, that
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is waiting for I/O, is interrupted by a signal. Previously, Python would
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raise :exc:`InterruptedError` in such case. This meant that, when writing a
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Python application, the developer had two choices:
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Examples of functions which are now retried when interrupted by a signal
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instead of raising :exc:`InterruptedError` if the Python signal handler does
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not raise an exception:
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#. Ignore the ``InterruptedError``.
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#. Handle the ``InterruptedError`` and attempt to restart the interrupted
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system call at every call site.
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The first option makes an application fail intermittently.
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The second option adds a large amount of boilerplate that makes the
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code nearly unreadable. Compare::
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print("Hello World")
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and::
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while True:
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try:
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print("Hello World")
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break
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except InterruptedError:
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continue
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:pep:`475` implements automatic retry of system calls on
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``EINTR``. This removes the burden of dealing with ``EINTR``
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or :exc:`InterruptedError` in user code in most situations and makes
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Python programs, including the standard library, more robust. Note that
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the system call is only retried if the signal handler does not raise an
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exception.
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Below is a list of functions which are now retried when interrupted
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by a signal:
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* :func:`open`, :func:`os.open`, :func:`io.open`;
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@ -476,7 +538,7 @@ not raise an exception:
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:pep:`475` -- Retry system calls failing with EINTR
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PEP and implementation written by Charles-François Natali and
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Victor Stinner, with the help of Antoine Pitrou (the french connection).
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Victor Stinner, with the help of Antoine Pitrou (the French connection).
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.. _whatsnew-pep-479:
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@ -484,15 +546,27 @@ not raise an exception:
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PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators
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--------------------------------------------------------
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:pep:`479` changes the behavior of generators: when a :exc:`StopIteration`
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The interaction of generators and :exc:`StopIteration` in Python 3.4 and
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earlier was somewhat surprising, and could conceal obscure bugs. Previously,
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``StopIteration`` raised accidentally inside a generator function was
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interpreted as the end of the iteration by the loop construct driving the
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generator.
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:pep:`479` changes the behavior of generators: when a ``StopIteration``
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exception is raised inside a generator, it is replaced with a
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:exc:`RuntimeError`. To enable the feature a ``__future__`` import should
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be used::
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:exc:`RuntimeError` before it exits the generator frame. The main goal of
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this change is to ease debugging in the situation where an unguarded
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:func:`next` call raises ``StopIteration`` and causes the iteration controlled
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by the generator to terminate silently. This is particularly pernicious in
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combination with the ``yield from`` construct.
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This is a backwards incompatible change, so to enable the new behavior,
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a :term:`__future__` import is necessary::
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from __future__ import generator_stop
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Without a ``__future__`` import, a :exc:`PendingDeprecationWarning` will be
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raised.
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raised whenever a ``StopIteration`` exception is raised inside a generator.
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.. seealso::
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@ -641,6 +715,18 @@ The :class:`~argparse.ArgumentParser` class now allows to disable
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Steven Bethard, paul j3 and Daniel Eriksson in :issue:`14910`.)
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asyncio
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-------
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Since :mod:`asyncio` module is :term:`provisional <provisional api>`,
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all changes introduced in Python 3.5 have also been backported to Python 3.4.x.
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Notable changes in :mod:`asyncio` module since Python 3.4.0:
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* The proactor event loop now supports SSL.
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(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou and Victor Stinner in :issue:`22560`.)
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bz2
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---
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@ -681,6 +767,8 @@ interpreter. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in :issue:`17442`.)
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collections
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-----------
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.. _whatsnew-ordereddict:
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The :class:`~collections.OrderedDict` class is now implemented in C, which
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makes it 4 to 100 times faster. (Contributed by Eric Snow in :issue:`16991`.)
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@ -886,6 +974,8 @@ descriptors in addition to file-like objects.
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functools
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---------
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.. _whatsnew-lrucache:
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Most of :func:`~functools.lru_cache` machinery is now implemented in C, making
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it significantly faster. (Contributed by Matt Joiner, Alexey Kachayev, and
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Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`14373`.)
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@ -1355,6 +1445,8 @@ a :func:`~collections.namedtuple`. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in
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ssl
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---
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.. _whatsnew-sslmemorybio:
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Memory BIO Support
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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@ -1463,6 +1555,8 @@ in particular :func:`reversed` iteration and slice indexing.
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Jessica McKellar, and Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`13583`.)
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.. _whatsnew-subprocess:
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subprocess
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----------
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@ -1482,7 +1576,7 @@ A new :func:`~sys.set_coroutine_wrapper` function allows setting a global
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hook that will be called whenever a :term:`coroutine object <coroutine>`
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is created by an :keyword:`async def` function. A corresponding
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:func:`~sys.get_coroutine_wrapper` can be used to obtain a currently set
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wrapper. Both functions are :term:`provisional <provisional package>`,
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wrapper. Both functions are :term:`provisional <provisional api>`,
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and are intended for debugging purposes only. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov
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in :issue:`24017`.)
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@ -1556,6 +1650,8 @@ module which makes no permanent changes to environment variables.
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(Contributed by Zachary Ware in :issue:`20035`.)
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.. _whatsnew-traceback:
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traceback
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---------
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@ -1883,6 +1979,16 @@ function or module names. Introduced by :pep:`492` in Python 3.5, they will
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become proper keywords in Python 3.7.
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Deprecated Python Behavior
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--------------------------
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Raising :exc:`StopIteration` inside a generator will now generate a silent
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:exc:`PendingDeprecationWarning`, which will become a non-silent deprecation
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warning in Python 3.6 and will trigger a :exc:`RuntimeError` in Python 3.7.
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See :ref:`PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators <whatsnew-pep-479>`
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for details.
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Unsupported Operating Systems
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-----------------------------
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@ -1982,6 +2088,20 @@ Porting to Python 3.5
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This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes
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that may require changes to your code.
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Changes in Python behavior
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--------------------------
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* Due to an oversight, earlier Python versions erroneously accepted the
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following syntax::
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f(1 for x in [1], *args)
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f(1 for x in [1], **kwargs)
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Python 3.5 now correctly raises a :exc:`SyntaxError`, as generator
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expressions must be put in parentheses if not a sole argument to a function.
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Changes in the Python API
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-------------------------
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