gh-94673: Add Per-Interpreter tp_subclasses for Static Builtin Types (gh-95301)

Doc/c-api/typeobj.rst

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ Quick Reference
    +------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+---+---+---+---+
    | [:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_cache`]           | :c:type:`PyObject` *              |                   |   |   |       |
    +------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+---+---+---+---+
-   | [:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_subclasses`]      | :c:type:`PyObject` *              | __subclasses__    |   |   |       |
+   | [:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_subclasses`]      | void *                            | __subclasses__    |   |   |       |
    +------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+---+---+---+---+
    | [:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_weaklist`]        | :c:type:`PyObject` *              |                   |   |   |       |
    +------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+---+---+---+---+
@@ -1934,9 +1934,17 @@ and :c:type:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.)
    This field is not inherited.
 
 
-.. c:member:: PyObject* PyTypeObject.tp_subclasses
+.. c:member:: void* PyTypeObject.tp_subclasses
 
-   List of weak references to subclasses.  Internal use only.
+   A collection of subclasses.  Internal use only.  May be an invalid pointer.
+
+   To get a list of subclasses, call the Python method
+   :py:meth:`~class.__subclasses__`.
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+
+      For some types, this field does not hold a valid :c:expr:`PyObject*`.
+      The type was changed to :c:expr:`void*` to indicate this.
 
    **Inheritance:**
 

Doc/whatsnew/3.12.rst

@@ -440,6 +440,16 @@ Porting to Python 3.12
   using the existing public C-API instead, or, if necessary, the
   (internal-only) ``_PyObject_GET_WEAKREFS_LISTPTR()`` macro.
 
+* This internal-only :c:member:`PyTypeObject.tp_subclasses` may now not be
+  a valid object pointer.  Its type was changed to :c:expr:`void *` to
+  reflect this.  We mention this in case someone happens to be accessing the
+  internal-only field directly.
+
+  To get a list of subclasses, call the Python method
+  :py:meth:`~class.__subclasses__` (using :c:func:`PyObject_CallMethod`,
+  for example).
+
+
 Deprecated
 ----------
 

Include/cpython/object.h

@@ -217,8 +217,8 @@ struct _typeobject {
     inquiry tp_is_gc; /* For PyObject_IS_GC */
     PyObject *tp_bases;
     PyObject *tp_mro; /* method resolution order */
-    PyObject *tp_cache;
+    PyObject *tp_cache; /* no longer used */
-    PyObject *tp_subclasses;
+    void *tp_subclasses;  /* for static builtin types this is an index */
     PyObject *tp_weaklist; /* not used for static builtin types */
     destructor tp_del;
 
@@ -227,7 +227,6 @@ struct _typeobject {
 
     destructor tp_finalize;
     vectorcallfunc tp_vectorcall;
-    size_t tp_static_builtin_index;  /* 0 means "not initialized" */
 };
 
 /* This struct is used by the specializer

Include/internal/pycore_object.h

@@ -351,6 +351,7 @@ _PyDictOrValues_SetValues(PyDictOrValues *ptr, PyDictValues *values)
 extern PyObject ** _PyObject_ComputedDictPointer(PyObject *);
 extern void _PyObject_FreeInstanceAttributes(PyObject *obj);
 extern int _PyObject_IsInstanceDictEmpty(PyObject *);
+extern int _PyType_HasSubclasses(PyTypeObject *);
 extern PyObject* _PyType_GetSubclasses(PyTypeObject *);
 
 // Access macro to the members which are floating "behind" the object

Include/internal/pycore_typeobject.h

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ struct type_cache {
 
 typedef struct {
     PyTypeObject *type;
+    PyObject *tp_subclasses;
     /* We never clean up weakrefs for static builtin types since
        they will effectively never get triggered.  However, there
        are also some diagnostic uses for the list of weakrefs,

Lib/test/test_sys.py

@@ -1507,7 +1507,7 @@ class SizeofTest(unittest.TestCase):
         check((1,2,3), vsize('') + 3*self.P)
         # type
         # static type: PyTypeObject
-        fmt = 'P2nPI13Pl4Pn9Pn12PIPI'
+        fmt = 'P2nPI13Pl4Pn9Pn12PIP'
         s = vsize('2P' + fmt)
         check(int, s)
         # class

Objects/structseq.c

@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ _PyStructSequence_FiniType(PyTypeObject *type)
     assert(type->tp_base == &PyTuple_Type);
 
     // Cannot delete a type if it still has subclasses
-    if (type->tp_subclasses != NULL) {
+    if (_PyType_HasSubclasses(type)) {
         return;
     }
 

Objects/typeobject.c

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ static inline PyTypeObject * subclass_from_ref(PyObject *ref);
 static inline int
 static_builtin_index_is_set(PyTypeObject *self)
 {
-    return self->tp_static_builtin_index > 0;
+    return self->tp_subclasses != NULL;
 }
 
 static inline size_t
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ static_builtin_index_get(PyTypeObject *self)
 {
     assert(static_builtin_index_is_set(self));
     /* We store a 1-based index so 0 can mean "not initialized". */
-    return self->tp_static_builtin_index - 1;
+    return (size_t)self->tp_subclasses - 1;
 }
 
 static inline void
@@ -89,13 +89,13 @@ static_builtin_index_set(PyTypeObject *self, size_t index)
 {
     assert(index < _Py_MAX_STATIC_BUILTIN_TYPES);
     /* We store a 1-based index so 0 can mean "not initialized". */
-    self->tp_static_builtin_index = index + 1;
+    self->tp_subclasses = (PyObject *)(index + 1);
 }
 
 static inline void
 static_builtin_index_clear(PyTypeObject *self)
 {
-    self->tp_static_builtin_index = 0;
+    self->tp_subclasses = NULL;
 }
 
 static inline static_builtin_state *
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ static_builtin_state_init(PyTypeObject *self)
 
     static_builtin_state *state = static_builtin_state_get(interp, self);
     state->type = self;
+    /* state->tp_subclasses is left NULL until init_subclasses() sets it. */
     /* state->tp_weaklist is left NULL until insert_head() or insert_after()
        (in weakrefobject.c) sets it. */
 }
@@ -373,6 +374,8 @@ _PyTypes_Fini(PyInterpreterState *interp)
 }
 
 
+static PyObject * lookup_subclasses(PyTypeObject *);
+
 void
 PyType_Modified(PyTypeObject *type)
 {
@@ -395,7 +398,7 @@ PyType_Modified(PyTypeObject *type)
         return;
     }
 
-    PyObject *subclasses = type->tp_subclasses;
+    PyObject *subclasses = lookup_subclasses(type);
     if (subclasses != NULL) {
         assert(PyDict_CheckExact(subclasses));
 
@@ -783,7 +786,7 @@ mro_hierarchy(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *temp)
     Py_XDECREF(old_mro);
 
     // Avoid creating an empty list if there is no subclass
-    if (type->tp_subclasses != NULL) {
+    if (_PyType_HasSubclasses(type)) {
         /* Obtain a copy of subclasses list to iterate over.
 
            Otherwise type->tp_subclasses might be altered
@@ -4345,10 +4348,13 @@ type_dealloc_common(PyTypeObject *type)
 }
 
 
+static void clear_subclasses(PyTypeObject *self);
+
 static void
 clear_static_tp_subclasses(PyTypeObject *type)
 {
-    if (type->tp_subclasses == NULL) {
+    PyObject *subclasses = lookup_subclasses(type);
+    if (subclasses == NULL) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -4372,9 +4378,19 @@ clear_static_tp_subclasses(PyTypeObject *type)
        going to leak.  This mostly only affects embedding scenarios.
      */
 
-    // For now we just clear tp_subclasses.
+    // For now we just do a sanity check and then clear tp_subclasses.
+    Py_ssize_t i = 0;
+    PyObject *key, *ref;  // borrowed ref
+    while (PyDict_Next(subclasses, &i, &key, &ref)) {
+        PyTypeObject *subclass = subclass_from_ref(ref);  // borrowed
+        if (subclass == NULL) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // All static builtin subtypes should have been finalized already.
+        assert(!(subclass->tp_flags & _Py_TPFLAGS_STATIC_BUILTIN));
+    }
 
-    Py_CLEAR(type->tp_subclasses);
+    clear_subclasses(type);
 }
 
 void
@@ -4424,7 +4440,7 @@ type_dealloc(PyTypeObject *type)
     Py_XDECREF(type->tp_bases);
     Py_XDECREF(type->tp_mro);
     Py_XDECREF(type->tp_cache);
-    Py_XDECREF(type->tp_subclasses);
+    clear_subclasses(type);
 
     /* A type's tp_doc is heap allocated, unlike the tp_doc slots
      * of most other objects.  It's okay to cast it to char *.
@@ -4444,6 +4460,30 @@ type_dealloc(PyTypeObject *type)
 }
 
 
+static PyObject *
+lookup_subclasses(PyTypeObject *self)
+{
+    if (self->tp_flags & _Py_TPFLAGS_STATIC_BUILTIN) {
+        static_builtin_state *state = _PyStaticType_GetState(self);
+        assert(state != NULL);
+        return state->tp_subclasses;
+    }
+    return (PyObject *)self->tp_subclasses;
+}
+
+int
+_PyType_HasSubclasses(PyTypeObject *self)
+{
+    if (self->tp_flags & _Py_TPFLAGS_STATIC_BUILTIN &&
+            _PyStaticType_GetState(self) == NULL) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (lookup_subclasses(self) == NULL) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
 PyObject*
 _PyType_GetSubclasses(PyTypeObject *self)
 {
@@ -4452,7 +4492,7 @@ _PyType_GetSubclasses(PyTypeObject *self)
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    PyObject *subclasses = self->tp_subclasses;  // borrowed ref
+    PyObject *subclasses = lookup_subclasses(self);  // borrowed ref
     if (subclasses == NULL) {
         return list;
     }
@@ -6830,6 +6870,36 @@ _PyStaticType_InitBuiltin(PyTypeObject *self)
 }
 
 
+static PyObject *
+init_subclasses(PyTypeObject *self)
+{
+    PyObject *subclasses = PyDict_New();
+    if (subclasses == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (self->tp_flags & _Py_TPFLAGS_STATIC_BUILTIN) {
+        static_builtin_state *state = _PyStaticType_GetState(self);
+        state->tp_subclasses = subclasses;
+        return subclasses;
+    }
+    self->tp_subclasses = (void *)subclasses;
+    return subclasses;
+}
+
+static void
+clear_subclasses(PyTypeObject *self)
+{
+    /* Delete the dictionary to save memory. _PyStaticType_Dealloc()
+       callers also test if tp_subclasses is NULL to check if a static type
+       has no subclass. */
+    if (self->tp_flags & _Py_TPFLAGS_STATIC_BUILTIN) {
+        static_builtin_state *state = _PyStaticType_GetState(self);
+        Py_CLEAR(state->tp_subclasses);
+        return;
+    }
+    Py_CLEAR(self->tp_subclasses);
+}
+
 static int
 add_subclass(PyTypeObject *base, PyTypeObject *type)
 {
@@ -6846,9 +6916,9 @@ add_subclass(PyTypeObject *base, PyTypeObject *type)
     // Only get tp_subclasses after creating the key and value.
     // PyWeakref_NewRef() can trigger a garbage collection which can execute
     // arbitrary Python code and so modify base->tp_subclasses.
-    PyObject *subclasses = base->tp_subclasses;
+    PyObject *subclasses = lookup_subclasses(base);
     if (subclasses == NULL) {
-        base->tp_subclasses = subclasses = PyDict_New();
+        subclasses = init_subclasses(base);
         if (subclasses == NULL) {
             Py_DECREF(key);
             Py_DECREF(ref);
@@ -6905,10 +6975,13 @@ get_subclasses_key(PyTypeObject *type, PyTypeObject *base)
        We fall back to manually traversing the values. */
     Py_ssize_t i = 0;
     PyObject *ref;  // borrowed ref
-    while (PyDict_Next((PyObject *)base->tp_subclasses, &i, &key, &ref)) {
+    PyObject *subclasses = lookup_subclasses(base);
-        PyTypeObject *subclass = subclass_from_ref(ref);  // borrowed
+    if (subclasses != NULL) {
-        if (subclass == type) {
+        while (PyDict_Next(subclasses, &i, &key, &ref)) {
-            return Py_NewRef(key);
+            PyTypeObject *subclass = subclass_from_ref(ref);  // borrowed
+            if (subclass == type) {
+                return Py_NewRef(key);
+            }
         }
     }
     /* It wasn't found. */
@@ -6918,7 +6991,7 @@ get_subclasses_key(PyTypeObject *type, PyTypeObject *base)
 static void
 remove_subclass(PyTypeObject *base, PyTypeObject *type)
 {
-    PyObject *subclasses = base->tp_subclasses;  // borrowed ref
+    PyObject *subclasses = lookup_subclasses(base);  // borrowed ref
     if (subclasses == NULL) {
         return;
     }
@@ -6934,10 +7007,7 @@ remove_subclass(PyTypeObject *base, PyTypeObject *type)
     Py_XDECREF(key);
 
     if (PyDict_Size(subclasses) == 0) {
-        // Delete the dictionary to save memory. _PyStaticType_Dealloc()
+        clear_subclasses(base);
-        // callers also test if tp_subclasses is NULL to check if a static type
-        // has no subclass.
-        Py_CLEAR(base->tp_subclasses);
     }
 }
 
@@ -9022,7 +9092,7 @@ recurse_down_subclasses(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *attr_name,
     // It is safe to use a borrowed reference because update_subclasses() is
     // only used with update_slots_callback() which doesn't modify
     // tp_subclasses.
-    PyObject *subclasses = type->tp_subclasses;  // borrowed ref
+    PyObject *subclasses = lookup_subclasses(type);  // borrowed ref
     if (subclasses == NULL) {
         return 0;
     }