mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
Merge with 3.2.
This commit is contained in:
Ezio Melotti
commit
707d1e6cea
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@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ used when :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` is called. For example::
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... const=sum, default=max,
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... help='sum the integers (default: find the max)')
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Later, calling :meth:`parse_args` will return an object with
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Later, calling :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` will return an object with
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two attributes, ``integers`` and ``accumulate``. The ``integers`` attribute
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will be a list of one or more ints, and the ``accumulate`` attribute will be
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either the :func:`sum` function, if ``--sum`` was specified at the command line,
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@ -295,10 +295,10 @@ arguments they contain. For example::
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Namespace(f='bar')
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Arguments read from a file must by default be one per line (but see also
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:meth:`convert_arg_line_to_args`) and are treated as if they were in the same
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place as the original file referencing argument on the command line. So in the
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example above, the expression ``['-f', 'foo', '@args.txt']`` is considered
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equivalent to the expression ``['-f', 'foo', '-f', 'bar']``.
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:meth:`~ArgumentParser.convert_arg_line_to_args`) and are treated as if they
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were in the same place as the original file referencing argument on the command
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line. So in the example above, the expression ``['-f', 'foo', '@args.txt']``
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is considered equivalent to the expression ``['-f', 'foo', '-f', 'bar']``.
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The ``fromfile_prefix_chars=`` argument defaults to ``None``, meaning that
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arguments will never be treated as file references.
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@ -308,11 +308,12 @@ argument_default
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Generally, argument defaults are specified either by passing a default to
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:meth:`add_argument` or by calling the :meth:`set_defaults` methods with a
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specific set of name-value pairs. Sometimes however, it may be useful to
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specify a single parser-wide default for arguments. This can be accomplished by
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passing the ``argument_default=`` keyword argument to :class:`ArgumentParser`.
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For example, to globally suppress attribute creation on :meth:`parse_args`
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:meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` or by calling the
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:meth:`~ArgumentParser.set_defaults` methods with a specific set of name-value
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pairs. Sometimes however, it may be useful to specify a single parser-wide
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default for arguments. This can be accomplished by passing the
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``argument_default=`` keyword argument to :class:`ArgumentParser`. For example,
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to globally suppress attribute creation on :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args`
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calls, we supply ``argument_default=SUPPRESS``::
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>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(argument_default=argparse.SUPPRESS)
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@ -361,7 +362,13 @@ formatter_class
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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:class:`ArgumentParser` objects allow the help formatting to be customized by
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specifying an alternate formatting class.
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specifying an alternate formatting class. Currently, there are four such
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classes:
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.. class:: RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
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RawTextHelpFormatter
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ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
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MetavarTypeHelpFormatter
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:class:`RawDescriptionHelpFormatter` and :class:`RawTextHelpFormatter` give
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more control over how textual descriptions are displayed.
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@ -630,11 +637,12 @@ The following sections describe how each of these are used.
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name or flags
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The :meth:`add_argument` method must know whether an optional argument, like
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``-f`` or ``--foo``, or a positional argument, like a list of filenames, is
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expected. The first arguments passed to :meth:`add_argument` must therefore be
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either a series of flags, or a simple argument name. For example, an optional
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argument could be created like::
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The :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` method must know whether an optional
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argument, like ``-f`` or ``--foo``, or a positional argument, like a list of
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filenames, is expected. The first arguments passed to
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:meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` must therefore be either a series of
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flags, or a simple argument name. For example, an optional argument could
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be created like::
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>>> parser.add_argument('-f', '--foo')
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@ -642,8 +650,9 @@ while a positional argument could be created like::
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>>> parser.add_argument('bar')
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When :meth:`parse_args` is called, optional arguments will be identified by the
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``-`` prefix, and the remaining arguments will be assumed to be positional::
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When :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` is called, optional arguments will be
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identified by the ``-`` prefix, and the remaining arguments will be assumed to
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be positional::
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>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
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>>> parser.add_argument('-f', '--foo')
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@ -663,8 +672,8 @@ action
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:class:`ArgumentParser` objects associate command-line args with actions. These
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actions can do just about anything with the command-line args associated with
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them, though most actions simply add an attribute to the object returned by
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:meth:`parse_args`. The ``action`` keyword argument specifies how the
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command-line args should be handled. The supported actions are:
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:meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args`. The ``action`` keyword argument specifies
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how the command-line args should be handled. The supported actions are:
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* ``'store'`` - This just stores the argument's value. This is the default
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action. For example::
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@ -716,8 +725,8 @@ command-line args should be handled. The supported actions are:
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Namespace(types=[<type 'str'>, <type 'int'>])
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* ``'version'`` - This expects a ``version=`` keyword argument in the
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:meth:`add_argument` call, and prints version information and exits when
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invoked.
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:meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` call, and prints version information
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and exits when invoked.
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>>> import argparse
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>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
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@ -733,11 +742,12 @@ the Action API. The easiest way to do this is to extend
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* ``parser`` - The ArgumentParser object which contains this action.
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* ``namespace`` - The namespace object that will be returned by
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:meth:`parse_args`. Most actions add an attribute to this object.
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:meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args`. Most actions add an attribute to this
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object.
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* ``values`` - The associated command-line args, with any type-conversions
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applied. (Type-conversions are specified with the type_ keyword argument to
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:meth:`add_argument`.
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:meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument`.
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* ``option_string`` - The option string that was used to invoke this action.
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The ``option_string`` argument is optional, and will be absent if the action
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@ -844,21 +854,20 @@ will be consumed and a single item (not a list) will be produced.
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const
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^^^^^
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The ``const`` argument of :meth:`add_argument` is used to hold constant values
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that are not read from the command line but are required for the various
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ArgumentParser actions. The two most common uses of it are:
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The ``const`` argument of :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` is used to hold
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constant values that are not read from the command line but are required for
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the various :class:`ArgumentParser` actions. The two most common uses of it are:
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* When :meth:`add_argument` is called with ``action='store_const'`` or
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``action='append_const'``. These actions add the ``const`` value to one of
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the attributes of the object returned by :meth:`parse_args`. See the action_
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description for examples.
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* When :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` is called with
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``action='store_const'`` or ``action='append_const'``. These actions add the
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``const`` value to one of the attributes of the object returned by :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args`. See the action_ description for examples.
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* When :meth:`add_argument` is called with option strings (like ``-f`` or
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``--foo``) and ``nargs='?'``. This creates an optional argument that can be
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followed by zero or one command-line args. When parsing the command line, if
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the option string is encountered with no command-line arg following it, the
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value of ``const`` will be assumed instead. See the nargs_ description for
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examples.
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* When :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` is called with option strings
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(like ``-f`` or ``--foo``) and ``nargs='?'``. This creates an optional
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argument that can be followed by zero or one command-line args.
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When parsing the command line, if the option string is encountered with no
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command-line arg following it, the value of ``const`` will be assumed instead.
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See the nargs_ description for examples.
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The ``const`` keyword argument defaults to ``None``.
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@ -867,10 +876,11 @@ default
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^^^^^^^
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All optional arguments and some positional arguments may be omitted at the
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command line. The ``default`` keyword argument of :meth:`add_argument`, whose
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value defaults to ``None``, specifies what value should be used if the
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command-line arg is not present. For optional arguments, the ``default`` value
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is used when the option string was not present at the command line::
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command line. The ``default`` keyword argument of
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:meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument`, whose value defaults to ``None``,
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specifies what value should be used if the command-line arg is not present.
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For optional arguments, the ``default`` value is used when the option string
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was not present at the command line::
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>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
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>>> parser.add_argument('--foo', default=42)
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@ -904,12 +914,12 @@ command-line argument was not present.::
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type
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^^^^
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By default, ArgumentParser objects read command-line args in as simple strings.
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However, quite often the command-line string should instead be interpreted as
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another type, like a :class:`float` or :class:`int`. The ``type`` keyword
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argument of :meth:`add_argument` allows any necessary type-checking and
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type-conversions to be performed. Common built-in types and functions can be
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used directly as the value of the ``type`` argument::
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By default, :class:`ArgumentParser` objects read command-line args in as simple
|
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strings. However, quite often the command-line string should instead be
|
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interpreted as another type, like a :class:`float` or :class:`int`. The
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``type`` keyword argument of :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` allows any
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necessary type-checking and type-conversions to be performed. Common built-in
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types and functions can be used directly as the value of the ``type`` argument::
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>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
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>>> parser.add_argument('foo', type=int)
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@ -965,9 +975,9 @@ choices
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Some command-line args should be selected from a restricted set of values.
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These can be handled by passing a container object as the ``choices`` keyword
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argument to :meth:`add_argument`. When the command line is parsed, arg values
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will be checked, and an error message will be displayed if the arg was not one
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of the acceptable values::
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argument to :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument`. When the command line is
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parsed, arg values will be checked, and an error message will be displayed if
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the arg was not one of the acceptable values::
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>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
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>>> parser.add_argument('foo', choices='abc')
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@ -1000,7 +1010,7 @@ required
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In general, the :mod:`argparse` module assumes that flags like ``-f`` and ``--bar``
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indicate *optional* arguments, which can always be omitted at the command line.
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To make an option *required*, ``True`` can be specified for the ``required=``
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keyword argument to :meth:`add_argument`::
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keyword argument to :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument`::
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>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
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>>> parser.add_argument('--foo', required=True)
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@ -1010,8 +1020,9 @@ keyword argument to :meth:`add_argument`::
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usage: argparse.py [-h] [--foo FOO]
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argparse.py: error: option --foo is required
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As the example shows, if an option is marked as ``required``, :meth:`parse_args`
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will report an error if that option is not present at the command line.
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As the example shows, if an option is marked as ``required``,
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:meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` will report an error if that option is not
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present at the command line.
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.. note::
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@ -1045,7 +1056,7 @@ argument::
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The ``help`` strings can include various format specifiers to avoid repetition
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of things like the program name or the argument default_. The available
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specifiers include the program name, ``%(prog)s`` and most keyword arguments to
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:meth:`add_argument`, e.g. ``%(default)s``, ``%(type)s``, etc.::
|
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:meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument`, e.g. ``%(default)s``, ``%(type)s``, etc.::
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|
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>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='frobble')
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>>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='?', type=int, default=42,
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@ -1105,8 +1116,8 @@ An alternative name can be specified with ``metavar``::
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--foo YYY
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Note that ``metavar`` only changes the *displayed* name - the name of the
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attribute on the :meth:`parse_args` object is still determined by the dest_
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value.
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||||
attribute on the :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` object is still determined
|
||||
by the dest_ value.
|
||||
|
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Different values of ``nargs`` may cause the metavar to be used multiple times.
|
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Providing a tuple to ``metavar`` specifies a different display for each of the
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|
|
@ -1128,10 +1139,11 @@ dest
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|||
^^^^
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|
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Most :class:`ArgumentParser` actions add some value as an attribute of the
|
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object returned by :meth:`parse_args`. The name of this attribute is determined
|
||||
by the ``dest`` keyword argument of :meth:`add_argument`. For positional
|
||||
argument actions, ``dest`` is normally supplied as the first argument to
|
||||
:meth:`add_argument`::
|
||||
object returned by :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args`. The name of this
|
||||
attribute is determined by the ``dest`` keyword argument of
|
||||
:meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument`. For positional argument actions,
|
||||
``dest`` is normally supplied as the first argument to
|
||||
:meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument`::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
|
||||
>>> parser.add_argument('bar')
|
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|
|
@ -1182,9 +1194,9 @@ The parse_args() method
|
|||
Option value syntax
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
The :meth:`parse_args` method supports several ways of specifying the value of
|
||||
an option (if it takes one). In the simplest case, the option and its value are
|
||||
passed as two separate arguments::
|
||||
The :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` method supports several ways of
|
||||
specifying the value of an option (if it takes one). In the simplest case, the
|
||||
option and its value are passed as two separate arguments::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
|
||||
>>> parser.add_argument('-x')
|
||||
|
|
@ -1221,10 +1233,10 @@ as long as only the last option (or none of them) requires a value::
|
|||
Invalid arguments
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
While parsing the command line, ``parse_args`` checks for a variety of errors,
|
||||
including ambiguous options, invalid types, invalid options, wrong number of
|
||||
positional arguments, etc. When it encounters such an error, it exits and
|
||||
prints the error along with a usage message::
|
||||
While parsing the command line, :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` checks for a
|
||||
variety of errors, including ambiguous options, invalid types, invalid options,
|
||||
wrong number of positional arguments, etc. When it encounters such an error,
|
||||
it exits and prints the error along with a usage message::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
|
||||
>>> parser.add_argument('--foo', type=int)
|
||||
|
|
@ -1249,13 +1261,13 @@ prints the error along with a usage message::
|
|||
Arguments containing ``"-"``
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
The ``parse_args`` method attempts to give errors whenever the user has clearly
|
||||
made a mistake, but some situations are inherently ambiguous. For example, the
|
||||
command-line arg ``'-1'`` could either be an attempt to specify an option or an
|
||||
attempt to provide a positional argument. The ``parse_args`` method is cautious
|
||||
here: positional arguments may only begin with ``'-'`` if they look like
|
||||
negative numbers and there are no options in the parser that look like negative
|
||||
numbers::
|
||||
The :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` method attempts to give errors whenever
|
||||
the user has clearly made a mistake, but some situations are inherently
|
||||
ambiguous. For example, the command-line arg ``'-1'`` could either be an
|
||||
attempt to specify an option or an attempt to provide a positional argument.
|
||||
The :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` method is cautious here: positional
|
||||
arguments may only begin with ``'-'`` if they look like negative numbers and
|
||||
there are no options in the parser that look like negative numbers::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
|
||||
>>> parser.add_argument('-x')
|
||||
|
|
@ -1289,7 +1301,8 @@ numbers::
|
|||
|
||||
If you have positional arguments that must begin with ``'-'`` and don't look
|
||||
like negative numbers, you can insert the pseudo-argument ``'--'`` which tells
|
||||
``parse_args`` that everything after that is a positional argument::
|
||||
:meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` that everything after that is a positional
|
||||
argument::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> parser.parse_args(['--', '-f'])
|
||||
Namespace(foo='-f', one=None)
|
||||
|
|
@ -1298,8 +1311,8 @@ like negative numbers, you can insert the pseudo-argument ``'--'`` which tells
|
|||
Argument abbreviations
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
The :meth:`parse_args` method allows long options to be abbreviated if the
|
||||
abbreviation is unambiguous::
|
||||
The :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` method allows long options to be
|
||||
abbreviated if the abbreviation is unambiguous::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
|
||||
>>> parser.add_argument('-bacon')
|
||||
|
|
@ -1320,7 +1333,8 @@ Beyond ``sys.argv``
|
|||
|
||||
Sometimes it may be useful to have an ArgumentParser parse args other than those
|
||||
of :data:`sys.argv`. This can be accomplished by passing a list of strings to
|
||||
``parse_args``. This is useful for testing at the interactive prompt::
|
||||
:meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args`. This is useful for testing at the
|
||||
interactive prompt::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
|
||||
>>> parser.add_argument(
|
||||
|
|
@ -1338,11 +1352,11 @@ of :data:`sys.argv`. This can be accomplished by passing a list of strings to
|
|||
The Namespace object
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
By default, :meth:`parse_args` will return a new object of type :class:`Namespace`
|
||||
where the necessary attributes have been set. This class is deliberately simple,
|
||||
just an :class:`object` subclass with a readable string representation. If you
|
||||
prefer to have dict-like view of the attributes, you can use the standard Python
|
||||
idiom via :func:`vars`::
|
||||
By default, :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` will return a new object of type
|
||||
:class:`Namespace` where the necessary attributes have been set. This class is
|
||||
deliberately simple, just an :class:`object` subclass with a readable string
|
||||
representation. If you prefer to have dict-like view of the attributes, you
|
||||
can use the standard Python idiom via :func:`vars`::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
|
||||
>>> parser.add_argument('--foo')
|
||||
|
|
@ -1381,9 +1395,9 @@ Sub-commands
|
|||
:class:`ArgumentParser` supports the creation of such sub-commands with the
|
||||
:meth:`add_subparsers` method. The :meth:`add_subparsers` method is normally
|
||||
called with no arguments and returns an special action object. This object
|
||||
has a single method, ``add_parser``, which takes a command name and any
|
||||
:class:`ArgumentParser` constructor arguments, and returns an
|
||||
:class:`ArgumentParser` object that can be modified as usual.
|
||||
has a single method, :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_parser`, which takes a
|
||||
command name and any :class:`ArgumentParser` constructor arguments, and
|
||||
returns an :class:`ArgumentParser` object that can be modified as usual.
|
||||
|
||||
Some example usage::
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1417,7 +1431,7 @@ Sub-commands
|
|||
for that particular parser will be printed. The help message will not
|
||||
include parent parser or sibling parser messages. (A help message for each
|
||||
subparser command, however, can be given by supplying the ``help=`` argument
|
||||
to ``add_parser`` as above.)
|
||||
to :meth:`add_parser` as above.)
|
||||
|
||||
::
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1646,7 +1660,8 @@ Mutual exclusion
|
|||
PROG: error: one of the arguments --foo --bar is required
|
||||
|
||||
Note that currently mutually exclusive argument groups do not support the
|
||||
*title* and *description* arguments of :meth:`add_argument_group`.
|
||||
*title* and *description* arguments of
|
||||
:meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument_group`.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Parser defaults
|
||||
|
|
@ -1656,7 +1671,7 @@ Parser defaults
|
|||
|
||||
Most of the time, the attributes of the object returned by :meth:`parse_args`
|
||||
will be fully determined by inspecting the command-line args and the argument
|
||||
actions. :meth:`ArgumentParser.set_defaults` allows some additional
|
||||
actions. :meth:`set_defaults` allows some additional
|
||||
attributes that are determined without any inspection of the command line to
|
||||
be added::
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1693,9 +1708,9 @@ Parser defaults
|
|||
Printing help
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
In most typical applications, :meth:`parse_args` will take care of formatting
|
||||
and printing any usage or error messages. However, several formatting methods
|
||||
are available:
|
||||
In most typical applications, :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` will take
|
||||
care of formatting and printing any usage or error messages. However, several
|
||||
formatting methods are available:
|
||||
|
||||
.. method:: ArgumentParser.print_usage(file=None)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1730,7 +1745,7 @@ Partial parsing
|
|||
|
||||
Sometimes a script may only parse a few of the command-line arguments, passing
|
||||
the remaining arguments on to another script or program. In these cases, the
|
||||
:meth:`parse_known_args` method can be useful. It works much like
|
||||
:meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_known_args` method can be useful. It works much like
|
||||
:meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` except that it does not produce an error when
|
||||
extra arguments are present. Instead, it returns a two item tuple containing
|
||||
the populated namespace and the list of remaining argument strings.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1786,7 +1801,7 @@ Exiting methods
|
|||
Upgrading optparse code
|
||||
-----------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Originally, the mod:`argparse` module had attempted to maintain compatibility
|
||||
Originally, the :mod:`argparse` module had attempted to maintain compatibility
|
||||
with :mod:`optparse`. However, :mod:`optparse` was difficult to extend
|
||||
transparently, particularly with the changes required to support the new
|
||||
``nargs=`` specifiers and better usage messages. When most everything in
|
||||
|
|
@ -1795,8 +1810,8 @@ longer seemed practical to try to maintain the backwards compatibility.
|
|||
|
||||
A partial upgrade path from :mod:`optparse` to :mod:`argparse`:
|
||||
|
||||
* Replace all ``add_option()`` calls with :meth:`ArgumentParser.add_argument`
|
||||
calls.
|
||||
* Replace all :meth:`optparse.OptionParser.add_option` calls with
|
||||
:meth:`ArgumentParser.add_argument` calls.
|
||||
|
||||
* Replace ``options, args = parser.parse_args()`` with ``args =
|
||||
parser.parse_args()`` and add additional :meth:`ArgumentParser.add_argument`
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue