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Guido van Rossum
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Misc/FAQ
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Misc/FAQ
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@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ Newsgroups: comp.lang.python,comp.answers,news.answers
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Followup-to: comp.lang.python
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From: guido@cwi.nl (Guido van Rossum)
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Reply-to: guido@cnri.reston.va.us (Guido van Rossum)
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Expires: Sat, 1 Jul 1995 00:00:00 GMT
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Supersedes: <D6uD1L.BLv@cwi.nl>
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Expires: Fri, 1 Sep 1995 00:00:00 GMT
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Supersedes: <D9G7ow.IDL@cwi.nl>
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Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
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Archive-name: python-faq/part1
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Submitted-by: Guido van Rossum <guido@cwi.nl>
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Version: 1.24
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Last-modified: 31 May 1995
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Version: 1.25
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Last-modified: 25 July 1995
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This article contains answers to Frequently Asked Questions about
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Python (an object-oriented interpreted programming language -- see
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@ -108,6 +108,8 @@ Here's an overview of the questions per chapter:
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3.11. Q. Trouble with posix.listdir on NeXTSTEP 3.2.
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3.12. Q. Other trouble building Python on platform X.
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3.13. Q. How to configure dynamic loading on Lixux.
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3.14. Q. Under Solaris 2.x, using GCC, how do I use shared libraries?
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3.15. Q. Errors when linking with a shared library containing C++ code.
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4. Programming in Python
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4.1. Q. Is there a source code level debugger with breakpoints, step,
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@ -299,9 +301,11 @@ distribution:
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<URL:ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/graphics/graphics/sgi-stuff/python/>
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<URL:ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/python/>
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<URL:ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/python/>
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<URL:ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/uunet/languages/python/>
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<URL:ftp://ftp.sterlng.com/programming/languages/python/>
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<URL:ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/python/>
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<URL:ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/uunet/languages/python/>
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<URL:ftp://ftp.sterling.com/programming/languages/python/>
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<URL:ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/python/>
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<URL:ftp://ftp.switch.ch/software/sources/python/>
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<URL:ftp://ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/pub/comp/programming/languages/python/>
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Or try archie on the string "python".
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@ -344,9 +348,9 @@ ftp, e.g. <URL:ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/doc/lib-info.tar.gz>.
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1.9. Q. Is there a book on Python, or will there be one out soon?
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A. I am writing one. Publishers are interested. Optimistically, it
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will be ready for the press by mid-1995. Mark Lutz is working on one
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too -- more details as they emerge.
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A. Mark Lutz is writing a Python book for O'Reilly and Associates, to
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be published early 1996. See the outline (in PostScript):
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<URL:http://www.python.org/workshops/1995-05/outlinep.eps>.
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1.10. Q. Are there any published articles about Python that I can quote?
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@ -714,15 +718,13 @@ HAVE_PROTOTYPES.
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3.11. Q. Trouble with posix.listdir on NeXTSTEP 3.2.
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A. (This is fixed in 1.2.) You need to pass "-posix" to the C
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compiler, especially in the link phase -- it uses the correct version
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of the C library. The easiest way is perhaps to do "make OPT=-posix".
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You also need to remove this NeXT-specific section from import.c:
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A. (This often manifests itself as a weird error from the
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compileall.py script run by "make libinstall".)
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#if defined(NeXT) || defined(WITH_RLD)
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#define DYNAMIC_LINK
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#define USE_RLD
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#endif
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Don't use gcc, use the Next C compiler (cc). Even though it is
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derived from (an old version of) gcc, its interpretation of the
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"-posix" switch is different; in this particular case, cc is right and
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gcc is wrong.
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3.12. Q. Other trouble building Python on platform X.
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@ -735,37 +737,62 @@ to me too.
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3.13. Q. How to configure dynamic loading on Lixux.
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A. (Thanks to Andrew Kuchling):
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A. There are two answers, depending on whether you are using the new
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ELF object format or not.
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Linux requires that you use the GNU DLD library. The stages of using
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dynamic libraries on Linux are:
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For ELF, this seems to be the procedure (thanks to Martin von Loewis):
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1) Get dld 3.2.5 from a Linux site. Be careful here; the most recent
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GNU version is 3.2.3, and doesn't support Linux; be sure to get it
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from a Linux mirror, not a GNU mirror (3.2.4 should also work).
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Compile it and install the library libdld.a somewhere; I used
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/usr/local/lib.
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Compile Python to an ELF binary.
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Suitable URLs for the dld distribution are currently:
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<URL:ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/libs/dld-3.2.5.src.tar.gz> and
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<URL:ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/sources/libs/dld-3.2.5.src.tar.gz>.
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There's also a binary distribution of it:
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<URL:ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/libs/dld-3.2.5.bin.tar.gz>.
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In addition, you have to use the following flags:
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2) Get Jack Jansen's DL library; its location is given in the
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_Extending Python_ manual as <URL:ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/>.
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Compile it and install libdl.a wherever you put libdld.a.
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- when linking python: -rdynamic -ldl
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- when compiling an object that goes into a shared module: -fPIC
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- when linking a shared module: -shared -ldl
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3) Run Python's configure script, giving it the --with-dl-dld option,
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which requires a parameter giving the directory where you put the
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libraries.
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Furthermore, it appears that some Python releases did not understand
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that Linux has dynamic linking. Python 1.2 did it right, but you
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should check wether the generated config.h indicates the use of -ldl
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(i.e. dlopen, dlsym). Finally, you can load a shared module by saying
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'use foo'. Make sure the module is in your PYTHONPATH.
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4) Recompile Python.
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For pre-ELF systems (thanks to Andrew Kuchling):
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Note that once ELF is common in the Linux world, it will be much
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easier (probably within a year) -- the standard SVR4-style dlopen()
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interface is then available. This has already proved to work
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perfectly using a beta version of the ELF-capable GCC for Linux.
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Pre-ELF Linux requires that you use the GNU DLD library. The stages
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of using dynamic libraries on Linux are:
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1) Get dld 3.2.5 from a Linux site. Be careful here; the most
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recent GNU version is 3.2.3, and doesn't support Linux; be sure to
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get it from a Linux mirror, not a GNU mirror (3.2.4 should also
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work). Compile it and install the library libdld.a somewhere; I
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used /usr/local/lib.
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Suitable URLs for the dld distribution are currently:
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<URL:ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/libs/dld-3.2.5.src.tar.gz> and
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<URL:ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/sources/libs/dld-3.2.5.src.tar.gz>.
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There's also a binary distribution of it:
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<URL:ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/libs/dld-3.2.5.bin.tar.gz>.
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2) Get Jack Jansen's DL library; its location is given in the
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_Extending Python_ manual as <URL:ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/>.
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Compile it and install libdl.a wherever you put libdld.a.
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3) Run Python's configure script, giving it the --with-dl-dld option,
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which requires a parameter giving the directory where you put the
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libraries.
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4) Recompile Python.
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3.14. Q. Under Solaris 2.x, using GCC, how do I use shared libraries?
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A. Use the linker in /usr/ucb/ld, not the GNU linker. The latter
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cannot create shared libraries.
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3.15. Q. Errors when linking with a shared library containing C++ code.
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A. Link the main Python binary with C++. Change the definition of
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LINKCC in Modules/Makefile to be your C++ compiler. You may have to
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edit config.c slightly to make it compilable with C++.
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4. Programming in Python
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@ -1054,6 +1081,12 @@ preserves the look and feel of the underlying graphics toolkit. See
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the wxPython WWW page at
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<URL:http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~jacs/wx/wxpython/wxpython.html>.
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- There's an object-oriented GUI based on the Microsoft Foundation
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Classes model called WPY. Programs written in WPY run unchanged and
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with native look and feel on NT, Windows 3.1 (using win32s) and on
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Unix (using Tk). Source and binaries for NT and Linux are available
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in <URL:ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/wpy>.
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- Python has been mentioned on the "Futurism" subpage of the Fresco
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home page <URL:http://www.faslab.com/fresco/HomePage.html>. "Pesto"
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is a Python interface to the CORBA dynamic invocation interface, and
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@ -1371,8 +1404,12 @@ Note that many interactive programs (e.g. vi) don't work well with
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pipes substituted for standard input and output. You will have to use
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pseudo ttys ("ptys") instead of pipes. There is some undocumented
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code to use these in the library module pty.py -- I'm afraid you're on
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your own here. What's *really* needed is a Python interface to Don
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Libes' expect library -- any takers?
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your own here.
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A different answer is a Python interface to Don Libes' "expect"
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library. A prerelease of this is available on the Python ftp mirror
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sites in the contrib subdirectory as expy-0.3.tar.gz, e.g.
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<URL:ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/contrib/expy-0.3.tar.gz>.
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4.31. Q. How do I call a function if I have the arguments in a tuple?
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@ -1786,16 +1823,23 @@ e.g. <URL:ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/pc/>.
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7.3. Q. Is there a Windows 3.1(1) version of Python?
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A. Yes, also see the "pc" subdirectory of the distribution sites,
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e.g. <URL:ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/pc/>.
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e.g. <URL:ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/pc/>. You may also be able
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to run either of the Windows NT versions (see next question) if you
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have Microsoft's "win32s".
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7.4. Q. Is there a Windows NT version of Python?
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A. Yes. Mark Hammond <MHammond@cmutual.com.au> has built a full NT
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port. This supports using DLLs for dynamic loading of Python modules,
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and includes an interface to the Microsoft Foundation Classes and a
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Python programming environment using it that's written mostly in
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Python. See <URL:ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/nt/> -- most mirrors
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will also have this.
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A. There are two, both sporting DLL support for dynamic loading of
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Python modules, and extensions to access the Win32 GUI API.
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Mark Hammond <MHammond@cmutual.com.au> maintains an NT port which
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includes an interface to the Microsoft Foundation Classes and a Python
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programming environment using it that's written mostly in Python. See
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<URL:ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/nt/>.
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Jim Ahlstrom's WPY portable GUI runs on Windows NT and is modeled
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after the Microsoft Foundation Classes. Source and binaries are
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available in <URL:ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/wpy>.
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Sam Rushing <rushing@squirl.oau.org> once announced he knows how to
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build Python for the Windows NT on the DEC Alpha AXP.
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@ -1806,7 +1850,7 @@ of Visual C++ 2.0.
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7.5. Q. Is there a Windows 95 version of Python?
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A. The Windows NT version might work, otherwise the Windows 3.1(1)
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A. The Windows NT versions might work, otherwise the Windows 3.1(1)
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version should work (isn't Windows 95 supposed to be backwards
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compatible?).
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@ -1817,13 +1861,15 @@ e.g. <URL:ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/pc/>.
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7.7. Q. Is there a VMS version of Python?
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A. I think not. This question has been asked on the list several
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times and I've never seen an affirmative answer.
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A. Donn Cave <donn@cac.washington.edu> did a partial port. The
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results of his efforts are on public display in
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<<URL:ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/contrib/vms.tar.gz/>.
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7.8. Q. What about IBM mainframes, or other esoteric non-UNIX
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platforms?
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7.8. Q. What about IBM mainframes, or other non-UNIX platforms?
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A. Basically, the same story as for VMS...
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A. I haven't heard about these, except I remember once hearing about
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an attempt at an OS/9 port. If you're interested in any of this, go
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directly to the newsgroup and ask there, who knows what you may find.
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7.9. Q. Where are the source or Makefiles for the non-UNIX versions?
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