mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
Add more items; add fragmentary notes
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Andrew M. Kuchling
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3710a13506
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@ -117,8 +117,12 @@ LaTeX to reStructured Text.
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New Issue Tracker: Roundup
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--------------------------------------------------
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XXX write this.
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XXX write this -- this section is currently just brief notes.
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The developers were growing increasingly annoyed by SourceForge's
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bug tracker. (Discuss problems in a sentence or two.)
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Hosting provided by XXX.
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New Documentation Format: ReStructured Text
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--------------------------------------------------
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@ -455,7 +459,46 @@ can now be used in scripts running from inside a package.
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PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
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=====================================================
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XXX write this
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XXX write this -- this section is currently just brief notes.
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8-bit and Unicode strings have a .format() method that takes the arguments
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to be formatted.
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.format() uses curly brackets ({, }) as special characters:
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format("User ID: {0}", "root") -> "User ID: root"
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format("Empty dict: {{}}") -> "Empty dict: {}"
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0.name
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0[name]
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Format specifiers:
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0:8 -> left-align, pad
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0:>8 -> right-align, pad
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Format data types::
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... take table from PEP 3101
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Classes and types can define a __format__ method to control how it's
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formatted. It receives a single argument, the format specifier::
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def __format__(self, format_spec):
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if isinstance(format_spec, unicode):
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return unicode(str(self))
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else:
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return str(self)
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There's also a format() built-in that will format a single value. It calls
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the type's :meth:`__format__` method with the provided specifier::
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>>> format(75.6564, '.2f')
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'75.66'
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`3101` - Advanced String Formatting
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PEP written by Talin.
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.. ======================================================================
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@ -509,12 +552,30 @@ work.
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.. ======================================================================
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.. _pep-3112:
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PEP 3112: Byte Literals
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=====================================================
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Python 3.0 adopts Unicode as the language's fundamental string type, and
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denotes 8-bit literals differently, either as ``b'string'``
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or using a :class:`bytes` constructor. For future compatibility,
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Python 2.6 adds :class:`bytes` as a synonym for the :class:`str` type,
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and it also supports the ``b''`` notation.
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`3112` - Bytes literals in Python 3000
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PEP written by Jason Orendorff; backported to 2.6 by Christian Heimes.
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.. ======================================================================
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.. _pep-3119:
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PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
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=====================================================
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XXX
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XXX write this -- this section is currently just brief notes.
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How to identify a file object?
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@ -558,16 +619,23 @@ an abstract method.
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PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
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=====================================================
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XXX write this
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XXX write this -- this section is currently just brief notes.
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Python 3.0 changes the syntax for octal integer literals, and
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adds supports for binary integers: 0o instad of 0,
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and 0b for binary. Python 2.6 doesn't support this, but a bin()
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builtin was added, and
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builtin was added.
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XXX changes to the hex/oct builtins
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New bin() built-in returns the binary form of a number.
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`3127` - Integer Literal Support and Syntax
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PEP written by Patrick Maupin.
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.. ======================================================================
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.. _pep-3129:
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@ -575,7 +643,30 @@ New bin() built-in returns the binary form of a number.
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PEP 3129: Class Decorators
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=====================================================
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XXX write this.
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XXX write this -- this section is currently just brief notes.
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Class decorators are analogous to function decorators. After defining a class,
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it's passed through the specified series of decorator functions
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and the ultimate return value is recorded as the class.
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::
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class A:
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pass
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A = foo(bar(A))
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@foo
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@bar
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class A:
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pass
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XXX need to find a good motivating example.
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`3129` - Class Decorators
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PEP written by Collin Winter.
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.. ======================================================================
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@ -631,11 +722,14 @@ one, :func:`math.trunc`, that's been backported to Python 2.6.
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`3141` - A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
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PEP written by Jeffrey Yasskin.
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XXX link: Discusses Scheme's numeric tower.
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The Fraction Module
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The :mod:`fractions` Module
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--------------------------------------------------
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To fill out the hierarchy of numeric types, a rational-number class
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@ -657,11 +751,27 @@ that will be the numerator and denominator of the resulting fraction. ::
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>>> a/b
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Fraction(5, 3)
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To help in converting floating-point numbers to rationals,
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the float type now has a :meth:`as_integer_ratio()` method that returns
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the numerator and denominator for a fraction that evaluates to the same
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floating-point value::
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>>> (2.5) .as_integer_ratio()
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(5, 2)
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>>> (3.1415) .as_integer_ratio()
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(7074029114692207L, 2251799813685248L)
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>>> (1./3) .as_integer_ratio()
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(6004799503160661L, 18014398509481984L)
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Note that values that can only be approximated by floating-point
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numbers, such as 1./3, are not simplified to the number being
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approximated; the fraction attempts to match the floating-point value
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**exactly**.
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The :mod:`fractions` module is based upon an implementation by Sjoerd
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Mullender that was in Python's :file:`Demo/classes/` directory for a
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long time. This implementation was significantly updated by Jeffrey
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Yaskin.
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Yasskin.
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Other Language Changes
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======================
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@ -767,6 +877,12 @@ Here are all of the changes that Python 2.6 makes to the core Python language.
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.. Patch #1537
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* Generator objects now have a :attr:`gi_code` attribute that refers to
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the original code object backing the generator.
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(Contributed by Collin Winter.)
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.. Patch #1473257
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* The :func:`compile` built-in function now accepts keyword arguments
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as well as positional parameters. (Contributed by Thomas Wouters.)
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@ -1054,6 +1170,12 @@ complete list of changes, or look through the CVS logs for all the details.
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[('1', '2', '3'), ('1', '2', '4'), ('1', '3', '4'),
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('2', '3', '4')]
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``permutations(iter[, r])`` returns all the permutations of length *r* from
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the iterable's elements. If *r* is not specified, it will default to the
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number of elements produced by the iterable.
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XXX enter example once Raymond commits the code.
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``itertools.chain(*iterables)` is an existing function in
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:mod:`itertools` that gained a new constructor.
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``itertools.chain.from_iterable(iterable)`` takes a single
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@ -1066,6 +1188,13 @@ complete list of changes, or look through the CVS logs for all the details.
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(All contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)
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* The :mod:`logging` module's :class:`FileHandler` class
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and its subclasses :class:`WatchedFileHandler`, :class:`RotatingFileHandler`,
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and :class:`TimedRotatingFileHandler` now
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have an optional *delay* parameter to its constructor. If *delay*
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is true, opening of the log file is deferred until the first
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:meth:`emit` call is made. (Contributed by Vinay Sajip.)
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* The :mod:`macfs` module has been removed. This in turn required the
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:func:`macostools.touched` function to be removed because it depended on the
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:mod:`macfs` module.
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@ -1171,6 +1300,13 @@ complete list of changes, or look through the CVS logs for all the details.
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changed and :const:`UF_APPEND` to indicate that data can only be appended to the
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file. (Contributed by M. Levinson.)
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``os.closerange(*low*, *high*)`` efficiently closes all file descriptors
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from *low* to *high*, ignoring any errors and not including *high* itself.
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This function is now used by the :mod:`subprocess` module to make starting
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processes faster. (Contributed by Georg Brandl.)
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.. Patch #1663329
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* The :mod:`pyexpat` module's :class:`Parser` objects now allow setting
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their :attr:`buffer_size` attribute to change the size of the buffer
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used to hold character data.
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@ -1203,6 +1339,14 @@ complete list of changes, or look through the CVS logs for all the details.
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* The :mod:`rgbimg` module has been removed.
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* The :mod:`sched` module's :class:`scheduler` instances now
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have a read-only :attr:`queue` attribute that returns the
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contents of the scheduler's queue, represented as a list of
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named tuples with the fields
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``(*time*, *priority*, *action*, *argument*)``.
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(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger XXX check.)
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.. % Patch 1861
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* The :mod:`sets` module has been deprecated; it's better to
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use the built-in :class:`set` and :class:`frozenset` types.
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@ -1223,7 +1367,7 @@ complete list of changes, or look through the CVS logs for all the details.
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On receiving a signal, a byte will be written and the main event loop
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will be woken up, without the need to poll.
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Contributed by Adam Olsen.
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(Contributed by Adam Olsen.)
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.. % Patch 1583
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@ -1250,7 +1394,7 @@ complete list of changes, or look through the CVS logs for all the details.
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* In the :mod:`smtplib` module, SMTP.starttls() now complies with :rfc:`3207`
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and forgets any knowledge obtained from the server not obtained from
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the TLS negotiation itself. Patch contributed by Bill Fenner.
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the TLS negotiation itself. (Patch contributed by Bill Fenner.)
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.. Issue 829951
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@ -1297,6 +1441,12 @@ complete list of changes, or look through the CVS logs for all the details.
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These attributes are all read-only.
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(Contributed by Christian Heimes.)
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It's now possible to determine the current profiler and tracer functions
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by calling :func:`sys.getprofile` and :func:`sys.gettrace`.
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(Contributed by Georg Brandl.)
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.. Patch #1648
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* The :mod:`tarfile` module now supports POSIX.1-2001 (pax) and
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POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) format tarfiles, in addition to the GNU tar
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format that was already supported. The default format
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@ -1547,11 +1697,13 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
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.. Issue 1635
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* Some macros were renamed to make it clearer that they are macros,
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* Some macros were renamed in both 3.0 and 2.6 to make it clearer that
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they are macros,
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not functions. :cmacro:`Py_Size()` became :cmacro:`Py_SIZE()`,
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:cmacro:`Py_Type()` became :cmacro:`Py_TYPE()`, and
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:cmacro:`Py_Refcnt()` became :cmacro:`Py_REFCNT()`. Macros for backward
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compatibility are still available for Python 2.6.
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:cmacro:`Py_Refcnt()` became :cmacro:`Py_REFCNT()`.
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The mixed-case macros are still available
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in Python 2.6 for backward compatibility.
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.. Issue 1629
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