gh-102381: don't call watcher callback with dead object (#102382)

Co-authored-by: T. Wouters <thomas@python.org>

Doc/c-api/code.rst

@@ -172,6 +172,11 @@ bound into a function.
    before the destruction of *co* takes place, so the prior state of *co*
    can be inspected.
 
+   If *event* is ``PY_CODE_EVENT_DESTROY``, taking a reference in the callback
+   to the about-to-be-destroyed code object will resurrect it and prevent it
+   from being freed at this time. When the resurrected object is destroyed
+   later, any watcher callbacks active at that time will be called again.
+
    Users of this API should not rely on internal runtime implementation
    details. Such details may include, but are not limited to, the exact
    order and timing of creation and destruction of code objects. While
@@ -179,9 +184,15 @@ bound into a function.
    (including whether a callback is invoked or not), it does not change
    the semantics of the Python code being executed.
 
-   If the callback returns with an exception set, it must return ``-1``; this
+   If the callback sets an exception, it must return ``-1``; this exception will
-   exception will be printed as an unraisable exception using
+   be printed as an unraisable exception using :c:func:`PyErr_WriteUnraisable`.
-   :c:func:`PyErr_WriteUnraisable`. Otherwise it should return ``0``.
+   Otherwise it should return ``0``.
+
+   There may already be a pending exception set on entry to the callback. In
+   this case, the callback should return ``0`` with the same exception still
+   set. This means the callback may not call any other API that can set an
+   exception unless it saves and clears the exception state first, and restores
+   it before returning.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.12
 

Doc/c-api/dict.rst

@@ -298,13 +298,26 @@ Dictionary Objects
    dictionary.
 
    The callback may inspect but must not modify *dict*; doing so could have
-   unpredictable effects, including infinite recursion.
+   unpredictable effects, including infinite recursion. Do not trigger Python
+   code execution in the callback, as it could modify the dict as a side effect.
+
+   If *event* is ``PyDict_EVENT_DEALLOCATED``, taking a new reference in the
+   callback to the about-to-be-destroyed dictionary will resurrect it and
+   prevent it from being freed at this time. When the resurrected object is
+   destroyed later, any watcher callbacks active at that time will be called
+   again.
 
    Callbacks occur before the notified modification to *dict* takes place, so
    the prior state of *dict* can be inspected.
 
-   If the callback returns with an exception set, it must return ``-1``; this
+   If the callback sets an exception, it must return ``-1``; this exception will
-   exception will be printed as an unraisable exception using
+   be printed as an unraisable exception using :c:func:`PyErr_WriteUnraisable`.
-   :c:func:`PyErr_WriteUnraisable`. Otherwise it should return ``0``.
+   Otherwise it should return ``0``.
+
+   There may already be a pending exception set on entry to the callback. In
+   this case, the callback should return ``0`` with the same exception still
+   set. This means the callback may not call any other API that can set an
+   exception unless it saves and clears the exception state first, and restores
+   it before returning.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.12

Doc/c-api/function.rst

@@ -173,8 +173,19 @@ There are a few functions specific to Python functions.
    runtime behavior depending on optimization decisions, it does not change
    the semantics of the Python code being executed.
 
-   If the callback returns with an exception set, it must return ``-1``; this
+   If *event* is ``PyFunction_EVENT_DESTROY``,  Taking a reference in the
-   exception will be printed as an unraisable exception using
+   callback to the about-to-be-destroyed function will resurrect it, preventing
-   :c:func:`PyErr_WriteUnraisable`. Otherwise it should return ``0``.
+   it from being freed at this time. When the resurrected object is destroyed
+   later, any watcher callbacks active at that time will be called again.
+
+   If the callback sets an exception, it must return ``-1``; this exception will
+   be printed as an unraisable exception using :c:func:`PyErr_WriteUnraisable`.
+   Otherwise it should return ``0``.
+
+   There may already be a pending exception set on entry to the callback. In
+   this case, the callback should return ``0`` with the same exception still
+   set. This means the callback may not call any other API that can set an
+   exception unless it saves and clears the exception state first, and restores
+   it before returning.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.12

Include/cpython/code.h

@@ -224,9 +224,14 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyCode_Addr2Line(PyCodeObject *, int);
 
 PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyCode_Addr2Location(PyCodeObject *, int, int *, int *, int *, int *);
 
-typedef enum PyCodeEvent {
+#define PY_FOREACH_CODE_EVENT(V) \
-  PY_CODE_EVENT_CREATE,
+    V(CREATE)                 \
-  PY_CODE_EVENT_DESTROY
+    V(DESTROY)
+
+typedef enum {
+    #define PY_DEF_EVENT(op) PY_CODE_EVENT_##op,
+    PY_FOREACH_CODE_EVENT(PY_DEF_EVENT)
+    #undef PY_DEF_EVENT
 } PyCodeEvent;
 
 
@@ -236,7 +241,7 @@ typedef enum PyCodeEvent {
  * The callback is invoked with a borrowed reference to co, after it is
  * created and before it is destroyed.
  *
- * If the callback returns with an exception set, it must return -1. Otherwise
+ * If the callback sets an exception, it must return -1. Otherwise
  * it should return 0.
  */
 typedef int (*PyCode_WatchCallback)(

Include/cpython/dictobject.h

@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ typedef struct {
 
     /* Dictionary version: globally unique, value change each time
        the dictionary is modified */
-#ifdef Py_BUILD_CORE       
+#ifdef Py_BUILD_CORE
     uint64_t ma_version_tag;
 #else
     Py_DEPRECATED(3.12) uint64_t ma_version_tag;
-#endif        
+#endif
 
     PyDictKeysObject *ma_keys;
 
@@ -90,13 +90,18 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyDictView_Intersect(PyObject* self, PyObject *other);
 
 /* Dictionary watchers */
 
+#define PY_FOREACH_DICT_EVENT(V) \
+    V(ADDED)                     \
+    V(MODIFIED)                  \
+    V(DELETED)                   \
+    V(CLONED)                    \
+    V(CLEARED)                   \
+    V(DEALLOCATED)
+
 typedef enum {
-    PyDict_EVENT_ADDED,
+    #define PY_DEF_EVENT(EVENT) PyDict_EVENT_##EVENT,
-    PyDict_EVENT_MODIFIED,
+    PY_FOREACH_DICT_EVENT(PY_DEF_EVENT)
-    PyDict_EVENT_DELETED,
+    #undef PY_DEF_EVENT
-    PyDict_EVENT_CLONED,
-    PyDict_EVENT_CLEARED,
-    PyDict_EVENT_DEALLOCATED,
 } PyDict_WatchEvent;
 
 // Callback to be invoked when a watched dict is cleared, dealloced, or modified.

Include/cpython/funcobject.h

@@ -131,17 +131,17 @@ PyAPI_DATA(PyTypeObject) PyStaticMethod_Type;
 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyClassMethod_New(PyObject *);
 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyStaticMethod_New(PyObject *);
 
-#define FOREACH_FUNC_EVENT(V) \
+#define PY_FOREACH_FUNC_EVENT(V) \
-    V(CREATE)                 \
+    V(CREATE)                    \
-    V(DESTROY)                \
+    V(DESTROY)                   \
-    V(MODIFY_CODE)            \
+    V(MODIFY_CODE)               \
-    V(MODIFY_DEFAULTS)        \
+    V(MODIFY_DEFAULTS)           \
     V(MODIFY_KWDEFAULTS)
 
 typedef enum {
-    #define DEF_EVENT(EVENT) PyFunction_EVENT_##EVENT,
+    #define PY_DEF_EVENT(EVENT) PyFunction_EVENT_##EVENT,
-    FOREACH_FUNC_EVENT(DEF_EVENT)
+    PY_FOREACH_FUNC_EVENT(PY_DEF_EVENT)
-    #undef DEF_EVENT
+    #undef PY_DEF_EVENT
 } PyFunction_WatchEvent;
 
 /*

Include/internal/pycore_dict.h

@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@ _PyDict_NotifyEvent(PyDict_WatchEvent event,
                     PyObject *key,
                     PyObject *value)
 {
+    assert(Py_REFCNT((PyObject*)mp) > 0);
     int watcher_bits = mp->ma_version_tag & DICT_VERSION_MASK;
     if (watcher_bits) {
         _PyDict_SendEvent(watcher_bits, event, mp, key, value);

Lib/test/test_capi/test_watchers.py

@@ -109,10 +109,21 @@ class TestDictWatchers(unittest.TestCase):
             self.watch(wid, d)
             with catch_unraisable_exception() as cm:
                 d["foo"] = "bar"
-                self.assertIs(cm.unraisable.object, d)
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "PyDict_EVENT_ADDED watcher callback for <dict at",
+                    cm.unraisable.object
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(str(cm.unraisable.exc_value), "boom!")
             self.assert_events([])
 
+    def test_dealloc_error(self):
+        d = {}
+        with self.watcher(kind=self.ERROR) as wid:
+            self.watch(wid, d)
+            with catch_unraisable_exception() as cm:
+                del d
+                self.assertEqual(str(cm.unraisable.exc_value), "boom!")
+
     def test_two_watchers(self):
         d1 = {}
         d2 = {}
@@ -389,6 +400,25 @@ class TestCodeObjectWatchers(unittest.TestCase):
         del co4
         self.assert_event_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
 
+    def test_error(self):
+        with self.code_watcher(2):
+            with catch_unraisable_exception() as cm:
+                co = _testcapi.code_newempty("test_watchers", "dummy0", 0)
+
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    cm.unraisable.object,
+                    f"PY_CODE_EVENT_CREATE watcher callback for {co!r}"
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(str(cm.unraisable.exc_value), "boom!")
+
+    def test_dealloc_error(self):
+        co = _testcapi.code_newempty("test_watchers", "dummy0", 0)
+        with self.code_watcher(2):
+            with catch_unraisable_exception() as cm:
+                del co
+
+                self.assertEqual(str(cm.unraisable.exc_value), "boom!")
+
     def test_clear_out_of_range_watcher_id(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, r"Invalid code watcher ID -1"):
             _testcapi.clear_code_watcher(-1)
@@ -479,7 +509,25 @@ class TestFuncWatchers(unittest.TestCase):
                 def myfunc():
                     pass
 
-                self.assertIs(cm.unraisable.object, myfunc)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    cm.unraisable.object,
+                    f"PyFunction_EVENT_CREATE watcher callback for {myfunc!r}"
+                )
+
+    def test_dealloc_watcher_raises_error(self):
+        class MyError(Exception):
+            pass
+
+        def watcher(*args):
+            raise MyError("testing 123")
+
+        def myfunc():
+            pass
+
+        with self.add_watcher(watcher):
+            with catch_unraisable_exception() as cm:
+                del myfunc
+
                 self.assertIsInstance(cm.unraisable.exc_value, MyError)
 
     def test_clear_out_of_range_watcher_id(self):

Modules/_testcapi/watchers.c

@@ -317,6 +317,13 @@ noop_code_event_handler(PyCodeEvent event, PyCodeObject *co)
     return 0;
 }
 
+static int
+error_code_event_handler(PyCodeEvent event, PyCodeObject *co)
+{
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "boom!");
+    return -1;
+}
+
 static PyObject *
 add_code_watcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *which_watcher)
 {
@@ -333,7 +340,11 @@ add_code_watcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *which_watcher)
         num_code_object_created_events[1] = 0;
         num_code_object_destroyed_events[1] = 0;
     }
+    else if (which_l == 2) {
+        watcher_id = PyCode_AddWatcher(error_code_event_handler);
+    }
     else {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid watcher %d", which_l);
         return NULL;
     }
     if (watcher_id < 0) {
@@ -672,7 +683,7 @@ _PyTestCapi_Init_Watchers(PyObject *mod)
                        PyFunction_EVENT_##event)) {   \
         return -1;                                    \
     }
-    FOREACH_FUNC_EVENT(ADD_EVENT);
+    PY_FOREACH_FUNC_EVENT(ADD_EVENT);
 #undef ADD_EVENT
 
     return 0;

Objects/codeobject.c

@@ -11,9 +11,24 @@
 #include "pycore_tuple.h"         // _PyTuple_ITEMS()
 #include "clinic/codeobject.c.h"
 
+static PyObject* code_repr(PyCodeObject *co);
+
+static const char *
+code_event_name(PyCodeEvent event) {
+    switch (event) {
+        #define CASE(op)                \
+        case PY_CODE_EVENT_##op:         \
+            return "PY_CODE_EVENT_" #op;
+        PY_FOREACH_CODE_EVENT(CASE)
+        #undef CASE
+    }
+    Py_UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
 static void
 notify_code_watchers(PyCodeEvent event, PyCodeObject *co)
 {
+    assert(Py_REFCNT(co) > 0);
     PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
     assert(interp->_initialized);
     uint8_t bits = interp->active_code_watchers;
@@ -25,7 +40,21 @@ notify_code_watchers(PyCodeEvent event, PyCodeObject *co)
             // callback must be non-null if the watcher bit is set
             assert(cb != NULL);
             if (cb(event, co) < 0) {
-                PyErr_WriteUnraisable((PyObject *) co);
+                // Don't risk resurrecting the object if an unraisablehook keeps
+                // a reference; pass a string as context.
+                PyObject *context = NULL;
+                PyObject *repr = code_repr(co);
+                if (repr) {
+                    context = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
+                        "%s watcher callback for %U",
+                        code_event_name(event), repr);
+                    Py_DECREF(repr);
+                }
+                if (context == NULL) {
+                    context = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
+                }
+                PyErr_WriteUnraisable(context);
+                Py_DECREF(context);
             }
         }
         i++;
@@ -1667,7 +1696,14 @@ code_new_impl(PyTypeObject *type, int argcount, int posonlyargcount,
 static void
 code_dealloc(PyCodeObject *co)
 {
+    assert(Py_REFCNT(co) == 0);
+    Py_SET_REFCNT(co, 1);
     notify_code_watchers(PY_CODE_EVENT_DESTROY, co);
+    if (Py_REFCNT(co) > 1) {
+        Py_SET_REFCNT(co, Py_REFCNT(co) - 1);
+        return;
+    }
+    Py_SET_REFCNT(co, 0);
 
     if (co->co_extra != NULL) {
         PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();

Objects/dictobject.c

@@ -2308,7 +2308,14 @@ Fail:
 static void
 dict_dealloc(PyDictObject *mp)
 {
+    assert(Py_REFCNT(mp) == 0);
+    Py_SET_REFCNT(mp, 1);
     _PyDict_NotifyEvent(PyDict_EVENT_DEALLOCATED, mp, NULL, NULL);
+    if (Py_REFCNT(mp) > 1) {
+        Py_SET_REFCNT(mp, Py_REFCNT(mp) - 1);
+        return;
+    }
+    Py_SET_REFCNT(mp, 0);
     PyDictValues *values = mp->ma_values;
     PyDictKeysObject *keys = mp->ma_keys;
     Py_ssize_t i, n;
@@ -5732,6 +5739,18 @@ PyDict_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)
     return 0;
 }
 
+static const char *
+dict_event_name(PyDict_WatchEvent event) {
+    switch (event) {
+        #define CASE(op)                \
+        case PyDict_EVENT_##op:         \
+            return "PyDict_EVENT_" #op;
+        PY_FOREACH_DICT_EVENT(CASE)
+        #undef CASE
+    }
+    Py_UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
 void
 _PyDict_SendEvent(int watcher_bits,
                   PyDict_WatchEvent event,
@@ -5744,9 +5763,18 @@ _PyDict_SendEvent(int watcher_bits,
         if (watcher_bits & 1) {
             PyDict_WatchCallback cb = interp->dict_state.watchers[i];
             if (cb && (cb(event, (PyObject*)mp, key, value) < 0)) {
-                // some dict modification paths (e.g. PyDict_Clear) can't raise, so we
+                // We don't want to resurrect the dict by potentially having an
-                // can't propagate exceptions from dict watchers.
+                // unraisablehook keep a reference to it, so we don't pass the
-                PyErr_WriteUnraisable((PyObject *)mp);
+                // dict as context, just an informative string message.  Dict
+                // repr can call arbitrary code, so we invent a simpler version.
+                PyObject *context = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
+                    "%s watcher callback for <dict at %p>",
+                    dict_event_name(event), mp);
+                if (context == NULL) {
+                    context = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
+                }
+                PyErr_WriteUnraisable(context);
+                Py_DECREF(context);
             }
         }
         watcher_bits >>= 1;

Objects/funcobject.c

@@ -8,6 +8,20 @@
 #include "pycore_pyerrors.h"      // _PyErr_Occurred()
 #include "structmember.h"         // PyMemberDef
 
+static PyObject* func_repr(PyFunctionObject *op);
+
+static const char *
+func_event_name(PyFunction_WatchEvent event) {
+    switch (event) {
+        #define CASE(op)                \
+        case PyFunction_EVENT_##op:         \
+            return "PyFunction_EVENT_" #op;
+        PY_FOREACH_FUNC_EVENT(CASE)
+        #undef CASE
+    }
+    Py_UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
 static void
 notify_func_watchers(PyInterpreterState *interp, PyFunction_WatchEvent event,
                      PyFunctionObject *func, PyObject *new_value)
@@ -21,7 +35,21 @@ notify_func_watchers(PyInterpreterState *interp, PyFunction_WatchEvent event,
             // callback must be non-null if the watcher bit is set
             assert(cb != NULL);
             if (cb(event, func, new_value) < 0) {
-                PyErr_WriteUnraisable((PyObject *) func);
+                // Don't risk resurrecting the func if an unraisablehook keeps a
+                // reference; pass a string as context.
+                PyObject *context = NULL;
+                PyObject *repr = func_repr(func);
+                if (repr != NULL) {
+                    context = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
+                        "%s watcher callback for %U",
+                        func_event_name(event), repr);
+                    Py_DECREF(repr);
+                }
+                if (context == NULL) {
+                    context = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
+                }
+                PyErr_WriteUnraisable(context);
+                Py_DECREF(context);
             }
         }
         i++;
@@ -33,6 +61,7 @@ static inline void
 handle_func_event(PyFunction_WatchEvent event, PyFunctionObject *func,
                   PyObject *new_value)
 {
+    assert(Py_REFCNT(func) > 0);
     PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
     assert(interp->_initialized);
     if (interp->active_func_watchers) {
@@ -766,7 +795,14 @@ func_clear(PyFunctionObject *op)
 static void
 func_dealloc(PyFunctionObject *op)
 {
+    assert(Py_REFCNT(op) == 0);
+    Py_SET_REFCNT(op, 1);
     handle_func_event(PyFunction_EVENT_DESTROY, op, NULL);
+    if (Py_REFCNT(op) > 1) {
+        Py_SET_REFCNT(op, Py_REFCNT(op) - 1);
+        return;
+    }
+    Py_SET_REFCNT(op, 0);
     _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(op);
     if (op->func_weakreflist != NULL) {
         PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *) op);