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Close #15573: use value-based memoryview comparisons (patch by Stefan Krah)

This commit is contained in:
Nick Coghlan 2012-08-25 17:59:50 +10:00
parent 5c0b1ca55e
commit 06e1ab0a6b
5 changed files with 778 additions and 132 deletions
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78
Doc/library/stdtypes.rst
View File

@ -2405,6 +2405,52 @@ copying.
:class:`memoryview` has several methods:
.. method:: __eq__(exporter)
A memoryview and a :pep:`3118` exporter are equal if their shapes are
equivalent and if all corresponding values are equal when the operands'
respective format codes are interpreted using :mod:`struct` syntax.
For the subset of :mod:`struct` format strings currently supported by
:meth:`tolist`, ``v`` and ``w`` are equal if ``v.tolist() == w.tolist()``::
>>> import array
>>> a = array.array('I', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
>>> b = array.array('d', [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0])
>>> c = array.array('b', [5, 3, 1])
>>> x = memoryview(a)
>>> y = memoryview(b)
>>> x == a == y == b
True
>>> x.tolist() == a.tolist() == y.tolist() == b.tolist()
True
>>> z = y[::-2]
>>> z == c
True
>>> z.tolist() == c.tolist()
True
If either format string is not supported by the :mod:`struct` module,
then the objects will always compare as unequal (even if the format
strings and buffer contents are identical)::
>>> from ctypes import BigEndianStructure, c_long
>>> class BEPoint(BigEndianStructure):
... _fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
...
>>> point = BEPoint(100, 200)
>>> a = memoryview(point)
>>> b = memoryview(point)
>>> a == point
False
>>> a == b
False
Note that, as with floating point numbers, ``v is w`` does *not* imply
``v == w`` for memoryview objects.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
.. method:: tobytes()
Return the data in the buffer as a bytestring. This is equivalent to
@ -2417,7 +2463,9 @@ copying.
b'abc'
For non-contiguous arrays the result is equal to the flattened list
representation with all elements converted to bytes.
representation with all elements converted to bytes. :meth:`tobytes`
supports all format strings, including those that are not in
:mod:`struct` module syntax.
.. method:: tolist()
@ -2431,6 +2479,9 @@ copying.
>>> m.tolist()
[1.1, 2.2, 3.3]
:meth:`tolist` is currently restricted to single character native formats
in :mod:`struct` module syntax.
.. method:: release()
Release the underlying buffer exposed by the memoryview object. Many
@ -2470,7 +2521,10 @@ copying.
``[byte_length//new_itemsize]``, which means that the result view
will be one-dimensional. The return value is a new memoryview, but
the buffer itself is not copied. Supported casts are 1D -> C-contiguous
and C-contiguous -> 1D. One of the formats must be a byte format
and C-contiguous -> 1D.
Both formats are restricted to single element native formats in
:mod:`struct` syntax. One of the formats must be a byte format
('B', 'b' or 'c'). The byte length of the result must be the same
as the original length.
@ -2608,25 +2662,7 @@ copying.
A string containing the format (in :mod:`struct` module style) for each
element in the view. A memoryview can be created from exporters with
arbitrary format strings, but some methods (e.g. :meth:`tolist`) are
restricted to native single element formats. Special care must be taken
when comparing memoryviews. Since comparisons are required to return a
value for ``==`` and ``!=``, two memoryviews referencing the same
exporter can compare as not-equal if the exporter's format is not
understood::
>>> from ctypes import BigEndianStructure, c_long
>>> class BEPoint(BigEndianStructure):
... _fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
...
>>> point = BEPoint(100, 200)
>>> a = memoryview(point)
>>> b = memoryview(point)
>>> a == b
False
>>> a.tolist()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NotImplementedError: memoryview: unsupported format T{>l:x:>l:y:}
restricted to native single element formats.
.. attribute:: itemsize

7
Doc/whatsnew/3.3.rst
View File

@ -162,7 +162,6 @@ Features
and the view is read-only. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in
:issue:`13411`)
* Arbitrary slicing of any 1-D arrays type is supported. For example, it
is now possible to reverse a memoryview in O(1) by using a negative step.
@ -178,6 +177,12 @@ API changes
now returns an integer (in accordance with the struct module syntax).
For returning a bytes object the view must be cast to 'c' first.
* memoryview comparisons now use the logical structure of the operands
and compare all array elements by value. All format strings in struct
module syntax are supported. Views with unrecognised format strings
are still permitted, but will always compare as unequal, regardless
of view contents.
* For further changes see `Build and C API Changes`_ and `Porting C code`_ .
.. _pep-393:

496
Lib/test/test_buffer.py
View File

@ -31,6 +31,11 @@ try:
except ImportError:
struct = None
try:
import ctypes
except ImportError:
ctypes = None
try:
with warnings.catch_warnings():
from numpy import ndarray as numpy_array
@ -835,8 +840,6 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
# test tobytes()
self.assertEqual(result.tobytes(), b)
if not buf_err and is_memoryview_format(fmt):
# lst := expected multi-dimensional logical representation
# flatten(lst) := elements in C-order
ff = fmt if fmt else 'B'
@ -877,8 +880,10 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
# To 'C'
contig = py_buffer_to_contiguous(result, 'C', PyBUF_FULL_RO)
self.assertEqual(len(contig), nmemb * itemsize)
initlst = [struct.unpack_from(fmt, contig, n*itemsize)[0]
initlst = [struct.unpack_from(fmt, contig, n*itemsize)
for n in range(nmemb)]
if len(initlst[0]) == 1:
initlst = [v[0] for v in initlst]
y = ndarray(initlst, shape=shape, flags=ro, format=fmt)
self.assertEqual(memoryview(y), memoryview(result))
@ -886,8 +891,10 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
# To 'F'
contig = py_buffer_to_contiguous(result, 'F', PyBUF_FULL_RO)
self.assertEqual(len(contig), nmemb * itemsize)
initlst = [struct.unpack_from(fmt, contig, n*itemsize)[0]
initlst = [struct.unpack_from(fmt, contig, n*itemsize)
for n in range(nmemb)]
if len(initlst[0]) == 1:
initlst = [v[0] for v in initlst]
y = ndarray(initlst, shape=shape, flags=ro|ND_FORTRAN,
format=fmt)
@ -896,8 +903,10 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
# To 'A'
contig = py_buffer_to_contiguous(result, 'A', PyBUF_FULL_RO)
self.assertEqual(len(contig), nmemb * itemsize)
initlst = [struct.unpack_from(fmt, contig, n*itemsize)[0]
initlst = [struct.unpack_from(fmt, contig, n*itemsize)
for n in range(nmemb)]
if len(initlst[0]) == 1:
initlst = [v[0] for v in initlst]
f = ND_FORTRAN if is_contiguous(result, 'F') else 0
y = ndarray(initlst, shape=shape, flags=f|ro, format=fmt)
@ -3025,7 +3034,7 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertEqual(m.tobytes(), a.tobytes())
cmptest(self, a, b, m, singleitem)
def test_memoryview_compare(self):
def test_memoryview_compare_special_cases(self):
a = array.array('L', [1, 2, 3])
b = array.array('L', [1, 2, 7])
@ -3054,43 +3063,32 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
v = memoryview(a)
self.assertNotEqual(v, [1, 2, 3])
# Different formats:
c = array.array('l', [1, 2, 3])
v = memoryview(a)
self.assertNotEqual(v, c)
self.assertNotEqual(c, v)
# NaNs
nd = ndarray([(0, 0)], shape=[1], format='l x d x', flags=ND_WRITABLE)
nd[0] = (-1, float('nan'))
self.assertNotEqual(memoryview(nd), nd)
# Not implemented formats. Ugly, but inevitable. This is the same as
# issue #2531: equality is also used for membership testing and must
# return a result.
a = ndarray([(1, 1.5), (2, 2.7)], shape=[2], format='ld')
# Depends on issue #15625: the struct module does not understand 'u'.
a = array.array('u', 'xyz')
v = memoryview(a)
self.assertNotEqual(v, a)
self.assertNotEqual(a, v)
a = ndarray([b'12345'], shape=[1], format="s")
v = memoryview(a)
self.assertNotEqual(v, a)
self.assertNotEqual(a, v)
nd = ndarray([(1,1,1), (2,2,2), (3,3,3)], shape=[3], format='iii')
v = memoryview(nd)
self.assertNotEqual(v, nd)
self.assertNotEqual(nd, v)
# Some ctypes format strings are unknown to the struct module.
if ctypes:
# format: "T{>l:x:>l:y:}"
class BEPoint(ctypes.BigEndianStructure):
_fields_ = [("x", ctypes.c_long), ("y", ctypes.c_long)]
point = BEPoint(100, 200)
a = memoryview(point)
b = memoryview(point)
self.assertNotEqual(a, b)
self.assertNotEqual(a, point)
self.assertNotEqual(point, a)
self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, a.tolist)
# '@' prefix can be dropped:
nd1 = ndarray([1,2,3], shape=[3], format='@i')
nd2 = ndarray([1,2,3], shape=[3], format='i')
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
self.assertEqual(w, v)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertEqual(nd2, v)
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(nd1, w)
def test_memoryview_compare_ndim_zero(self):
# ndim = 0
nd1 = ndarray(1729, shape=[], format='@L')
nd2 = ndarray(1729, shape=[], format='L', flags=ND_WRITABLE)
v = memoryview(nd1)
@ -3124,7 +3122,37 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
m[9] = 100
self.assertNotEqual(m, nd)
# ndim = 1: contiguous
# struct module: equal
nd1 = ndarray((1729, 1.2, b'12345'), shape=[], format='Lf5s')
nd2 = ndarray((1729, 1.2, b'12345'), shape=[], format='hf5s',
flags=ND_WRITABLE)
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
self.assertEqual(w, v)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertEqual(nd2, v)
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(nd1, w)
# struct module: not equal
nd1 = ndarray((1729, 1.2, b'12345'), shape=[], format='Lf5s')
nd2 = ndarray((-1729, 1.2, b'12345'), shape=[], format='hf5s',
flags=ND_WRITABLE)
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
self.assertNotEqual(w, v)
self.assertNotEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(nd2, v)
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(nd1, w)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
def test_memoryview_compare_ndim_one(self):
# contiguous
nd1 = ndarray([-529, 576, -625, 676, -729], shape=[5], format='@h')
nd2 = ndarray([-529, 576, -625, 676, 729], shape=[5], format='@h')
v = memoryview(nd1)
@ -3136,7 +3164,19 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# ndim = 1: non-contiguous
# contiguous, struct module
nd1 = ndarray([-529, 576, -625, 676, -729], shape=[5], format='<i')
nd2 = ndarray([-529, 576, -625, 676, 729], shape=[5], format='>h')
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# non-contiguous
nd1 = ndarray([-529, -625, -729], shape=[3], format='@h')
nd2 = ndarray([-529, 576, -625, 676, -729], shape=[5], format='@h')
v = memoryview(nd1)
@ -3147,7 +3187,18 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertEqual(v, w[::2])
self.assertEqual(v[::-1], w[::-2])
# ndim = 1: non-contiguous, suboffsets
# non-contiguous, struct module
nd1 = ndarray([-529, -625, -729], shape=[3], format='!h')
nd2 = ndarray([-529, 576, -625, 676, -729], shape=[5], format='<l')
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2[::2])
self.assertEqual(w[::2], nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w[::2])
self.assertEqual(v[::-1], w[::-2])
# non-contiguous, suboffsets
nd1 = ndarray([-529, -625, -729], shape=[3], format='@h')
nd2 = ndarray([-529, 576, -625, 676, -729], shape=[5], format='@h',
flags=ND_PIL)
@ -3159,7 +3210,21 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertEqual(v, w[::2])
self.assertEqual(v[::-1], w[::-2])
# ndim = 1: zeros in shape
# non-contiguous, suboffsets, struct module
nd1 = ndarray([-529, -625, -729], shape=[3], format='h 0c')
nd2 = ndarray([-529, 576, -625, 676, -729], shape=[5], format='> h',
flags=ND_PIL)
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2[::2])
self.assertEqual(w[::2], nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w[::2])
self.assertEqual(v[::-1], w[::-2])
def test_memoryview_compare_zero_shape(self):
# zeros in shape
nd1 = ndarray([900, 961], shape=[0], format='@h')
nd2 = ndarray([-900, -961], shape=[0], format='@h')
v = memoryview(nd1)
@ -3171,7 +3236,21 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
# ndim = 1: zero strides
# zeros in shape, struct module
nd1 = ndarray([900, 961], shape=[0], format='= h0c')
nd2 = ndarray([-900, -961], shape=[0], format='@ i')
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
def test_memoryview_compare_zero_strides(self):
# zero strides
nd1 = ndarray([900, 900, 900, 900], shape=[4], format='@L')
nd2 = ndarray([900], shape=[4], strides=[0], format='L')
v = memoryview(nd1)
@ -3183,6 +3262,21 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
# zero strides, struct module
nd1 = ndarray([(900, 900)]*4, shape=[4], format='@ Li')
nd2 = ndarray([(900, 900)], shape=[4], strides=[0], format='!L h')
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
def test_memoryview_compare_random_formats(self):
# random single character native formats
n = 10
for char in fmtdict['@m']:
fmt, items, singleitem = randitems(n, 'memoryview', '@', char)
@ -3195,8 +3289,22 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
m = memoryview(nd)
self.assertEqual(m, nd)
##### ndim > 1: C-contiguous
# different values
# random formats
n = 10
for _ in range(100):
fmt, items, singleitem = randitems(n)
for flags in (0, ND_PIL):
nd = ndarray(items, shape=[n], format=fmt, flags=flags)
m = memoryview(nd)
self.assertEqual(m, nd)
nd = nd[::-3]
m = memoryview(nd)
self.assertEqual(m, nd)
def test_memoryview_compare_multidim_c(self):
# C-contiguous, different values
nd1 = ndarray(list(range(-15, 15)), shape=[3, 2, 5], format='@h')
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(0, 30)), shape=[3, 2, 5], format='@h')
v = memoryview(nd1)
@ -3208,7 +3316,19 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# different shape
# C-contiguous, different values, struct module
nd1 = ndarray([(0, 1, 2)]*30, shape=[3, 2, 5], format='=f q xxL')
nd2 = ndarray([(-1.2, 1, 2)]*30, shape=[3, 2, 5], format='< f 2Q')
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# C-contiguous, different shape
nd1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[2, 3, 5], format='L')
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[3, 2, 5], format='L')
v = memoryview(nd1)
@ -3220,9 +3340,9 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# different format
nd1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[2, 3, 5], format='L')
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[2, 3, 5], format='l')
# C-contiguous, different shape, struct module
nd1 = ndarray([(0, 1, 2)]*21, shape=[3, 7], format='! b B xL')
nd2 = ndarray([(0, 1, 2)]*21, shape=[7, 3], format='= Qx l xxL')
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
@ -3232,8 +3352,21 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
##### ndim > 1: Fortran contiguous
# different values
# C-contiguous, different format, struct module
nd1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[2, 3, 5], format='L')
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[2, 3, 5], format='l')
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
def test_memoryview_compare_multidim_fortran(self):
# Fortran-contiguous, different values
nd1 = ndarray(list(range(-15, 15)), shape=[5, 2, 3], format='@h',
flags=ND_FORTRAN)
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(0, 30)), shape=[5, 2, 3], format='@h',
@ -3247,7 +3380,21 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# different shape
# Fortran-contiguous, different values, struct module
nd1 = ndarray([(2**64-1, -1)]*6, shape=[2, 3], format='=Qq',
flags=ND_FORTRAN)
nd2 = ndarray([(-1, 2**64-1)]*6, shape=[2, 3], format='=qQ',
flags=ND_FORTRAN)
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# Fortran-contiguous, different shape
nd1 = ndarray(list(range(-15, 15)), shape=[2, 3, 5], format='l',
flags=ND_FORTRAN)
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(-15, 15)), shape=[3, 2, 5], format='l',
@ -3261,10 +3408,10 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# different format
nd1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[5, 2, 3], format='@h',
# Fortran-contiguous, different shape, struct module
nd1 = ndarray(list(range(-15, 15)), shape=[2, 3, 5], format='0ll',
flags=ND_FORTRAN)
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[5, 2, 3], format='@b',
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(-15, 15)), shape=[3, 2, 5], format='l',
flags=ND_FORTRAN)
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
@ -3275,7 +3422,23 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
##### ndim > 1: mixed C/Fortran contiguous
# Fortran-contiguous, different format, struct module
nd1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[5, 2, 3], format='@h',
flags=ND_FORTRAN)
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[5, 2, 3], format='@b',
flags=ND_FORTRAN)
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
def test_memoryview_compare_multidim_mixed(self):
# mixed C/Fortran contiguous
lst1 = list(range(-15, 15))
lst2 = transpose(lst1, [3, 2, 5])
nd1 = ndarray(lst1, shape=[3, 2, 5], format='@l')
@ -3287,8 +3450,20 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
##### ndim > 1: non-contiguous
# different values
# mixed C/Fortran contiguous, struct module
lst1 = [(-3.3, -22, b'x')]*30
lst1[5] = (-2.2, -22, b'x')
lst2 = transpose(lst1, [3, 2, 5])
nd1 = ndarray(lst1, shape=[3, 2, 5], format='d b c')
nd2 = ndarray(lst2, shape=[3, 2, 5], format='d h c', flags=ND_FORTRAN)
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
# different values, non-contiguous
ex1 = ndarray(list(range(40)), shape=[5, 8], format='@I')
nd1 = ex1[3:1:-1, ::-2]
ex2 = ndarray(list(range(40)), shape=[5, 8], format='I')
@ -3302,6 +3477,20 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# same values, non-contiguous, struct module
ex1 = ndarray([(2**31-1, -2**31)]*22, shape=[11, 2], format='=ii')
nd1 = ex1[3:1:-1, ::-2]
ex2 = ndarray([(2**31-1, -2**31)]*22, shape=[11, 2], format='>ii')
nd2 = ex2[1:3:1, ::-2]
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
# different shape
ex1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[2, 3, 5], format='b')
nd1 = ex1[1:3:, ::-2]
@ -3316,10 +3505,10 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# different format
ex1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[5, 3, 2], format='i')
# different shape, struct module
ex1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[2, 3, 5], format='B')
nd1 = ex1[1:3:, ::-2]
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[5, 3, 2], format='@I')
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[3, 2, 5], format='b')
nd2 = ex2[1:3:, ::-2]
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
@ -3330,7 +3519,23 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
##### ndim > 1: zeros in shape
# different format, struct module
ex1 = ndarray([(2, b'123')]*30, shape=[5, 3, 2], format='b3s')
nd1 = ex1[1:3:, ::-2]
nd2 = ndarray([(2, b'123')]*30, shape=[5, 3, 2], format='i3s')
nd2 = ex2[1:3:, ::-2]
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
def test_memoryview_compare_multidim_zero_shape(self):
# zeros in shape
nd1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[0, 3, 2], format='i')
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[5, 0, 2], format='@i')
v = memoryview(nd1)
@ -3342,7 +3547,21 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# ndim > 1: zero strides
# zeros in shape, struct module
nd1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[0, 3, 2], format='i')
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[5, 0, 2], format='@i')
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
def test_memoryview_compare_multidim_zero_strides(self):
# zero strides
nd1 = ndarray([900]*80, shape=[4, 5, 4], format='@L')
nd2 = ndarray([900], shape=[4, 5, 4], strides=[0, 0, 0], format='L')
v = memoryview(nd1)
@ -3355,7 +3574,21 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertEqual(v, w)
self.assertEqual(v.tolist(), w.tolist())
##### ndim > 1: suboffsets
# zero strides, struct module
nd1 = ndarray([(1, 2)]*10, shape=[2, 5], format='=lQ')
nd2 = ndarray([(1, 2)], shape=[2, 5], strides=[0, 0], format='<lQ')
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
def test_memoryview_compare_multidim_suboffsets(self):
# suboffsets
ex1 = ndarray(list(range(40)), shape=[5, 8], format='@I')
nd1 = ex1[3:1:-1, ::-2]
ex2 = ndarray(list(range(40)), shape=[5, 8], format='I', flags=ND_PIL)
@ -3369,8 +3602,29 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# different shape
ex1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[2, 3, 5], format='b', flags=ND_PIL)
# suboffsets, struct module
ex1 = ndarray([(2**64-1, -1)]*40, shape=[5, 8], format='=Qq',
flags=ND_WRITABLE)
ex1[2][7] = (1, -2)
nd1 = ex1[3:1:-1, ::-2]
ex2 = ndarray([(2**64-1, -1)]*40, shape=[5, 8], format='>Qq',
flags=ND_PIL|ND_WRITABLE)
ex2[2][7] = (1, -2)
nd2 = ex2[1:3:1, ::-2]
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
# suboffsets, different shape
ex1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[2, 3, 5], format='b',
flags=ND_PIL)
nd1 = ex1[1:3:, ::-2]
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[3, 2, 5], format='b')
nd2 = ex2[1:3:, ::-2]
@ -3383,14 +3637,51 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# different format
# suboffsets, different shape, struct module
ex1 = ndarray([(2**8-1, -1)]*40, shape=[2, 3, 5], format='Bb',
flags=ND_PIL|ND_WRITABLE)
nd1 = ex1[1:2:, ::-2]
ex2 = ndarray([(2**8-1, -1)]*40, shape=[3, 2, 5], format='Bb')
nd2 = ex2[1:2:, ::-2]
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertNotEqual(v, w)
# suboffsets, different format
ex1 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[5, 3, 2], format='i', flags=ND_PIL)
nd1 = ex1[1:3:, ::-2]
nd2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[5, 3, 2], format='@I', flags=ND_PIL)
ex2 = ndarray(list(range(30)), shape=[5, 3, 2], format='@I', flags=ND_PIL)
nd2 = ex2[1:3:, ::-2]
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd2)
self.assertEqual(w, nd1)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
# suboffsets, different format, struct module
ex1 = ndarray([(b'hello', b'', 1)]*27, shape=[3, 3, 3], format='5s0sP',
flags=ND_PIL|ND_WRITABLE)
ex1[1][2][2] = (b'sushi', b'', 1)
nd1 = ex1[1:3:, ::-2]
ex2 = ndarray([(b'hello', b'', 1)]*27, shape=[3, 3, 3], format='5s0sP',
flags=ND_PIL|ND_WRITABLE)
ex1[1][2][2] = (b'sushi', b'', 1)
nd2 = ex2[1:3:, ::-2]
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertNotEqual(v, nd2)
@ -3409,6 +3700,50 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
# initialize mixed C/Fortran + suboffsets, struct module
lst1 = [(b'sashimi', b'sliced', 20.05)]*30
lst1[11] = (b'ramen', b'spicy', 9.45)
lst2 = transpose(lst1, [3, 2, 5])
nd1 = ndarray(lst1, shape=[3, 2, 5], format='< 10p 9p d', flags=ND_PIL)
nd2 = ndarray(lst2, shape=[3, 2, 5], format='> 10p 9p d',
flags=ND_FORTRAN|ND_PIL)
v = memoryview(nd1)
w = memoryview(nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, nd1)
self.assertEqual(w, nd2)
self.assertEqual(v, w)
def test_memoryview_compare_not_equal(self):
# items not equal
for byteorder in ['=', '<', '>', '!']:
x = ndarray([2**63]*120, shape=[3,5,2,2,2], format=byteorder+'Q')
y = ndarray([2**63]*120, shape=[3,5,2,2,2], format=byteorder+'Q',
flags=ND_WRITABLE|ND_FORTRAN)
y[2][3][1][1][1] = 1
a = memoryview(x)
b = memoryview(y)
self.assertEqual(a, x)
self.assertEqual(b, y)
self.assertNotEqual(a, b)
self.assertNotEqual(a, y)
self.assertNotEqual(b, x)
x = ndarray([(2**63, 2**31, 2**15)]*120, shape=[3,5,2,2,2],
format=byteorder+'QLH')
y = ndarray([(2**63, 2**31, 2**15)]*120, shape=[3,5,2,2,2],
format=byteorder+'QLH', flags=ND_WRITABLE|ND_FORTRAN)
y[2][3][1][1][1] = (1, 1, 1)
a = memoryview(x)
b = memoryview(y)
self.assertEqual(a, x)
self.assertEqual(b, y)
self.assertNotEqual(a, b)
self.assertNotEqual(a, y)
self.assertNotEqual(b, x)
def test_memoryview_check_released(self):
a = array.array('d', [1.1, 2.2, 3.3])
@ -3452,11 +3787,38 @@ class TestBufferProtocol(unittest.TestCase):
def test_memoryview_tobytes(self):
# Many implicit tests are already in self.verify().
nd = ndarray([-529, 576, -625, 676, -729], shape=[5], format='@h')
t = (-529, 576, -625, 676, -729)
nd = ndarray(t, shape=[5], format='@h')
m = memoryview(nd)
self.assertEqual(m, nd)
self.assertEqual(m.tobytes(), nd.tobytes())
nd = ndarray([t], shape=[1], format='>hQiLl')
m = memoryview(nd)
self.assertEqual(m, nd)
self.assertEqual(m.tobytes(), nd.tobytes())
nd = ndarray([t for _ in range(12)], shape=[2,2,3], format='=hQiLl')
m = memoryview(nd)
self.assertEqual(m, nd)
self.assertEqual(m.tobytes(), nd.tobytes())
nd = ndarray([t for _ in range(120)], shape=[5,2,2,3,2],
format='<hQiLl')
m = memoryview(nd)
self.assertEqual(m, nd)
self.assertEqual(m.tobytes(), nd.tobytes())
# Unknown formats are handled: tobytes() purely depends on itemsize.
if ctypes:
# format: "T{>l:x:>l:y:}"
class BEPoint(ctypes.BigEndianStructure):
_fields_ = [("x", ctypes.c_long), ("y", ctypes.c_long)]
point = BEPoint(100, 200)
a = memoryview(point)
self.assertEqual(a.tobytes(), bytes(point))
def test_memoryview_get_contiguous(self):
# Many implicit tests are already in self.verify().

3
Misc/NEWS
View File

@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ What's New in Python 3.3.0 Release Candidate 1?
Core and Builtins
-----------------
- Issue #15573: memoryview comparisons are now performed by value with full
support for any valid struct module format definition.
- Issue #15316: When an item in the fromlist for __import__ doesn't exist,
don't raise an error, but if an exception is raised as part of an import do
let that propagate.

320
Objects/memoryobject.c
View File

@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ Create a new memoryview object which references the given object.");
(view->suboffsets && view->suboffsets[dest->ndim-1] >= 0)
Py_LOCAL_INLINE(int)
last_dim_is_contiguous(Py_buffer *dest, Py_buffer *src)
last_dim_is_contiguous(const Py_buffer *dest, const Py_buffer *src)
{
assert(dest->ndim > 0 && src->ndim > 0);
return (!HAVE_SUBOFFSETS_IN_LAST_DIM(dest) &&
@ -255,37 +255,63 @@ last_dim_is_contiguous(Py_buffer *dest, Py_buffer *src)
src->strides[src->ndim-1] == src->itemsize);
}
/* Check that the logical structure of the destination and source buffers
is identical. */
static int
cmp_structure(Py_buffer *dest, Py_buffer *src)
/* This is not a general function for determining format equivalence.
It is used in copy_single() and copy_buffer() to weed out non-matching
formats. Skipping the '@' character is specifically used in slice
assignments, where the lvalue is already known to have a single character
format. This is a performance hack that could be rewritten (if properly
benchmarked). */
Py_LOCAL_INLINE(int)
equiv_format(const Py_buffer *dest, const Py_buffer *src)
{
const char *dfmt, *sfmt;
int i;
assert(dest->format && src->format);
dfmt = dest->format[0] == '@' ? dest->format+1 : dest->format;
sfmt = src->format[0] == '@' ? src->format+1 : src->format;
if (strcmp(dfmt, sfmt) != 0 ||
dest->itemsize != src->itemsize ||
dest->ndim != src->ndim) {
goto value_error;
dest->itemsize != src->itemsize) {
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
/* Two shapes are equivalent if they are either equal or identical up
to a zero element at the same position. For example, in NumPy arrays
the shapes [1, 0, 5] and [1, 0, 7] are equivalent. */
Py_LOCAL_INLINE(int)
equiv_shape(const Py_buffer *dest, const Py_buffer *src)
{
int i;
if (dest->ndim != src->ndim)
return 0;
for (i = 0; i < dest->ndim; i++) {
if (dest->shape[i] != src->shape[i])
goto value_error;
return 0;
if (dest->shape[i] == 0)
break;
}
return 0;
return 1;
}
value_error:
/* Check that the logical structure of the destination and source buffers
is identical. */
static int
equiv_structure(const Py_buffer *dest, const Py_buffer *src)
{
if (!equiv_format(dest, src) ||
!equiv_shape(dest, src)) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
"ndarray assignment: lvalue and rvalue have different structures");
return -1;
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
/* Base case for recursive multi-dimensional copying. Contiguous arrays are
@ -358,7 +384,7 @@ copy_single(Py_buffer *dest, Py_buffer *src)
assert(dest->ndim == 1);
if (cmp_structure(dest, src) < 0)
if (!equiv_structure(dest, src))
return -1;
if (!last_dim_is_contiguous(dest, src)) {
@ -390,7 +416,7 @@ copy_buffer(Py_buffer *dest, Py_buffer *src)
assert(dest->ndim > 0);
if (cmp_structure(dest, src) < 0)
if (!equiv_structure(dest, src))
return -1;
if (!last_dim_is_contiguous(dest, src)) {
@ -1827,6 +1853,131 @@ err_format:
}
/****************************************************************************/
/* unpack using the struct module */
/****************************************************************************/
/* For reasonable performance it is necessary to cache all objects required
for unpacking. An unpacker can handle the format passed to unpack_from().
Invariant: All pointer fields of the struct should either be NULL or valid
pointers. */
struct unpacker {
PyObject *unpack_from; /* Struct.unpack_from(format) */
PyObject *mview; /* cached memoryview */
char *item; /* buffer for mview */
Py_ssize_t itemsize; /* len(item) */
};
static struct unpacker *
unpacker_new(void)
{
struct unpacker *x = PyMem_Malloc(sizeof *x);
if (x == NULL) {
PyErr_NoMemory();
return NULL;
}
x->unpack_from = NULL;
x->mview = NULL;
x->item = NULL;
x->itemsize = 0;
return x;
}
static void
unpacker_free(struct unpacker *x)
{
if (x) {
Py_XDECREF(x->unpack_from);
Py_XDECREF(x->mview);
PyMem_Free(x->item);
PyMem_Free(x);
}
}
/* Return a new unpacker for the given format. */
static struct unpacker *
struct_get_unpacker(const char *fmt, Py_ssize_t itemsize)
{
PyObject *structmodule; /* XXX cache these two */
PyObject *Struct = NULL; /* XXX in globals? */
PyObject *structobj = NULL;
PyObject *format = NULL;
struct unpacker *x = NULL;
structmodule = PyImport_ImportModule("struct");
if (structmodule == NULL)
return NULL;
Struct = PyObject_GetAttrString(structmodule, "Struct");
Py_DECREF(structmodule);
if (Struct == NULL)
return NULL;
x = unpacker_new();
if (x == NULL)
goto error;
format = PyBytes_FromString(fmt);
if (format == NULL)
goto error;
structobj = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(Struct, format, NULL);
if (structobj == NULL)
goto error;
x->unpack_from = PyObject_GetAttrString(structobj, "unpack_from");
if (x->unpack_from == NULL)
goto error;
x->item = PyMem_Malloc(itemsize);
if (x->item == NULL) {
PyErr_NoMemory();
goto error;
}
x->itemsize = itemsize;
x->mview = PyMemoryView_FromMemory(x->item, itemsize, PyBUF_WRITE);
if (x->mview == NULL)
goto error;
out:
Py_XDECREF(Struct);
Py_XDECREF(format);
Py_XDECREF(structobj);
return x;
error:
unpacker_free(x);
x = NULL;
goto out;
}
/* unpack a single item */
static PyObject *
struct_unpack_single(const char *ptr, struct unpacker *x)
{
PyObject *v;
memcpy(x->item, ptr, x->itemsize);
v = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(x->unpack_from, x->mview, NULL);
if (v == NULL)
return NULL;
if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(v) == 1) {
PyObject *tmp = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(v, 0);
Py_INCREF(tmp);
Py_DECREF(v);
return tmp;
}
return v;
}
/****************************************************************************/
/* Representations */
/****************************************************************************/
@ -2261,6 +2412,58 @@ static PySequenceMethods memory_as_sequence = {
/* Comparisons */
/**************************************************************************/
#define MV_COMPARE_EX -1 /* exception */
#define MV_COMPARE_NOT_IMPL -2 /* not implemented */
/* Translate a StructError to "not equal". Preserve other exceptions. */
static int
fix_struct_error_int(void)
{
assert(PyErr_Occurred());
/* XXX Cannot get at StructError directly? */
if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_ImportError) ||
PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_MemoryError)) {
return MV_COMPARE_EX;
}
/* StructError: invalid or unknown format -> not equal */
PyErr_Clear();
return 0;
}
/* Unpack and compare single items of p and q using the struct module. */
static int
struct_unpack_cmp(const char *p, const char *q,
struct unpacker *unpack_p, struct unpacker *unpack_q)
{
PyObject *v, *w;
int ret;
/* At this point any exception from the struct module should not be
StructError, since both formats have been accepted already. */
v = struct_unpack_single(p, unpack_p);
if (v == NULL)
return MV_COMPARE_EX;
w = struct_unpack_single(q, unpack_q);
if (w == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(v);
return MV_COMPARE_EX;
}
/* MV_COMPARE_EX == -1: exceptions are preserved */
ret = PyObject_RichCompareBool(v, w, Py_EQ);
Py_DECREF(v);
Py_DECREF(w);
return ret;
}
/* Unpack and compare single items of p and q. If both p and q have the same
single element native format, the comparison uses a fast path (gcc creates
a jump table and converts memcpy into simple assignments on x86/x64).
Otherwise, the comparison is delegated to the struct module, which is
30-60x slower. */
#define CMP_SINGLE(p, q, type) \
do { \
type x; \
@ -2271,11 +2474,12 @@ static PySequenceMethods memory_as_sequence = {
} while (0)
Py_LOCAL_INLINE(int)
unpack_cmp(const char *p, const char *q, const char *fmt)
unpack_cmp(const char *p, const char *q, char fmt,
struct unpacker *unpack_p, struct unpacker *unpack_q)
{
int equal;
switch (fmt[0]) {
switch (fmt) {
/* signed integers and fast path for 'B' */
case 'B': return *((unsigned char *)p) == *((unsigned char *)q);
@ -2317,9 +2521,17 @@ unpack_cmp(const char *p, const char *q, const char *fmt)
/* pointer */
case 'P': CMP_SINGLE(p, q, void *); return equal;
/* Py_NotImplemented */
default: return -1;
/* use the struct module */
case '_':
assert(unpack_p);
assert(unpack_q);
return struct_unpack_cmp(p, q, unpack_p, unpack_q);
}
/* NOT REACHED */
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
"memoryview: internal error in richcompare");
return MV_COMPARE_EX;
}
/* Base case for recursive array comparisons. Assumption: ndim == 1. */
@ -2327,7 +2539,7 @@ static int
cmp_base(const char *p, const char *q, const Py_ssize_t *shape,
const Py_ssize_t *pstrides, const Py_ssize_t *psuboffsets,
const Py_ssize_t *qstrides, const Py_ssize_t *qsuboffsets,
const char *fmt)
char fmt, struct unpacker *unpack_p, struct unpacker *unpack_q)
{
Py_ssize_t i;
int equal;
@ -2335,7 +2547,7 @@ cmp_base(const char *p, const char *q, const Py_ssize_t *shape,
for (i = 0; i < shape[0]; p+=pstrides[0], q+=qstrides[0], i++) {
const char *xp = ADJUST_PTR(p, psuboffsets);
const char *xq = ADJUST_PTR(q, qsuboffsets);
equal = unpack_cmp(xp, xq, fmt);
equal = unpack_cmp(xp, xq, fmt, unpack_p, unpack_q);
if (equal <= 0)
return equal;
}
@ -2350,7 +2562,7 @@ cmp_rec(const char *p, const char *q,
Py_ssize_t ndim, const Py_ssize_t *shape,
const Py_ssize_t *pstrides, const Py_ssize_t *psuboffsets,
const Py_ssize_t *qstrides, const Py_ssize_t *qsuboffsets,
const char *fmt)
char fmt, struct unpacker *unpack_p, struct unpacker *unpack_q)
{
Py_ssize_t i;
int equal;
@ -2364,7 +2576,7 @@ cmp_rec(const char *p, const char *q,
return cmp_base(p, q, shape,
pstrides, psuboffsets,
qstrides, qsuboffsets,
fmt);
fmt, unpack_p, unpack_q);
}
for (i = 0; i < shape[0]; p+=pstrides[0], q+=qstrides[0], i++) {
@ -2373,7 +2585,7 @@ cmp_rec(const char *p, const char *q,
equal = cmp_rec(xp, xq, ndim-1, shape+1,
pstrides+1, psuboffsets ? psuboffsets+1 : NULL,
qstrides+1, qsuboffsets ? qsuboffsets+1 : NULL,
fmt);
fmt, unpack_p, unpack_q);
if (equal <= 0)
return equal;
}
@ -2385,9 +2597,12 @@ static PyObject *
memory_richcompare(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, int op)
{
PyObject *res;
Py_buffer wbuf, *vv, *ww = NULL;
const char *vfmt, *wfmt;
int equal = -1; /* Py_NotImplemented */
Py_buffer wbuf, *vv;
Py_buffer *ww = NULL;
struct unpacker *unpack_v = NULL;
struct unpacker *unpack_w = NULL;
char vfmt, wfmt;
int equal = MV_COMPARE_NOT_IMPL;
if (op != Py_EQ && op != Py_NE)
goto result; /* Py_NotImplemented */
@ -2414,38 +2629,59 @@ memory_richcompare(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, int op)
ww = &wbuf;
}
vfmt = adjust_fmt(vv);
wfmt = adjust_fmt(ww);
if (vfmt == NULL || wfmt == NULL) {
PyErr_Clear();
goto result; /* Py_NotImplemented */
}
if (cmp_structure(vv, ww) < 0) {
if (!equiv_shape(vv, ww)) {
PyErr_Clear();
equal = 0;
goto result;
}
/* Use fast unpacking for identical primitive C type formats. */
if (get_native_fmtchar(&vfmt, vv->format) < 0)
vfmt = '_';
if (get_native_fmtchar(&wfmt, ww->format) < 0)
wfmt = '_';
if (vfmt == '_' || wfmt == '_' || vfmt != wfmt) {
/* Use struct module unpacking. NOTE: Even for equal format strings,
memcmp() cannot be used for item comparison since it would give
incorrect results in the case of NaNs or uninitialized padding
bytes. */
vfmt = '_';
unpack_v = struct_get_unpacker(vv->format, vv->itemsize);
if (unpack_v == NULL) {
equal = fix_struct_error_int();
goto result;
}
unpack_w = struct_get_unpacker(ww->format, ww->itemsize);
if (unpack_w == NULL) {
equal = fix_struct_error_int();
goto result;
}
}
if (vv->ndim == 0) {
equal = unpack_cmp(vv->buf, ww->buf, vfmt);
equal = unpack_cmp(vv->buf, ww->buf,
vfmt, unpack_v, unpack_w);
}
else if (vv->ndim == 1) {
equal = cmp_base(vv->buf, ww->buf, vv->shape,
vv->strides, vv->suboffsets,
ww->strides, ww->suboffsets,
vfmt);
vfmt, unpack_v, unpack_w);
}
else {
equal = cmp_rec(vv->buf, ww->buf, vv->ndim, vv->shape,
vv->strides, vv->suboffsets,
ww->strides, ww->suboffsets,
vfmt);
vfmt, unpack_v, unpack_w);
}
result:
if (equal < 0)
if (equal < 0) {
if (equal == MV_COMPARE_NOT_IMPL)
res = Py_NotImplemented;
else /* exception */
res = NULL;
}
else if ((equal && op == Py_EQ) || (!equal && op == Py_NE))
res = Py_True;
else
@ -2453,7 +2689,11 @@ result:
if (ww == &wbuf)
PyBuffer_Release(ww);
Py_INCREF(res);
unpacker_free(unpack_v);
unpacker_free(unpack_w);
Py_XINCREF(res);
return res;
}