mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
512 lines
22 KiB
ReStructuredText
512 lines
22 KiB
ReStructuredText
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:mod:`inspect` --- Inspect live objects
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=======================================
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.. module:: inspect
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:synopsis: Extract information and source code from live objects.
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.. moduleauthor:: Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>
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.. sectionauthor:: Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>
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.. versionadded:: 2.1
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The :mod:`inspect` module provides several useful functions to help get
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information about live objects such as modules, classes, methods, functions,
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tracebacks, frame objects, and code objects. For example, it can help you
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examine the contents of a class, retrieve the source code of a method, extract
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and format the argument list for a function, or get all the information you need
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to display a detailed traceback.
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There are four main kinds of services provided by this module: type checking,
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getting source code, inspecting classes and functions, and examining the
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interpreter stack.
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.. _inspect-types:
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Types and members
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-----------------
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The :func:`getmembers` function retrieves the members of an object such as a
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class or module. The eleven functions whose names begin with "is" are mainly
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provided as convenient choices for the second argument to :func:`getmembers`.
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They also help you determine when you can expect to find the following special
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attributes:
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| Type | Attribute | Description | Notes |
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+===========+=================+===========================+=======+
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| module | __doc__ | documentation string | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | __file__ | filename (missing for | |
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| | | built-in modules) | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| class | __doc__ | documentation string | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | __module__ | name of module in which | |
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| | | this class was defined | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| method | __doc__ | documentation string | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | __name__ | name with which this | |
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| | | method was defined | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | im_class | class object that asked | \(1) |
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| | | for this method | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | im_func | function object | |
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| | | containing implementation | |
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| | | of method | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | im_self | instance to which this | |
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| | | method is bound, or | |
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| | | ``None`` | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| function | __doc__ | documentation string | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | __name__ | name with which this | |
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| | | function was defined | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | func_code | code object containing | |
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| | | compiled function | |
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| | | bytecode | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | func_defaults | tuple of any default | |
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| | | values for arguments | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | func_doc | (same as __doc__) | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | func_globals | global namespace in which | |
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| | | this function was defined | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | func_name | (same as __name__) | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| traceback | tb_frame | frame object at this | |
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| | | level | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | tb_lasti | index of last attempted | |
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| | | instruction in bytecode | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | tb_lineno | current line number in | |
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| | | Python source code | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | tb_next | next inner traceback | |
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| | | object (called by this | |
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| | | level) | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| frame | f_back | next outer frame object | |
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| | | (this frame's caller) | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | f_builtins | built-in namespace seen | |
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| | | by this frame | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | f_code | code object being | |
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| | | executed in this frame | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | f_exc_traceback | traceback if raised in | |
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| | | this frame, or ``None`` | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | f_exc_type | exception type if raised | |
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| | | in this frame, or | |
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| | | ``None`` | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | f_exc_value | exception value if raised | |
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| | | in this frame, or | |
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| | | ``None`` | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | f_globals | global namespace seen by | |
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| | | this frame | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | f_lasti | index of last attempted | |
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| | | instruction in bytecode | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | f_lineno | current line number in | |
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| | | Python source code | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | f_locals | local namespace seen by | |
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| | | this frame | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | f_restricted | 0 or 1 if frame is in | |
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| | | restricted execution mode | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | f_trace | tracing function for this | |
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| | | frame, or ``None`` | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| code | co_argcount | number of arguments (not | |
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| | | including \* or \*\* | |
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| | | args) | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | co_code | string of raw compiled | |
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| | | bytecode | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | co_consts | tuple of constants used | |
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| | | in the bytecode | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | co_filename | name of file in which | |
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| | | this code object was | |
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| | | created | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | co_firstlineno | number of first line in | |
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| | | Python source code | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | co_flags | bitmap: 1=optimized ``|`` | |
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| | | 2=newlocals ``|`` 4=\*arg | |
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| | | ``|`` 8=\*\*arg | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | co_lnotab | encoded mapping of line | |
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| | | numbers to bytecode | |
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| | | indices | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | co_name | name with which this code | |
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| | | object was defined | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | co_names | tuple of names of local | |
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| | | variables | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | co_nlocals | number of local variables | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | co_stacksize | virtual machine stack | |
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| | | space required | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | co_varnames | tuple of names of | |
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| | | arguments and local | |
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| | | variables | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| builtin | __doc__ | documentation string | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | __name__ | original name of this | |
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| | | function or method | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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| | __self__ | instance to which a | |
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| | | method is bound, or | |
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| | | ``None`` | |
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+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
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Note:
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(1)
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.. versionchanged:: 2.2
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:attr:`im_class` used to refer to the class that defined the method.
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.. function:: getmembers(object[, predicate])
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Return all the members of an object in a list of (name, value) pairs sorted by
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name. If the optional *predicate* argument is supplied, only members for which
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the predicate returns a true value are included.
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.. function:: getmoduleinfo(path)
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Return a tuple of values that describe how Python will interpret the file
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identified by *path* if it is a module, or ``None`` if it would not be
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identified as a module. The return tuple is ``(name, suffix, mode, mtype)``,
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where *name* is the name of the module without the name of any enclosing
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package, *suffix* is the trailing part of the file name (which may not be a
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dot-delimited extension), *mode* is the :func:`open` mode that would be used
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(``'r'`` or ``'rb'``), and *mtype* is an integer giving the type of the
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module. *mtype* will have a value which can be compared to the constants
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defined in the :mod:`imp` module; see the documentation for that module for
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more information on module types.
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.. function:: getmodulename(path)
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Return the name of the module named by the file *path*, without including the
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names of enclosing packages. This uses the same algorithm as the interpreter
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uses when searching for modules. If the name cannot be matched according to the
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interpreter's rules, ``None`` is returned.
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.. function:: ismodule(object)
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Return true if the object is a module.
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.. function:: isclass(object)
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Return true if the object is a class.
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.. function:: ismethod(object)
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Return true if the object is a method.
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.. function:: isfunction(object)
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Return true if the object is a Python function or unnamed (lambda) function.
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.. function:: istraceback(object)
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Return true if the object is a traceback.
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.. function:: isframe(object)
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Return true if the object is a frame.
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.. function:: iscode(object)
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Return true if the object is a code.
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.. function:: isbuiltin(object)
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Return true if the object is a built-in function.
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.. function:: isroutine(object)
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Return true if the object is a user-defined or built-in function or method.
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.. function:: ismethoddescriptor(object)
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Return true if the object is a method descriptor, but not if ismethod() or
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isclass() or isfunction() are true.
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This is new as of Python 2.2, and, for example, is true of int.__add__. An
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object passing this test has a __get__ attribute but not a __set__ attribute,
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but beyond that the set of attributes varies. __name__ is usually sensible, and
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__doc__ often is.
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Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other tests return
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false from the ismethoddescriptor() test, simply because the other tests promise
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more -- you can, e.g., count on having the im_func attribute (etc) when an
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object passes ismethod().
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.. function:: isdatadescriptor(object)
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Return true if the object is a data descriptor.
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Data descriptors have both a __get__ and a __set__ attribute. Examples are
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properties (defined in Python), getsets, and members. The latter two are
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defined in C and there are more specific tests available for those types, which
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is robust across Python implementations. Typically, data descriptors will also
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have __name__ and __doc__ attributes (properties, getsets, and members have both
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of these attributes), but this is not guaranteed.
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.. versionadded:: 2.3
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.. function:: isgetsetdescriptor(object)
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Return true if the object is a getset descriptor.
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getsets are attributes defined in extension modules via ``PyGetSetDef``
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structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will
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always return ``False``.
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.. versionadded:: 2.5
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.. function:: ismemberdescriptor(object)
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Return true if the object is a member descriptor.
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Member descriptors are attributes defined in extension modules via
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``PyMemberDef`` structures. For Python implementations without such types, this
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method will always return ``False``.
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.. versionadded:: 2.5
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.. _inspect-source:
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Retrieving source code
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----------------------
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.. function:: getdoc(object)
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Get the documentation string for an object. All tabs are expanded to spaces. To
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clean up docstrings that are indented to line up with blocks of code, any
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whitespace than can be uniformly removed from the second line onwards is
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removed.
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.. function:: getcomments(object)
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Return in a single string any lines of comments immediately preceding the
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object's source code (for a class, function, or method), or at the top of the
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Python source file (if the object is a module).
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.. function:: getfile(object)
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Return the name of the (text or binary) file in which an object was defined.
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This will fail with a :exc:`TypeError` if the object is a built-in module,
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class, or function.
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.. function:: getmodule(object)
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Try to guess which module an object was defined in.
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.. function:: getsourcefile(object)
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Return the name of the Python source file in which an object was defined. This
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will fail with a :exc:`TypeError` if the object is a built-in module, class, or
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function.
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.. function:: getsourcelines(object)
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Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object. The
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argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code
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object. The source code is returned as a list of the lines corresponding to the
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object and the line number indicates where in the original source file the first
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line of code was found. An :exc:`IOError` is raised if the source code cannot
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be retrieved.
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.. function:: getsource(object)
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Return the text of the source code for an object. The argument may be a module,
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class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is
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returned as a single string. An :exc:`IOError` is raised if the source code
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cannot be retrieved.
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.. _inspect-classes-functions:
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Classes and functions
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---------------------
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.. function:: getclasstree(classes[, unique])
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Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists. Where a
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nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class whose entry
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immediately precedes the list. Each entry is a 2-tuple containing a class and a
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tuple of its base classes. If the *unique* argument is true, exactly one entry
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appears in the returned structure for each class in the given list. Otherwise,
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classes using multiple inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple
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times.
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.. function:: getargspec(func)
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Get the names and default values of a function's arguments. A tuple of four
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things is returned: ``(args, varargs, varkw, defaults)``. *args* is a list of
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the argument names (it may contain nested lists). *varargs* and *varkw* are the
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names of the ``*`` and ``**`` arguments or ``None``. *defaults* is a tuple of
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default argument values or None if there are no default arguments; if this tuple
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has *n* elements, they correspond to the last *n* elements listed in *args*.
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.. function:: getargvalues(frame)
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Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame. A tuple of four
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things is returned: ``(args, varargs, varkw, locals)``. *args* is a list of the
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argument names (it may contain nested lists). *varargs* and *varkw* are the
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names of the ``*`` and ``**`` arguments or ``None``. *locals* is the locals
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dictionary of the given frame.
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.. function:: formatargspec(args[, varargs, varkw, defaults, formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue, join])
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Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by
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:func:`getargspec`. The format\* arguments are the corresponding optional
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formatting functions that are called to turn names and values into strings.
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.. function:: formatargvalues(args[, varargs, varkw, locals, formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue, join])
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Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by
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:func:`getargvalues`. The format\* arguments are the corresponding optional
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formatting functions that are called to turn names and values into strings.
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.. function:: getmro(cls)
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Return a tuple of class cls's base classes, including cls, in method resolution
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order. No class appears more than once in this tuple. Note that the method
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resolution order depends on cls's type. Unless a very peculiar user-defined
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metatype is in use, cls will be the first element of the tuple.
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.. _inspect-stack:
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The interpreter stack
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---------------------
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When the following functions return "frame records," each record is a tuple of
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six items: the frame object, the filename, the line number of the current line,
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the function name, a list of lines of context from the source code, and the
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index of the current line within that list.
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.. warning::
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Keeping references to frame objects, as found in the first element of the frame
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records these functions return, can cause your program to create reference
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cycles. Once a reference cycle has been created, the lifespan of all objects
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which can be accessed from the objects which form the cycle can become much
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longer even if Python's optional cycle detector is enabled. If such cycles must
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be created, it is important to ensure they are explicitly broken to avoid the
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delayed destruction of objects and increased memory consumption which occurs.
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Though the cycle detector will catch these, destruction of the frames (and local
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variables) can be made deterministic by removing the cycle in a
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:keyword:`finally` clause. This is also important if the cycle detector was
|
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disabled when Python was compiled or using :func:`gc.disable`. For example::
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def handle_stackframe_without_leak():
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frame = inspect.currentframe()
|
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try:
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# do something with the frame
|
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finally:
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del frame
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The optional *context* argument supported by most of these functions specifies
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the number of lines of context to return, which are centered around the current
|
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line.
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.. function:: getframeinfo(frame[, context])
|
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Get information about a frame or traceback object. A 5-tuple is returned, the
|
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last five elements of the frame's frame record.
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.. function:: getouterframes(frame[, context])
|
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Get a list of frame records for a frame and all outer frames. These frames
|
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represent the calls that lead to the creation of *frame*. The first entry in the
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returned list represents *frame*; the last entry represents the outermost call
|
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on *frame*'s stack.
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||
|
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|
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|
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.. function:: getinnerframes(traceback[, context])
|
||
|
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|
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|
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Get a list of frame records for a traceback's frame and all inner frames. These
|
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|
|
frames represent calls made as a consequence of *frame*. The first entry in the
|
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|
|
list represents *traceback*; the last entry represents where the exception was
|
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|
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raised.
|
||
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|
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.. function:: currentframe()
|
||
|
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|
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Return the frame object for the caller's stack frame.
|
||
|
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|
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|
|
.. function:: stack([context])
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
Return a list of frame records for the caller's stack. The first entry in the
|
||
|
|
returned list represents the caller; the last entry represents the outermost
|
||
|
|
call on the stack.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
.. function:: trace([context])
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Return a list of frame records for the stack between the current frame and the
|
||
|
|
frame in which an exception currently being handled was raised in. The first
|
||
|
|
entry in the list represents the caller; the last entry represents where the
|
||
|
|
exception was raised.
|
||
|
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