cpython/Doc/using/unix.rst

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.. highlight:: sh
.. _using-on-unix:
********************************
Using Python on Unix platforms
********************************
.. sectionauthor:: Shriphani Palakodety
Getting and installing the latest version of Python
===================================================
On Linux
--------
Python comes preinstalled on most Linux distributions, and is available as a
package on all others. However there are certain features you might want to use
that are not available on your distro's package. You can easily compile the
latest version of Python from source.
Merged revisions 61038,61042-61045,61047,61050,61053,61055-61056,61061-61062,61066,61068,61070,61081-61095 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r61081 | neal.norwitz | 2008-02-26 09:04:59 +0100 (Tue, 26 Feb 2008) | 7 lines Speed up this test by about 99%. Remove sleeps and replace with events. (This may fail on some slow platforms, but we can fix those cases which should be relatively isolated and easier to find now.) Move two test cases that didn't require a server to be started to a separate TestCase. These tests were taking 3 seconds which is what the timeout was set to. ........ r61082 | christian.heimes | 2008-02-26 09:18:11 +0100 (Tue, 26 Feb 2008) | 1 line The contains function raised a gcc warning. The new code is copied straight from py3k. ........ r61084 | neal.norwitz | 2008-02-26 09:21:28 +0100 (Tue, 26 Feb 2008) | 3 lines Add a timing flag to Trace so you can see where slowness occurs like waiting for socket timeouts in test_smtplib :-). ........ r61086 | christian.heimes | 2008-02-26 18:23:51 +0100 (Tue, 26 Feb 2008) | 3 lines Patch #1691070 from Roger Upole: Speed up PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords() and improve error msg My tests don't show the promised speed up of 10%. The code is as fast as the old code for simple cases and slightly faster for complex cases with several of args and kwargs. But the patch simplifies the code, too. ........ r61087 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-26 20:13:45 +0100 (Tue, 26 Feb 2008) | 2 lines #2194: fix some typos. ........ r61088 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-02-27 00:40:50 +0100 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line Add itertools.combinations(). ........ r61089 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-02-27 02:08:04 +0100 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line One too many decrefs. ........ r61090 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-02-27 02:08:30 +0100 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line Larger test range ........ r61091 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-02-27 02:44:34 +0100 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line Simply the sample code for combinations(). ........
2008-02-28 07:19:05 -04:00
In the event that Python doesn't come preinstalled and isn't in the repositories as
well, you can easily make packages for your own distro. Have a look at the
following links:
.. seealso::
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/first.en.html
for Debian users
https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Packaging
for OpenSuse users
https://docs-old.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora_Draft_Documentation/0.1/html/RPM_Guide/ch-creating-rpms.html
for Fedora users
http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management-making-packages.html
for Slackware users
On FreeBSD and OpenBSD
----------------------
* FreeBSD users, to add the package use::
pkg install python3
* OpenBSD users, to add the package use::
pkg_add -r python
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pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/<insert your architecture here>/python-<version>.tgz
For example i386 users get the 2.5.1 version of Python using::
pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/i386/python-2.5.1p2.tgz
On OpenSolaris
--------------
You can get Python from `OpenCSW <https://www.opencsw.org/>`_. Various versions
of Python are available and can be installed with e.g. ``pkgutil -i python27``.
.. _building-python-on-unix:
Building Python
===============
If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the
`source <https://www.python.org/downloads/source/>`_. You can download either the
latest release's source or just grab a fresh `clone
<https://devguide.python.org/setup/#get-the-source-code>`_. (If you want
to contribute patches, you will need a clone.)
The build process consists of the usual commands::
./configure
make
make install
:ref:`Configuration options <configure-options>` and caveats for specific Unix
platforms are extensively documented in the :source:`README.rst` file in the
root of the Python source tree.
.. warning::
``make install`` can overwrite or masquerade the :file:`python3` binary.
``make altinstall`` is therefore recommended instead of ``make install``
since it only installs :file:`{exec_prefix}/bin/python{version}`.
Python-related paths and files
==============================
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These are subject to difference depending on local installation conventions;
:envvar:`prefix` (``${prefix}``) and :envvar:`exec_prefix` (``${exec_prefix}``)
are installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they
may be the same.
For example, on most Linux systems, the default for both is :file:`/usr`.
+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| File/directory | Meaning |
+===============================================+==========================================+
| :file:`{exec_prefix}/bin/python3` | Recommended location of the interpreter. |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| :file:`{prefix}/lib/python{version}`, | Recommended locations of the directories |
| :file:`{exec_prefix}/lib/python{version}` | containing the standard modules. |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| :file:`{prefix}/include/python{version}`, | Recommended locations of the directories |
| :file:`{exec_prefix}/include/python{version}` | containing the include files needed for |
| | developing Python extensions and |
| | embedding the interpreter. |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
Miscellaneous
=============
To easily use Python scripts on Unix, you need to make them executable,
e.g. with
.. code-block:: shell-session
$ chmod +x script
and put an appropriate Shebang line at the top of the script. A good choice is
usually ::
#!/usr/bin/env python3
which searches for the Python interpreter in the whole :envvar:`PATH`. However,
some Unices may not have the :program:`env` command, so you may need to hardcode
``/usr/bin/python3`` as the interpreter path.
To use shell commands in your Python scripts, look at the :mod:`subprocess` module.
.. _unix_custom_openssl:
Custom OpenSSL
==============
1. To use your vendor's OpenSSL configuration and system trust store, locate
the directory with ``openssl.cnf`` file or symlink in ``/etc``. On most
distribution the file is either in ``/etc/ssl`` or ``/etc/pki/tls``. The
directory should also contain a ``cert.pem`` file and/or a ``certs``
directory.
.. code-block:: shell-session
$ find /etc/ -name openssl.cnf -printf "%h\n"
/etc/ssl
2. Download, build, and install OpenSSL. Make sure you use ``install_sw`` and
not ``install``. The ``install_sw`` target does not override
``openssl.cnf``.
.. code-block:: shell-session
$ curl -O https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-VERSION.tar.gz
$ tar xzf openssl-VERSION
$ pushd openssl-VERSION
$ ./config \
--prefix=/usr/local/custom-openssl \
--libdir=lib \
--openssldir=/etc/ssl
$ make -j1 depend
$ make -j8
$ make install_sw
$ popd
3. Build Python with custom OpenSSL
(see the configure ``--with-openssl`` and ``--with-openssl-rpath`` options)
.. code-block:: shell-session
$ pushd python-3.x.x
$ ./configure -C \
--with-openssl=/usr/local/custom-openssl \
--with-openssl-rpath=auto \
--prefix=/usr/local/python-3.x.x
$ make -j8
$ make altinstall
.. note::
Patch releases of OpenSSL have a backwards compatible ABI. You don't need
to recompile Python to update OpenSSL. It's sufficient to replace the
custom OpenSSL installation with a newer version.