cpython/Modules/binascii.c

/***********************************************************
Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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/*
** Routines to represent binary data in ASCII and vice-versa
**
** This module currently supports the following encodings:
** uuencode:
**     	each line encodes 45 bytes (except possibly the last)
**	First char encodes (binary) length, rest data
**	each char encodes 6 bits, as follows:
**	binary: 01234567 abcdefgh ijklmnop
**	ascii:  012345 67abcd efghij klmnop
**	ASCII encoding method is "excess-space": 000000 is encoded as ' ', etc.
**	short binary data is zero-extended (so the bits are always in the
**	right place), this does *not* reflect in the length.
** base64:
**      Line breaks are insignificant, but lines are at most 76 chars
**      each char encodes 6 bits, in similar order as uucode/hqx. Encoding
**      is done via a table.
**      Short binary data is filled (in ASCII) with '='.
** hqx:
**	File starts with introductory text, real data starts and ends
**	with colons.
**	Data consists of three similar parts: info, datafork, resourcefork.
**	Each part is protected (at the end) with a 16-bit crc
**	The binary data is run-length encoded, and then ascii-fied:
**	binary: 01234567 abcdefgh ijklmnop
**	ascii:  012345 67abcd efghij klmnop
**	ASCII encoding is table-driven, see the code.
**	Short binary data results in the runt ascii-byte being output with
**	the bits in the right place.
**
** While I was reading dozens of programs that encode or decode the formats
** here (documentation? hihi:-) I have formulated Jansen's Observation:
**
**	Programs that encode binary data in ASCII are written in
**	such a style that they are as unreadable as possible. Devices used
**	include unnecessary global variables, burying important tables
**	in unrelated sourcefiles, putting functions in include files,
**	using seemingly-descriptive variable names for different purposes,
**	calls to empty subroutines and a host of others.
**
** I have attempted to break with this tradition, but I guess that that
** does make the performance sub-optimal. Oh well, too bad...
**
** Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995.
*/


#include "Python.h"

static PyObject *Error;
static PyObject *Incomplete;

/*
** hqx lookup table, ascii->binary.
*/

#define RUNCHAR 0x90

#define DONE 0x7F
#define SKIP 0x7E
#define FAIL 0x7D

static unsigned char table_a2b_hqx[256] = {
/*       ^@    ^A    ^B    ^C    ^D    ^E    ^F    ^G   */
/* 0*/	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*       \b    \t    \n    ^K    ^L    \r    ^N    ^O   */
/* 1*/	FAIL, FAIL, SKIP, FAIL, FAIL, SKIP, FAIL, FAIL,
/*       ^P    ^Q    ^R    ^S    ^T    ^U    ^V    ^W   */
/* 2*/	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*       ^X    ^Y    ^Z    ^[    ^\    ^]    ^^    ^_   */
/* 3*/	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*              !     "     #     $     %     &     '   */
/* 4*/	FAIL, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06,
/*        (     )     *     +     ,     -     .     /   */
/* 5*/	0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, FAIL, FAIL,
/*        0     1     2     3     4     5     6     7   */
/* 6*/	0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, FAIL,
/*        8     9     :     ;     <     =     >     ?   */
/* 7*/	0x14, 0x15, DONE, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*        @     A     B     C     D     E     F     G   */
/* 8*/	0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x19, 0x1A, 0x1B, 0x1C, 0x1D,
/*        H     I     J     K     L     M     N     O   */
/* 9*/	0x1E, 0x1F, 0x20, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, FAIL,
/*        P     Q     R     S     T     U     V     W   */
/*10*/	0x25, 0x26, 0x27, 0x28, 0x29, 0x2A, 0x2B, FAIL,
/*        X     Y     Z     [     \     ]     ^     _   */
/*11*/	0x2C, 0x2D, 0x2E, 0x2F, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*        `     a     b     c     d     e     f     g   */
/*12*/	0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, FAIL,
/*        h     i     j     k     l     m     n     o   */
/*13*/	0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0x3A, 0x3B, 0x3C, FAIL, FAIL,
/*        p     q     r     s     t     u     v     w   */
/*14*/	0x3D, 0x3E, 0x3F, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*        x     y     z     {     |     }     ~    ^?   */
/*15*/	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
/*16*/	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
	FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL, FAIL,
};

static unsigned char table_b2a_hqx[] =
    "!\"#$%&'()*+,-012345689@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRSTUVXYZ[`abcdefhijklmpqr";

static char table_a2b_base64[] = {
	-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
	-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
	-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,62, -1,-1,-1,63,
	52,53,54,55, 56,57,58,59, 60,61,-1,-1, -1, 0,-1,-1, /* Note PAD->0 */
	-1, 0, 1, 2,  3, 4, 5, 6,  7, 8, 9,10, 11,12,13,14,
	15,16,17,18, 19,20,21,22, 23,24,25,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,
	-1,26,27,28, 29,30,31,32, 33,34,35,36, 37,38,39,40,
	41,42,43,44, 45,46,47,48, 49,50,51,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1
};

#define BASE64_PAD '='
#define BASE64_MAXBIN 57	/* Max binary chunk size (76 char line) */

static unsigned char table_b2a_base64[] =
    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";



static unsigned short crctab_hqx[256] = {
    0x0000, 0x1021, 0x2042, 0x3063, 0x4084, 0x50a5, 0x60c6, 0x70e7,
    0x8108, 0x9129, 0xa14a, 0xb16b, 0xc18c, 0xd1ad, 0xe1ce, 0xf1ef,
    0x1231, 0x0210, 0x3273, 0x2252, 0x52b5, 0x4294, 0x72f7, 0x62d6,
    0x9339, 0x8318, 0xb37b, 0xa35a, 0xd3bd, 0xc39c, 0xf3ff, 0xe3de,
    0x2462, 0x3443, 0x0420, 0x1401, 0x64e6, 0x74c7, 0x44a4, 0x5485,
    0xa56a, 0xb54b, 0x8528, 0x9509, 0xe5ee, 0xf5cf, 0xc5ac, 0xd58d,
    0x3653, 0x2672, 0x1611, 0x0630, 0x76d7, 0x66f6, 0x5695, 0x46b4,
    0xb75b, 0xa77a, 0x9719, 0x8738, 0xf7df, 0xe7fe, 0xd79d, 0xc7bc,
    0x48c4, 0x58e5, 0x6886, 0x78a7, 0x0840, 0x1861, 0x2802, 0x3823,
    0xc9cc, 0xd9ed, 0xe98e, 0xf9af, 0x8948, 0x9969, 0xa90a, 0xb92b,
    0x5af5, 0x4ad4, 0x7ab7, 0x6a96, 0x1a71, 0x0a50, 0x3a33, 0x2a12,
    0xdbfd, 0xcbdc, 0xfbbf, 0xeb9e, 0x9b79, 0x8b58, 0xbb3b, 0xab1a,
    0x6ca6, 0x7c87, 0x4ce4, 0x5cc5, 0x2c22, 0x3c03, 0x0c60, 0x1c41,
    0xedae, 0xfd8f, 0xcdec, 0xddcd, 0xad2a, 0xbd0b, 0x8d68, 0x9d49,
    0x7e97, 0x6eb6, 0x5ed5, 0x4ef4, 0x3e13, 0x2e32, 0x1e51, 0x0e70,
    0xff9f, 0xefbe, 0xdfdd, 0xcffc, 0xbf1b, 0xaf3a, 0x9f59, 0x8f78,
    0x9188, 0x81a9, 0xb1ca, 0xa1eb, 0xd10c, 0xc12d, 0xf14e, 0xe16f,
    0x1080, 0x00a1, 0x30c2, 0x20e3, 0x5004, 0x4025, 0x7046, 0x6067,
    0x83b9, 0x9398, 0xa3fb, 0xb3da, 0xc33d, 0xd31c, 0xe37f, 0xf35e,
    0x02b1, 0x1290, 0x22f3, 0x32d2, 0x4235, 0x5214, 0x6277, 0x7256,
    0xb5ea, 0xa5cb, 0x95a8, 0x8589, 0xf56e, 0xe54f, 0xd52c, 0xc50d,
    0x34e2, 0x24c3, 0x14a0, 0x0481, 0x7466, 0x6447, 0x5424, 0x4405,
    0xa7db, 0xb7fa, 0x8799, 0x97b8, 0xe75f, 0xf77e, 0xc71d, 0xd73c,
    0x26d3, 0x36f2, 0x0691, 0x16b0, 0x6657, 0x7676, 0x4615, 0x5634,
    0xd94c, 0xc96d, 0xf90e, 0xe92f, 0x99c8, 0x89e9, 0xb98a, 0xa9ab,
    0x5844, 0x4865, 0x7806, 0x6827, 0x18c0, 0x08e1, 0x3882, 0x28a3,
    0xcb7d, 0xdb5c, 0xeb3f, 0xfb1e, 0x8bf9, 0x9bd8, 0xabbb, 0xbb9a,
    0x4a75, 0x5a54, 0x6a37, 0x7a16, 0x0af1, 0x1ad0, 0x2ab3, 0x3a92,
    0xfd2e, 0xed0f, 0xdd6c, 0xcd4d, 0xbdaa, 0xad8b, 0x9de8, 0x8dc9,
    0x7c26, 0x6c07, 0x5c64, 0x4c45, 0x3ca2, 0x2c83, 0x1ce0, 0x0cc1,
    0xef1f, 0xff3e, 0xcf5d, 0xdf7c, 0xaf9b, 0xbfba, 0x8fd9, 0x9ff8,
    0x6e17, 0x7e36, 0x4e55, 0x5e74, 0x2e93, 0x3eb2, 0x0ed1, 0x1ef0,
};

static char doc_a2b_uu[] = "(ascii) -> bin. Decode a line of uuencoded data";

static PyObject *
binascii_a2b_uu(self, args)
	PyObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	unsigned char *ascii_data, *bin_data;
	int leftbits = 0;
	unsigned char this_ch;
	unsigned int leftchar = 0;
	PyObject *rv;
	int ascii_len, bin_len;
	
	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#", &ascii_data, &ascii_len) )
		return NULL;

	/* First byte: binary data length (in bytes) */
	bin_len = (*ascii_data++ - ' ') & 077;
	ascii_len--;

	/* Allocate the buffer */
	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len)) == NULL )
		return NULL;
	bin_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
	
	for( ; bin_len > 0 ; ascii_len--, ascii_data++ ) {
		this_ch = *ascii_data;
		if ( this_ch == '\n' || this_ch == '\r' || ascii_len <= 0) {
			/*
			** Whitespace. Assume some spaces got eaten at
			** end-of-line. (We check this later)
			*/
			this_ch = 0;
	        } else {
			/* Check the character for legality
			** The 64 in stead of the expected 63 is because there are a few
			** uuencodes out there that use '@' as zero in stead of space.
			*/
			if ( this_ch < ' ' || this_ch > (' ' + 64)) {
				PyErr_SetString(Error, "Illegal char");
				Py_DECREF(rv);
				return NULL;
			}
			this_ch = (this_ch - ' ') & 077;
		}
		/*
		** Shift it in on the low end, and see if there's
		** a byte ready for output.
		*/
		leftchar = (leftchar << 6) | (this_ch);
		leftbits += 6;
		if ( leftbits >= 8 ) {
			leftbits -= 8;
			*bin_data++ = (leftchar >> leftbits) & 0xff;
			leftchar &= ((1 << leftbits) - 1);
			bin_len--;
		}
	}
	/*
	** Finally, check that if there's anything left on the line
	** that it's whitespace only.
	*/
	while( ascii_len-- > 0 ) {
		this_ch = *ascii_data++;
		if ( this_ch != ' ' && this_ch != '\n' && this_ch != '\r' ) {
			PyErr_SetString(Error, "Trailing garbage");
			Py_DECREF(rv);
			return NULL;
		}
	}
	return rv;
}

static char doc_b2a_uu[] = "(bin) -> ascii. Uuencode line of data";
	
static PyObject *
binascii_b2a_uu(self, args)
	PyObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	unsigned char *ascii_data, *bin_data;
	int leftbits = 0;
	unsigned char this_ch;
	unsigned int leftchar = 0;
	PyObject *rv;
	int bin_len;
	
	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#", &bin_data, &bin_len) )
		return NULL;
	if ( bin_len > 45 ) {
		/* The 45 is a limit that appears in all uuencode's */
		PyErr_SetString(Error, "At most 45 bytes at once");
		return NULL;
	}

	/* We're lazy and allocate to much (fixed up later) */
	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len*2)) == NULL )
		return NULL;
	ascii_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);

	/* Store the length */
	*ascii_data++ = ' ' + (bin_len & 077);
	
	for( ; bin_len > 0 || leftbits != 0 ; bin_len--, bin_data++ ) {
		/* Shift the data (or padding) into our buffer */
		if ( bin_len > 0 )	/* Data */
			leftchar = (leftchar << 8) | *bin_data;
		else			/* Padding */
			leftchar <<= 8;
		leftbits += 8;

		/* See if there are 6-bit groups ready */
		while ( leftbits >= 6 ) {
			this_ch = (leftchar >> (leftbits-6)) & 0x3f;
			leftbits -= 6;
			*ascii_data++ = this_ch + ' ';
		}
	}
	*ascii_data++ = '\n';	/* Append a courtesy newline */
	
	_PyString_Resize(&rv, (ascii_data - (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv)));
	return rv;
}

static char doc_a2b_base64[] = "(ascii) -> bin. Decode a line of base64 data";

static PyObject *
binascii_a2b_base64(self, args)
	PyObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	unsigned char *ascii_data, *bin_data;
	int leftbits = 0;
	unsigned char this_ch;
	unsigned int leftchar = 0;
	int npad = 0;
	PyObject *rv;
	int ascii_len, bin_len;
	
	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#", &ascii_data, &ascii_len) )
		return NULL;

	bin_len = ((ascii_len+3)/4)*3; /* Upper bound, corrected later */

	/* Allocate the buffer */
	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len)) == NULL )
		return NULL;
	bin_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
	bin_len = 0;
	for( ; ascii_len > 0 ; ascii_len--, ascii_data++ ) {
		/* Skip some punctuation */
		this_ch = (*ascii_data & 0x7f);
		if ( this_ch == '\r' || this_ch == '\n' || this_ch == ' ' )
			continue;
		
		if ( this_ch == BASE64_PAD )
			npad++;
		this_ch = table_a2b_base64[(*ascii_data) & 0x7f];
		if ( this_ch == (unsigned char) -1 ) continue;
		/*
		** Shift it in on the low end, and see if there's
		** a byte ready for output.
		*/
		leftchar = (leftchar << 6) | (this_ch);
		leftbits += 6;
		if ( leftbits >= 8 ) {
			leftbits -= 8;
			*bin_data++ = (leftchar >> leftbits) & 0xff;
			leftchar &= ((1 << leftbits) - 1);
			bin_len++;
		}
	}
	/* Check that no bits are left */
	if ( leftbits ) {
		PyErr_SetString(Error, "Incorrect padding");
		Py_DECREF(rv);
		return NULL;
	}
	/* and remove any padding */
	bin_len -= npad;
	/* and set string size correctly */
	_PyString_Resize(&rv, bin_len);
	return rv;
}

static char doc_b2a_base64[] = "(bin) -> ascii. Base64-code line of data";
	
static PyObject *
binascii_b2a_base64(self, args)
	PyObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	unsigned char *ascii_data, *bin_data;
	int leftbits = 0;
	unsigned char this_ch;
	unsigned int leftchar = 0;
	PyObject *rv;
	int bin_len;
	
	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#", &bin_data, &bin_len) )
		return NULL;
	if ( bin_len > BASE64_MAXBIN ) {
		PyErr_SetString(Error, "Too much data for base64 line");
		return NULL;
	}
	
	/* We're lazy and allocate to much (fixed up later) */
	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len*2)) == NULL )
		return NULL;
	ascii_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);

	for( ; bin_len > 0 ; bin_len--, bin_data++ ) {
		/* Shift the data into our buffer */
		leftchar = (leftchar << 8) | *bin_data;
		leftbits += 8;

		/* See if there are 6-bit groups ready */
		while ( leftbits >= 6 ) {
			this_ch = (leftchar >> (leftbits-6)) & 0x3f;
			leftbits -= 6;
			*ascii_data++ = table_b2a_base64[this_ch];
		}
	}
	if ( leftbits == 2 ) {
		*ascii_data++ = table_b2a_base64[(leftchar&3) << 4];
		*ascii_data++ = BASE64_PAD;
		*ascii_data++ = BASE64_PAD;
	} else if ( leftbits == 4 ) {
		*ascii_data++ = table_b2a_base64[(leftchar&0xf) << 2];
		*ascii_data++ = BASE64_PAD;
	} 
	*ascii_data++ = '\n';	/* Append a courtesy newline */
	
	_PyString_Resize(&rv, (ascii_data - (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv)));
	return rv;
}

static char doc_a2b_hqx[] = "ascii -> bin, done. Decode .hqx coding";

static PyObject *
binascii_a2b_hqx(self, args)
	PyObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	unsigned char *ascii_data, *bin_data;
	int leftbits = 0;
	unsigned char this_ch;
	unsigned int leftchar = 0;
	PyObject *rv;
	int len;
	int done = 0;
	
	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#", &ascii_data, &len) )
		return NULL;

	/* Allocate a string that is too big (fixed later) */
	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len)) == NULL )
		return NULL;
	bin_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);

	for( ; len > 0 ; len--, ascii_data++ ) {
		/* Get the byte and look it up */
		this_ch = table_a2b_hqx[*ascii_data];
		if ( this_ch == SKIP )
			continue;
		if ( this_ch == FAIL ) {
			PyErr_SetString(Error, "Illegal char");
			Py_DECREF(rv);
			return NULL;
		}
		if ( this_ch == DONE ) {
			/* The terminating colon */
			done = 1;
			break;
		}

		/* Shift it into the buffer and see if any bytes are ready */
		leftchar = (leftchar << 6) | (this_ch);
		leftbits += 6;
		if ( leftbits >= 8 ) {
			leftbits -= 8;
			*bin_data++ = (leftchar >> leftbits) & 0xff;
			leftchar &= ((1 << leftbits) - 1);
		}
	}
	
	if ( leftbits && !done ) {
		PyErr_SetString(Incomplete,
				"String has incomplete number of bytes");
		Py_DECREF(rv);
		return NULL;
	}
	_PyString_Resize(&rv, (bin_data - (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv)));
	if ( rv )
		return Py_BuildValue("Oi", rv, done);
	return NULL;
}

static char doc_rlecode_hqx[] = "Binhex RLE-code binary data";

static PyObject *
binascii_rlecode_hqx(self, args)
	PyObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	unsigned char *in_data, *out_data;
	PyObject *rv;
	unsigned char ch;
	int in, inend, len;
	
	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#", &in_data, &len) )
		return NULL;

	/* Worst case: output is twice as big as input (fixed later) */
	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*2)) == NULL )
		return NULL;
	out_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
	
	for( in=0; in<len; in++) {
		ch = in_data[in];
		if ( ch == RUNCHAR ) {
			/* RUNCHAR. Escape it. */
			*out_data++ = RUNCHAR;
			*out_data++ = 0;
		} else {
			/* Check how many following are the same */
			for(inend=in+1;
			    inend<len && in_data[inend] == ch &&
			        inend < in+255;
			    inend++) ;
			if ( inend - in > 3 ) {
				/* More than 3 in a row. Output RLE. */
				*out_data++ = ch;
				*out_data++ = RUNCHAR;
				*out_data++ = inend-in;
				in = inend-1;
			} else {
				/* Less than 3. Output the byte itself */
				*out_data++ = ch;
			}
		}
	}
	_PyString_Resize(&rv, (out_data - (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv)));
	return rv;
}

static char doc_b2a_hqx[] = "Encode .hqx data";
	
static PyObject *
binascii_b2a_hqx(self, args)
	PyObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	unsigned char *ascii_data, *bin_data;
	int leftbits = 0;
	unsigned char this_ch;
	unsigned int leftchar = 0;
	PyObject *rv;
	int len;
	
	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#", &bin_data, &len) )
		return NULL;

	/* Allocate a buffer that is at least large enough */
	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*2)) == NULL )
		return NULL;
	ascii_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
	
	for( ; len > 0 ; len--, bin_data++ ) {
		/* Shift into our buffer, and output any 6bits ready */
		leftchar = (leftchar << 8) | *bin_data;
		leftbits += 8;
		while ( leftbits >= 6 ) {
			this_ch = (leftchar >> (leftbits-6)) & 0x3f;
			leftbits -= 6;
			*ascii_data++ = table_b2a_hqx[this_ch];
		}
	}
	/* Output a possible runt byte */
	if ( leftbits ) {
		leftchar <<= (6-leftbits);
		*ascii_data++ = table_b2a_hqx[leftchar & 0x3f];
	}
	_PyString_Resize(&rv, (ascii_data - (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv)));
	return rv;
}

static char doc_rledecode_hqx[] = "Decode hexbin RLE-coded string";
	
static PyObject *
binascii_rledecode_hqx(self, args)
	PyObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	unsigned char *in_data, *out_data;
	unsigned char in_byte, in_repeat;
	PyObject *rv;
	int in_len, out_len, out_len_left;

	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#", &in_data, &in_len) )
		return NULL;

	/* Empty string is a special case */
	if ( in_len == 0 )
		return Py_BuildValue("s", "");

	/* Allocate a buffer of reasonable size. Resized when needed */
	out_len = in_len*2;
	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, out_len)) == NULL )
		return NULL;
	out_len_left = out_len;
	out_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);

	/*
	** We need two macros here to get/put bytes and handle
	** end-of-buffer for input and output strings.
	*/
#define INBYTE(b) \
    do { \
	if ( --in_len < 0 ) { \
		PyErr_SetString(Incomplete, ""); \
	        Py_DECREF(rv); \
		return NULL; \
	} \
	b = *in_data++; \
    } while(0)
	    
#define OUTBYTE(b) \
    do { \
	if ( --out_len_left < 0 ) { \
		_PyString_Resize(&rv, 2*out_len); \
		if ( rv == NULL ) return NULL; \
		out_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv) + out_len; \
		out_len_left = out_len-1; \
		out_len = out_len * 2; \
	} \
	*out_data++ = b; \
    } while(0)

	/*
	** Handle first byte separately (since we have to get angry
	** in case of an orphaned RLE code).
	*/
	INBYTE(in_byte);

	if (in_byte == RUNCHAR) {
		INBYTE(in_repeat);
		if (in_repeat != 0) {
			/* Note Error, not Incomplete (which is at the end
			** of the string only). This is a programmer error.
			*/
			PyErr_SetString(Error, "Orphaned RLE code at start");
			Py_DECREF(rv);
			return NULL;
		}
		OUTBYTE(RUNCHAR);
	} else {
		OUTBYTE(in_byte);
	}
	
	while( in_len > 0 ) {
		INBYTE(in_byte);

		if (in_byte == RUNCHAR) {
			INBYTE(in_repeat);
			if ( in_repeat == 0 ) {
				/* Just an escaped RUNCHAR value */
				OUTBYTE(RUNCHAR);
			} else {
				/* Pick up value and output a sequence of it */
				in_byte = out_data[-1];
				while ( --in_repeat > 0 )
					OUTBYTE(in_byte);
			}
		} else {
			/* Normal byte */
			OUTBYTE(in_byte);
		}
	}
	_PyString_Resize(&rv, (out_data - (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv)));
	return rv;
}

static char doc_crc_hqx[] = "(data, oldcrc) -> newcrc. Compute hqx CRC incrementally";

static PyObject *
binascii_crc_hqx(self, args)
	PyObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	unsigned char *bin_data;
	unsigned int crc;
	int len;
	
	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#i", &bin_data, &len, &crc) )
		return NULL;

	while(len--) {
		crc=((crc<<8)&0xff00)^crctab_hqx[((crc>>8)&0xff)^*bin_data++];
	}

	return Py_BuildValue("i", crc);
}

/* List of functions defined in the module */

static struct PyMethodDef binascii_module_methods[] = {
	{"a2b_uu",		binascii_a2b_uu,	1,	doc_a2b_uu},
	{"b2a_uu",		binascii_b2a_uu,	1,	doc_b2a_uu},
	{"a2b_base64",		binascii_a2b_base64,	1,
		 doc_a2b_base64},
	{"b2a_base64",		binascii_b2a_base64,	1,
		 doc_b2a_base64},
	{"a2b_hqx",		binascii_a2b_hqx,	1,	doc_a2b_hqx},
	{"b2a_hqx",		binascii_b2a_hqx,	1,	doc_b2a_hqx},
	{"rlecode_hqx",		binascii_rlecode_hqx,	1,
		 doc_rlecode_hqx},
	{"rledecode_hqx",	binascii_rledecode_hqx,	1,
		 doc_rledecode_hqx},
	{"crc_hqx",		binascii_crc_hqx,	1,	doc_crc_hqx},
	{NULL,			NULL}		/* sentinel */
};


/* Initialization function for the module (*must* be called initbinascii) */
static char doc_binascii[] = "Conversion between binary data and ASCII";

void
initbinascii()
{
	PyObject *m, *d, *x;

	/* Create the module and add the functions */
	m = Py_InitModule("binascii", binascii_module_methods);

	d = PyModule_GetDict(m);
	x = PyString_FromString(doc_binascii);
	PyDict_SetItemString(d, "__doc__", x);

	Error = PyString_FromString("binascii.Error");
	PyDict_SetItemString(d, "Error", Error);
	Incomplete = PyString_FromString("binascii.Incomplete");
	PyDict_SetItemString(d, "Incomplete", Incomplete);

	/* Check for errors */
	if (PyErr_Occurred())
		Py_FatalError("can't initialize module binascii");
}