2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
:mod:`urllib2` --- extensible library for opening URLs
|
|
|
|
======================================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. module:: urllib2
|
|
|
|
:synopsis: Next generation URL opening library.
|
|
|
|
.. moduleauthor:: Jeremy Hylton <jhylton@users.sourceforge.net>
|
|
|
|
.. sectionauthor:: Moshe Zadka <moshez@users.sourceforge.net>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008-07-10 21:12:52 -03:00
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`urllib2` module has been split across several modules in
|
2012-05-03 13:21:40 -03:00
|
|
|
Python 3 named :mod:`urllib.request` and :mod:`urllib.error`.
|
2008-07-10 21:12:52 -03:00
|
|
|
The :term:`2to3` tool will automatically adapt imports when converting
|
2012-05-03 13:21:40 -03:00
|
|
|
your sources to Python 3.
|
2008-07-10 21:12:52 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
The :mod:`urllib2` module defines functions and classes which help in opening
|
|
|
|
URLs (mostly HTTP) in a complex world --- basic and digest authentication,
|
|
|
|
redirections, cookies and more.
|
|
|
|
|
2010-09-29 08:30:52 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
The :mod:`urllib2` module defines the following functions:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: urlopen(url[, data][, timeout])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Open the URL *url*, which can be either a string or a :class:`Request` object.
|
|
|
|
|
2010-10-05 15:45:00 -03:00
|
|
|
.. warning::
|
|
|
|
HTTPS requests do not do any verification of the server's certificate.
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
*data* may be a string specifying additional data to send to the server, or
|
|
|
|
``None`` if no such data is needed. Currently HTTP requests are the only ones
|
|
|
|
that use *data*; the HTTP request will be a POST instead of a GET when the
|
|
|
|
*data* parameter is provided. *data* should be a buffer in the standard
|
|
|
|
:mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded` format. The
|
|
|
|
:func:`urllib.urlencode` function takes a mapping or sequence of 2-tuples and
|
2010-08-21 13:14:54 -03:00
|
|
|
returns a string in this format. urllib2 module sends HTTP/1.1 requests with
|
2011-09-01 14:49:31 -03:00
|
|
|
``Connection:close`` header included.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2008-05-11 08:09:35 -03:00
|
|
|
The optional *timeout* parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for blocking
|
2008-05-29 13:39:26 -03:00
|
|
|
operations like the connection attempt (if not specified, the global default
|
2010-10-05 15:45:00 -03:00
|
|
|
timeout setting will be used). This actually only works for HTTP, HTTPS and
|
|
|
|
FTP connections.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This function returns a file-like object with two additional methods:
|
|
|
|
|
2008-02-02 05:56:20 -04:00
|
|
|
* :meth:`geturl` --- return the URL of the resource retrieved, commonly used to
|
|
|
|
determine if a redirect was followed
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2010-06-28 14:07:40 -03:00
|
|
|
* :meth:`info` --- return the meta-information of the page, such as headers,
|
|
|
|
in the form of an :class:`mimetools.Message` instance
|
2008-02-02 05:56:20 -04:00
|
|
|
(see `Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_)
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Raises :exc:`URLError` on errors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that ``None`` may be returned if no handler handles the request (though the
|
|
|
|
default installed global :class:`OpenerDirector` uses :class:`UnknownHandler` to
|
|
|
|
ensure this never happens).
|
|
|
|
|
2009-10-17 22:24:41 -03:00
|
|
|
In addition, default installed :class:`ProxyHandler` makes sure the requests
|
|
|
|
are handled through the proxy when they are set.
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
|
|
|
|
*timeout* was added.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: install_opener(opener)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Install an :class:`OpenerDirector` instance as the default global opener.
|
|
|
|
Installing an opener is only necessary if you want urlopen to use that opener;
|
|
|
|
otherwise, simply call :meth:`OpenerDirector.open` instead of :func:`urlopen`.
|
|
|
|
The code does not check for a real :class:`OpenerDirector`, and any class with
|
|
|
|
the appropriate interface will work.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: build_opener([handler, ...])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return an :class:`OpenerDirector` instance, which chains the handlers in the
|
|
|
|
order given. *handler*\s can be either instances of :class:`BaseHandler`, or
|
|
|
|
subclasses of :class:`BaseHandler` (in which case it must be possible to call
|
|
|
|
the constructor without any parameters). Instances of the following classes
|
|
|
|
will be in front of the *handler*\s, unless the *handler*\s contain them,
|
|
|
|
instances of them or subclasses of them: :class:`ProxyHandler`,
|
|
|
|
:class:`UnknownHandler`, :class:`HTTPHandler`, :class:`HTTPDefaultErrorHandler`,
|
|
|
|
:class:`HTTPRedirectHandler`, :class:`FTPHandler`, :class:`FileHandler`,
|
|
|
|
:class:`HTTPErrorProcessor`.
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-27 16:11:11 -03:00
|
|
|
If the Python installation has SSL support (i.e., if the :mod:`ssl` module can be imported),
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
:class:`HTTPSHandler` will also be added.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Beginning in Python 2.3, a :class:`BaseHandler` subclass may also change its
|
2011-07-04 16:50:02 -03:00
|
|
|
:attr:`handler_order` attribute to modify its position in the handlers
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
list.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The following exceptions are raised as appropriate:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: URLError
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The handlers raise this exception (or derived exceptions) when they run into a
|
|
|
|
problem. It is a subclass of :exc:`IOError`.
|
|
|
|
|
2008-02-02 05:56:20 -04:00
|
|
|
.. attribute:: reason
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The reason for this error. It can be a message string or another exception
|
|
|
|
instance (:exc:`socket.error` for remote URLs, :exc:`OSError` for local
|
|
|
|
URLs).
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: HTTPError
|
|
|
|
|
2008-02-02 05:56:20 -04:00
|
|
|
Though being an exception (a subclass of :exc:`URLError`), an :exc:`HTTPError`
|
|
|
|
can also function as a non-exceptional file-like return value (the same thing
|
|
|
|
that :func:`urlopen` returns). This is useful when handling exotic HTTP
|
|
|
|
errors, such as requests for authentication.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: code
|
|
|
|
|
2009-01-03 16:55:06 -04:00
|
|
|
An HTTP status code as defined in `RFC 2616 <http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2616.html>`_.
|
2008-02-02 05:56:20 -04:00
|
|
|
This numeric value corresponds to a value found in the dictionary of
|
|
|
|
codes as found in :attr:`BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.responses`.
|
|
|
|
|
2012-12-09 17:36:40 -04:00
|
|
|
.. attribute:: reason
|
2008-02-02 05:56:20 -04:00
|
|
|
|
2012-12-09 17:36:40 -04:00
|
|
|
The reason for this error. It can be a message string or another exception
|
|
|
|
instance.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The following classes are provided:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008-02-02 05:56:20 -04:00
|
|
|
.. class:: Request(url[, data][, headers][, origin_req_host][, unverifiable])
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This class is an abstraction of a URL request.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*url* should be a string containing a valid URL.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*data* may be a string specifying additional data to send to the server, or
|
|
|
|
``None`` if no such data is needed. Currently HTTP requests are the only ones
|
|
|
|
that use *data*; the HTTP request will be a POST instead of a GET when the
|
|
|
|
*data* parameter is provided. *data* should be a buffer in the standard
|
|
|
|
:mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded` format. The
|
|
|
|
:func:`urllib.urlencode` function takes a mapping or sequence of 2-tuples and
|
|
|
|
returns a string in this format.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*headers* should be a dictionary, and will be treated as if :meth:`add_header`
|
2008-02-02 05:56:20 -04:00
|
|
|
was called with each key and value as arguments. This is often used to "spoof"
|
|
|
|
the ``User-Agent`` header, which is used by a browser to identify itself --
|
|
|
|
some HTTP servers only allow requests coming from common browsers as opposed
|
|
|
|
to scripts. For example, Mozilla Firefox may identify itself as ``"Mozilla/5.0
|
|
|
|
(X11; U; Linux i686) Gecko/20071127 Firefox/2.0.0.11"``, while :mod:`urllib2`'s
|
|
|
|
default user agent string is ``"Python-urllib/2.6"`` (on Python 2.6).
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The final two arguments are only of interest for correct handling of third-party
|
|
|
|
HTTP cookies:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*origin_req_host* should be the request-host of the origin transaction, as
|
|
|
|
defined by :rfc:`2965`. It defaults to ``cookielib.request_host(self)``. This
|
|
|
|
is the host name or IP address of the original request that was initiated by the
|
|
|
|
user. For example, if the request is for an image in an HTML document, this
|
|
|
|
should be the request-host of the request for the page containing the image.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*unverifiable* should indicate whether the request is unverifiable, as defined
|
|
|
|
by RFC 2965. It defaults to False. An unverifiable request is one whose URL
|
|
|
|
the user did not have the option to approve. For example, if the request is for
|
|
|
|
an image in an HTML document, and the user had no option to approve the
|
|
|
|
automatic fetching of the image, this should be true.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: OpenerDirector()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The :class:`OpenerDirector` class opens URLs via :class:`BaseHandler`\ s chained
|
|
|
|
together. It manages the chaining of handlers, and recovery from errors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: BaseHandler()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This is the base class for all registered handlers --- and handles only the
|
|
|
|
simple mechanics of registration.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HTTPDefaultErrorHandler()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A class which defines a default handler for HTTP error responses; all responses
|
|
|
|
are turned into :exc:`HTTPError` exceptions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HTTPRedirectHandler()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A class to handle redirections.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HTTPCookieProcessor([cookiejar])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A class to handle HTTP Cookies.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: ProxyHandler([proxies])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cause requests to go through a proxy. If *proxies* is given, it must be a
|
2009-10-17 22:24:41 -03:00
|
|
|
dictionary mapping protocol names to URLs of proxies. The default is to read
|
|
|
|
the list of proxies from the environment variables
|
|
|
|
:envvar:`<protocol>_proxy`. If no proxy environment variables are set, in a
|
|
|
|
Windows environment, proxy settings are obtained from the registry's
|
|
|
|
Internet Settings section and in a Mac OS X environment, proxy information
|
2009-10-17 22:58:45 -03:00
|
|
|
is retrieved from the OS X System Configuration Framework.
|
2009-10-17 22:24:41 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2008-03-20 00:20:48 -03:00
|
|
|
To disable autodetected proxy pass an empty dictionary.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HTTPPasswordMgr()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Keep a database of ``(realm, uri) -> (user, password)`` mappings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Keep a database of ``(realm, uri) -> (user, password)`` mappings. A realm of
|
|
|
|
``None`` is considered a catch-all realm, which is searched if no other realm
|
|
|
|
fits.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: AbstractBasicAuthHandler([password_mgr])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This is a mixin class that helps with HTTP authentication, both to the remote
|
|
|
|
host and to a proxy. *password_mgr*, if given, should be something that is
|
|
|
|
compatible with :class:`HTTPPasswordMgr`; refer to section
|
|
|
|
:ref:`http-password-mgr` for information on the interface that must be
|
|
|
|
supported.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HTTPBasicAuthHandler([password_mgr])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Handle authentication with the remote host. *password_mgr*, if given, should be
|
|
|
|
something that is compatible with :class:`HTTPPasswordMgr`; refer to section
|
|
|
|
:ref:`http-password-mgr` for information on the interface that must be
|
|
|
|
supported.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: ProxyBasicAuthHandler([password_mgr])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Handle authentication with the proxy. *password_mgr*, if given, should be
|
|
|
|
something that is compatible with :class:`HTTPPasswordMgr`; refer to section
|
|
|
|
:ref:`http-password-mgr` for information on the interface that must be
|
|
|
|
supported.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: AbstractDigestAuthHandler([password_mgr])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This is a mixin class that helps with HTTP authentication, both to the remote
|
|
|
|
host and to a proxy. *password_mgr*, if given, should be something that is
|
|
|
|
compatible with :class:`HTTPPasswordMgr`; refer to section
|
|
|
|
:ref:`http-password-mgr` for information on the interface that must be
|
|
|
|
supported.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HTTPDigestAuthHandler([password_mgr])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Handle authentication with the remote host. *password_mgr*, if given, should be
|
|
|
|
something that is compatible with :class:`HTTPPasswordMgr`; refer to section
|
|
|
|
:ref:`http-password-mgr` for information on the interface that must be
|
|
|
|
supported.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: ProxyDigestAuthHandler([password_mgr])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Handle authentication with the proxy. *password_mgr*, if given, should be
|
|
|
|
something that is compatible with :class:`HTTPPasswordMgr`; refer to section
|
|
|
|
:ref:`http-password-mgr` for information on the interface that must be
|
|
|
|
supported.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HTTPHandler()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A class to handle opening of HTTP URLs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HTTPSHandler()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A class to handle opening of HTTPS URLs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: FileHandler()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Open local files.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: FTPHandler()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Open FTP URLs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: CacheFTPHandler()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Open FTP URLs, keeping a cache of open FTP connections to minimize delays.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: UnknownHandler()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A catch-all class to handle unknown URLs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2011-07-17 19:44:11 -03:00
|
|
|
.. class:: HTTPErrorProcessor()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Process HTTP error responses.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
.. _request-objects:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Request Objects
|
|
|
|
---------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The following methods describe all of :class:`Request`'s public interface, and
|
|
|
|
so all must be overridden in subclasses.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.add_data(data)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Set the :class:`Request` data to *data*. This is ignored by all handlers except
|
|
|
|
HTTP handlers --- and there it should be a byte string, and will change the
|
|
|
|
request to be ``POST`` rather than ``GET``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.get_method()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return a string indicating the HTTP request method. This is only meaningful for
|
|
|
|
HTTP requests, and currently always returns ``'GET'`` or ``'POST'``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.has_data()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return whether the instance has a non-\ ``None`` data.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.get_data()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return the instance's data.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.add_header(key, val)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Add another header to the request. Headers are currently ignored by all
|
|
|
|
handlers except HTTP handlers, where they are added to the list of headers sent
|
|
|
|
to the server. Note that there cannot be more than one header with the same
|
|
|
|
name, and later calls will overwrite previous calls in case the *key* collides.
|
|
|
|
Currently, this is no loss of HTTP functionality, since all headers which have
|
|
|
|
meaning when used more than once have a (header-specific) way of gaining the
|
|
|
|
same functionality using only one header.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.add_unredirected_header(key, header)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Add a header that will not be added to a redirected request.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.has_header(header)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return whether the instance has the named header (checks both regular and
|
|
|
|
unredirected).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.get_full_url()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return the URL given in the constructor.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.get_type()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return the type of the URL --- also known as the scheme.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.get_host()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return the host to which a connection will be made.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.get_selector()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return the selector --- the part of the URL that is sent to the server.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2012-04-29 00:52:59 -03:00
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.get_header(header_name, default=None)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return the value of the given header. If the header is not present, return
|
|
|
|
the default value.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.header_items()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return a list of tuples (header_name, header_value) of the Request headers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.set_proxy(host, type)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prepare the request by connecting to a proxy server. The *host* and *type* will
|
|
|
|
replace those of the instance, and the instance's selector will be the original
|
|
|
|
URL given in the constructor.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.get_origin_req_host()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return the request-host of the origin transaction, as defined by :rfc:`2965`.
|
|
|
|
See the documentation for the :class:`Request` constructor.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: Request.is_unverifiable()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return whether the request is unverifiable, as defined by RFC 2965. See the
|
|
|
|
documentation for the :class:`Request` constructor.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _opener-director-objects:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OpenerDirector Objects
|
|
|
|
----------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:class:`OpenerDirector` instances have the following methods:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: OpenerDirector.add_handler(handler)
|
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
*handler* should be an instance of :class:`BaseHandler`. The following
|
|
|
|
methods are searched, and added to the possible chains (note that HTTP errors
|
|
|
|
are a special case).
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
* :samp:`{protocol}_open` --- signal that the handler knows how to open
|
|
|
|
*protocol* URLs.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
* :samp:`http_error_{type}` --- signal that the handler knows how to handle
|
|
|
|
HTTP errors with HTTP error code *type*.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
* :samp:`{protocol}_error` --- signal that the handler knows how to handle
|
|
|
|
errors from (non-\ ``http``) *protocol*.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
* :samp:`{protocol}_request` --- signal that the handler knows how to
|
|
|
|
pre-process *protocol* requests.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
* :samp:`{protocol}_response` --- signal that the handler knows how to
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
post-process *protocol* responses.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: OpenerDirector.open(url[, data][, timeout])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Open the given *url* (which can be a request object or a string), optionally
|
2008-05-11 08:09:35 -03:00
|
|
|
passing the given *data*. Arguments, return values and exceptions raised are
|
|
|
|
the same as those of :func:`urlopen` (which simply calls the :meth:`open`
|
|
|
|
method on the currently installed global :class:`OpenerDirector`). The
|
|
|
|
optional *timeout* parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for blocking
|
2008-05-29 13:39:26 -03:00
|
|
|
operations like the connection attempt (if not specified, the global default
|
2010-05-21 17:52:46 -03:00
|
|
|
timeout setting will be used). The timeout feature actually works only for
|
2010-10-05 15:45:00 -03:00
|
|
|
HTTP, HTTPS and FTP connections).
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
|
|
|
|
*timeout* was added.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: OpenerDirector.error(proto[, arg[, ...]])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Handle an error of the given protocol. This will call the registered error
|
|
|
|
handlers for the given protocol with the given arguments (which are protocol
|
|
|
|
specific). The HTTP protocol is a special case which uses the HTTP response
|
|
|
|
code to determine the specific error handler; refer to the :meth:`http_error_\*`
|
|
|
|
methods of the handler classes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return values and exceptions raised are the same as those of :func:`urlopen`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OpenerDirector objects open URLs in three stages:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The order in which these methods are called within each stage is determined by
|
|
|
|
sorting the handler instances.
|
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
#. Every handler with a method named like :samp:`{protocol}_request` has that
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
method called to pre-process the request.
|
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
#. Handlers with a method named like :samp:`{protocol}_open` are called to handle
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
the request. This stage ends when a handler either returns a non-\ :const:`None`
|
|
|
|
value (ie. a response), or raises an exception (usually :exc:`URLError`).
|
|
|
|
Exceptions are allowed to propagate.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In fact, the above algorithm is first tried for methods named
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
:meth:`default_open`. If all such methods return :const:`None`, the
|
|
|
|
algorithm is repeated for methods named like :samp:`{protocol}_open`. If all
|
|
|
|
such methods return :const:`None`, the algorithm is repeated for methods
|
|
|
|
named :meth:`unknown_open`.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that the implementation of these methods may involve calls of the parent
|
2010-08-01 18:26:45 -03:00
|
|
|
:class:`OpenerDirector` instance's :meth:`~OpenerDirector.open` and
|
|
|
|
:meth:`~OpenerDirector.error` methods.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
#. Every handler with a method named like :samp:`{protocol}_response` has that
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
method called to post-process the response.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _base-handler-objects:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BaseHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:class:`BaseHandler` objects provide a couple of methods that are directly
|
|
|
|
useful, and others that are meant to be used by derived classes. These are
|
|
|
|
intended for direct use:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: BaseHandler.add_parent(director)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Add a director as parent.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: BaseHandler.close()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Remove any parents.
|
|
|
|
|
2011-07-04 16:50:02 -03:00
|
|
|
The following attributes and methods should only be used by classes derived from
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
:class:`BaseHandler`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The convention has been adopted that subclasses defining
|
|
|
|
:meth:`protocol_request` or :meth:`protocol_response` methods are named
|
|
|
|
:class:`\*Processor`; all others are named :class:`\*Handler`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: BaseHandler.parent
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A valid :class:`OpenerDirector`, which can be used to open using a different
|
|
|
|
protocol, or handle errors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: BaseHandler.default_open(req)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This method is *not* defined in :class:`BaseHandler`, but subclasses should
|
|
|
|
define it if they want to catch all URLs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This method, if implemented, will be called by the parent
|
|
|
|
:class:`OpenerDirector`. It should return a file-like object as described in
|
|
|
|
the return value of the :meth:`open` of :class:`OpenerDirector`, or ``None``.
|
|
|
|
It should raise :exc:`URLError`, unless a truly exceptional thing happens (for
|
|
|
|
example, :exc:`MemoryError` should not be mapped to :exc:`URLError`).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This method will be called before any protocol-specific open method.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: BaseHandler.protocol_open(req)
|
|
|
|
:noindex:
|
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
("protocol" is to be replaced by the protocol name.)
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
This method is *not* defined in :class:`BaseHandler`, but subclasses should
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
define it if they want to handle URLs with the given *protocol*.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This method, if defined, will be called by the parent :class:`OpenerDirector`.
|
|
|
|
Return values should be the same as for :meth:`default_open`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: BaseHandler.unknown_open(req)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This method is *not* defined in :class:`BaseHandler`, but subclasses should
|
|
|
|
define it if they want to catch all URLs with no specific registered handler to
|
|
|
|
open it.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This method, if implemented, will be called by the :attr:`parent`
|
|
|
|
:class:`OpenerDirector`. Return values should be the same as for
|
|
|
|
:meth:`default_open`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: BaseHandler.http_error_default(req, fp, code, msg, hdrs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This method is *not* defined in :class:`BaseHandler`, but subclasses should
|
|
|
|
override it if they intend to provide a catch-all for otherwise unhandled HTTP
|
|
|
|
errors. It will be called automatically by the :class:`OpenerDirector` getting
|
|
|
|
the error, and should not normally be called in other circumstances.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*req* will be a :class:`Request` object, *fp* will be a file-like object with
|
|
|
|
the HTTP error body, *code* will be the three-digit code of the error, *msg*
|
|
|
|
will be the user-visible explanation of the code and *hdrs* will be a mapping
|
|
|
|
object with the headers of the error.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return values and exceptions raised should be the same as those of
|
|
|
|
:func:`urlopen`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: BaseHandler.http_error_nnn(req, fp, code, msg, hdrs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*nnn* should be a three-digit HTTP error code. This method is also not defined
|
|
|
|
in :class:`BaseHandler`, but will be called, if it exists, on an instance of a
|
|
|
|
subclass, when an HTTP error with code *nnn* occurs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Subclasses should override this method to handle specific HTTP errors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Arguments, return values and exceptions raised should be the same as for
|
|
|
|
:meth:`http_error_default`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: BaseHandler.protocol_request(req)
|
|
|
|
:noindex:
|
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
("protocol" is to be replaced by the protocol name.)
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
This method is *not* defined in :class:`BaseHandler`, but subclasses should
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
define it if they want to pre-process requests of the given *protocol*.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This method, if defined, will be called by the parent :class:`OpenerDirector`.
|
|
|
|
*req* will be a :class:`Request` object. The return value should be a
|
|
|
|
:class:`Request` object.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: BaseHandler.protocol_response(req, response)
|
|
|
|
:noindex:
|
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
("protocol" is to be replaced by the protocol name.)
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
This method is *not* defined in :class:`BaseHandler`, but subclasses should
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
define it if they want to post-process responses of the given *protocol*.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This method, if defined, will be called by the parent :class:`OpenerDirector`.
|
|
|
|
*req* will be a :class:`Request` object. *response* will be an object
|
|
|
|
implementing the same interface as the return value of :func:`urlopen`. The
|
|
|
|
return value should implement the same interface as the return value of
|
|
|
|
:func:`urlopen`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _http-redirect-handler:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
---------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Some HTTP redirections require action from this module's client code. If this
|
|
|
|
is the case, :exc:`HTTPError` is raised. See :rfc:`2616` for details of the
|
|
|
|
precise meanings of the various redirection codes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2009-02-13 06:40:14 -04:00
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPRedirectHandler.redirect_request(req, fp, code, msg, hdrs, newurl)
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return a :class:`Request` or ``None`` in response to a redirect. This is called
|
|
|
|
by the default implementations of the :meth:`http_error_30\*` methods when a
|
|
|
|
redirection is received from the server. If a redirection should take place,
|
|
|
|
return a new :class:`Request` to allow :meth:`http_error_30\*` to perform the
|
2009-02-13 06:40:14 -04:00
|
|
|
redirect to *newurl*. Otherwise, raise :exc:`HTTPError` if no other handler
|
|
|
|
should try to handle this URL, or return ``None`` if you can't but another
|
|
|
|
handler might.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The default implementation of this method does not strictly follow :rfc:`2616`,
|
|
|
|
which says that 301 and 302 responses to ``POST`` requests must not be
|
|
|
|
automatically redirected without confirmation by the user. In reality, browsers
|
|
|
|
do allow automatic redirection of these responses, changing the POST to a
|
|
|
|
``GET``, and the default implementation reproduces this behavior.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_301(req, fp, code, msg, hdrs)
|
|
|
|
|
2009-02-13 06:40:14 -04:00
|
|
|
Redirect to the ``Location:`` or ``URI:`` URL. This method is called by the
|
|
|
|
parent :class:`OpenerDirector` when getting an HTTP 'moved permanently' response.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_302(req, fp, code, msg, hdrs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The same as :meth:`http_error_301`, but called for the 'found' response.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_303(req, fp, code, msg, hdrs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The same as :meth:`http_error_301`, but called for the 'see other' response.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_307(req, fp, code, msg, hdrs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The same as :meth:`http_error_301`, but called for the 'temporary redirect'
|
|
|
|
response.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _http-cookie-processor:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
|
|
|
|
---------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:class:`HTTPCookieProcessor` instances have one attribute:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: HTTPCookieProcessor.cookiejar
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The :class:`cookielib.CookieJar` in which cookies are stored.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _proxy-handler:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ProxyHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: ProxyHandler.protocol_open(request)
|
|
|
|
:noindex:
|
|
|
|
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
("protocol" is to be replaced by the protocol name.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The :class:`ProxyHandler` will have a method :samp:`{protocol}_open` for every
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
*protocol* which has a proxy in the *proxies* dictionary given in the
|
|
|
|
constructor. The method will modify requests to go through the proxy, by
|
|
|
|
calling ``request.set_proxy()``, and call the next handler in the chain to
|
|
|
|
actually execute the protocol.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _http-password-mgr:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
|
|
|
|
-----------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
These methods are available on :class:`HTTPPasswordMgr` and
|
|
|
|
:class:`HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm` objects.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPPasswordMgr.add_password(realm, uri, user, passwd)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*uri* can be either a single URI, or a sequence of URIs. *realm*, *user* and
|
|
|
|
*passwd* must be strings. This causes ``(user, passwd)`` to be used as
|
|
|
|
authentication tokens when authentication for *realm* and a super-URI of any of
|
|
|
|
the given URIs is given.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPPasswordMgr.find_user_password(realm, authuri)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Get user/password for given realm and URI, if any. This method will return
|
|
|
|
``(None, None)`` if there is no matching user/password.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For :class:`HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm` objects, the realm ``None`` will be
|
|
|
|
searched if the given *realm* has no matching user/password.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _abstract-basic-auth-handler:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
--------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractBasicAuthHandler.http_error_auth_reqed(authreq, host, req, headers)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Handle an authentication request by getting a user/password pair, and re-trying
|
|
|
|
the request. *authreq* should be the name of the header where the information
|
|
|
|
about the realm is included in the request, *host* specifies the URL and path to
|
|
|
|
authenticate for, *req* should be the (failed) :class:`Request` object, and
|
|
|
|
*headers* should be the error headers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*host* is either an authority (e.g. ``"python.org"``) or a URL containing an
|
|
|
|
authority component (e.g. ``"http://python.org/"``). In either case, the
|
|
|
|
authority must not contain a userinfo component (so, ``"python.org"`` and
|
|
|
|
``"python.org:80"`` are fine, ``"joe:password@python.org"`` is not).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _http-basic-auth-handler:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
----------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPBasicAuthHandler.http_error_401(req, fp, code, msg, hdrs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Retry the request with authentication information, if available.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _proxy-basic-auth-handler:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
-----------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: ProxyBasicAuthHandler.http_error_407(req, fp, code, msg, hdrs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Retry the request with authentication information, if available.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _abstract-digest-auth-handler:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
---------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractDigestAuthHandler.http_error_auth_reqed(authreq, host, req, headers)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*authreq* should be the name of the header where the information about the realm
|
|
|
|
is included in the request, *host* should be the host to authenticate to, *req*
|
|
|
|
should be the (failed) :class:`Request` object, and *headers* should be the
|
|
|
|
error headers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _http-digest-auth-handler:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
-----------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPDigestAuthHandler.http_error_401(req, fp, code, msg, hdrs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Retry the request with authentication information, if available.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _proxy-digest-auth-handler:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: ProxyDigestAuthHandler.http_error_407(req, fp, code, msg, hdrs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Retry the request with authentication information, if available.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _http-handler-objects:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HTTPHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPHandler.http_open(req)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Send an HTTP request, which can be either GET or POST, depending on
|
|
|
|
``req.has_data()``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _https-handler-objects:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HTTPSHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPSHandler.https_open(req)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Send an HTTPS request, which can be either GET or POST, depending on
|
|
|
|
``req.has_data()``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _file-handler-objects:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FileHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: FileHandler.file_open(req)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Open the file locally, if there is no host name, or the host name is
|
|
|
|
``'localhost'``. Change the protocol to ``ftp`` otherwise, and retry opening it
|
|
|
|
using :attr:`parent`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _ftp-handler-objects:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FTPHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: FTPHandler.ftp_open(req)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Open the FTP file indicated by *req*. The login is always done with empty
|
|
|
|
username and password.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _cacheftp-handler-objects:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CacheFTPHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
-----------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:class:`CacheFTPHandler` objects are :class:`FTPHandler` objects with the
|
|
|
|
following additional methods:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: CacheFTPHandler.setTimeout(t)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Set timeout of connections to *t* seconds.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: CacheFTPHandler.setMaxConns(m)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Set maximum number of cached connections to *m*.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _unknown-handler-objects:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
UnknownHandler Objects
|
|
|
|
----------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: UnknownHandler.unknown_open()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Raise a :exc:`URLError` exception.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _http-error-processor-objects:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
|
|
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2011-07-17 20:16:02 -03:00
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPErrorProcessor.http_response()
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Process HTTP error responses.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For 200 error codes, the response object is returned immediately.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For non-200 error codes, this simply passes the job on to the
|
2009-01-01 07:53:55 -04:00
|
|
|
:samp:`{protocol}_error_code` handler methods, via
|
|
|
|
:meth:`OpenerDirector.error`. Eventually,
|
|
|
|
:class:`urllib2.HTTPDefaultErrorHandler` will raise an :exc:`HTTPError` if no
|
|
|
|
other handler handles the error.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2011-07-17 20:16:02 -03:00
|
|
|
.. method:: HTTPErrorProcessor.https_response()
|
|
|
|
|
2011-07-17 20:18:40 -03:00
|
|
|
Process HTTPS error responses.
|
|
|
|
|
2011-07-17 20:16:02 -03:00
|
|
|
The behavior is same as :meth:`http_response`.
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _urllib2-examples:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This example gets the python.org main page and displays the first 100 bytes of
|
|
|
|
it::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import urllib2
|
|
|
|
>>> f = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.python.org/')
|
|
|
|
>>> print f.read(100)
|
|
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
|
|
|
|
<?xml-stylesheet href="./css/ht2html
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Here we are sending a data-stream to the stdin of a CGI and reading the data it
|
|
|
|
returns to us. Note that this example will only work when the Python
|
|
|
|
installation supports SSL. ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import urllib2
|
|
|
|
>>> req = urllib2.Request(url='https://localhost/cgi-bin/test.cgi',
|
|
|
|
... data='This data is passed to stdin of the CGI')
|
|
|
|
>>> f = urllib2.urlopen(req)
|
|
|
|
>>> print f.read()
|
|
|
|
Got Data: "This data is passed to stdin of the CGI"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The code for the sample CGI used in the above example is::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#!/usr/bin/env python
|
|
|
|
import sys
|
|
|
|
data = sys.stdin.read()
|
|
|
|
print 'Content-type: text-plain\n\nGot Data: "%s"' % data
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Use of Basic HTTP Authentication::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import urllib2
|
|
|
|
# Create an OpenerDirector with support for Basic HTTP Authentication...
|
|
|
|
auth_handler = urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler()
|
|
|
|
auth_handler.add_password(realm='PDQ Application',
|
|
|
|
uri='https://mahler:8092/site-updates.py',
|
|
|
|
user='klem',
|
|
|
|
passwd='kadidd!ehopper')
|
|
|
|
opener = urllib2.build_opener(auth_handler)
|
|
|
|
# ...and install it globally so it can be used with urlopen.
|
|
|
|
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
|
|
|
|
urllib2.urlopen('http://www.example.com/login.html')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:func:`build_opener` provides many handlers by default, including a
|
|
|
|
:class:`ProxyHandler`. By default, :class:`ProxyHandler` uses the environment
|
|
|
|
variables named ``<scheme>_proxy``, where ``<scheme>`` is the URL scheme
|
|
|
|
involved. For example, the :envvar:`http_proxy` environment variable is read to
|
|
|
|
obtain the HTTP proxy's URL.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This example replaces the default :class:`ProxyHandler` with one that uses
|
2008-07-12 17:16:19 -03:00
|
|
|
programmatically-supplied proxy URLs, and adds proxy authorization support with
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
:class:`ProxyBasicAuthHandler`. ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({'http': 'http://www.example.com:3128/'})
|
2009-12-23 22:18:14 -04:00
|
|
|
proxy_auth_handler = urllib2.ProxyBasicAuthHandler()
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
proxy_auth_handler.add_password('realm', 'host', 'username', 'password')
|
|
|
|
|
2009-12-23 22:18:14 -04:00
|
|
|
opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_handler, proxy_auth_handler)
|
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
|
|
|
# This time, rather than install the OpenerDirector, we use it directly:
|
|
|
|
opener.open('http://www.example.com/login.html')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adding HTTP headers:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Use the *headers* argument to the :class:`Request` constructor, or::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import urllib2
|
|
|
|
req = urllib2.Request('http://www.example.com/')
|
|
|
|
req.add_header('Referer', 'http://www.python.org/')
|
|
|
|
r = urllib2.urlopen(req)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:class:`OpenerDirector` automatically adds a :mailheader:`User-Agent` header to
|
|
|
|
every :class:`Request`. To change this::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import urllib2
|
|
|
|
opener = urllib2.build_opener()
|
|
|
|
opener.addheaders = [('User-agent', 'Mozilla/5.0')]
|
|
|
|
opener.open('http://www.example.com/')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Also, remember that a few standard headers (:mailheader:`Content-Length`,
|
|
|
|
:mailheader:`Content-Type` and :mailheader:`Host`) are added when the
|
|
|
|
:class:`Request` is passed to :func:`urlopen` (or :meth:`OpenerDirector.open`).
|
|
|
|
|