cpython/Doc/c-api/init.rst

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _initialization:
*****************************************
Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
*****************************************
.. cfunction:: void Py_Initialize()
.. index::
single: Py_SetProgramName()
single: PyEval_InitThreads()
single: PyEval_ReleaseLock()
single: PyEval_AcquireLock()
single: modules (in module sys)
single: path (in module sys)
module: __builtin__
module: __main__
module: sys
triple: module; search; path
single: PySys_SetArgv()
single: Py_Finalize()
Initialize the Python interpreter. In an application embedding Python, this
should be called before using any other Python/C API functions; with the
exception of :cfunc:`Py_SetProgramName`, :cfunc:`PyEval_InitThreads`,
:cfunc:`PyEval_ReleaseLock`, and :cfunc:`PyEval_AcquireLock`. This initializes
the table of loaded modules (``sys.modules``), and creates the fundamental
modules :mod:`__builtin__`, :mod:`__main__` and :mod:`sys`. It also initializes
the module search path (``sys.path``). It does not set ``sys.argv``; use
:cfunc:`PySys_SetArgv` for that. This is a no-op when called for a second time
(without calling :cfunc:`Py_Finalize` first). There is no return value; it is a
fatal error if the initialization fails.
.. cfunction:: void Py_InitializeEx(int initsigs)
This function works like :cfunc:`Py_Initialize` if *initsigs* is 1. If
*initsigs* is 0, it skips initialization registration of signal handlers, which
might be useful when Python is embedded.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int Py_IsInitialized()
Return true (nonzero) when the Python interpreter has been initialized, false
(zero) if not. After :cfunc:`Py_Finalize` is called, this returns false until
:cfunc:`Py_Initialize` is called again.
.. cfunction:: void Py_Finalize()
Undo all initializations made by :cfunc:`Py_Initialize` and subsequent use of
Python/C API functions, and destroy all sub-interpreters (see
:cfunc:`Py_NewInterpreter` below) that were created and not yet destroyed since
the last call to :cfunc:`Py_Initialize`. Ideally, this frees all memory
allocated by the Python interpreter. This is a no-op when called for a second
time (without calling :cfunc:`Py_Initialize` again first). There is no return
value; errors during finalization are ignored.
This function is provided for a number of reasons. An embedding application
might want to restart Python without having to restart the application itself.
An application that has loaded the Python interpreter from a dynamically
loadable library (or DLL) might want to free all memory allocated by Python
before unloading the DLL. During a hunt for memory leaks in an application a
developer might want to free all memory allocated by Python before exiting from
the application.
**Bugs and caveats:** The destruction of modules and objects in modules is done
in random order; this may cause destructors (:meth:`__del__` methods) to fail
when they depend on other objects (even functions) or modules. Dynamically
loaded extension modules loaded by Python are not unloaded. Small amounts of
memory allocated by the Python interpreter may not be freed (if you find a leak,
please report it). Memory tied up in circular references between objects is not
freed. Some memory allocated by extension modules may not be freed. Some
extensions may not work properly if their initialization routine is called more
than once; this can happen if an application calls :cfunc:`Py_Initialize` and
:cfunc:`Py_Finalize` more than once.
.. cfunction:: PyThreadState* Py_NewInterpreter()
.. index::
module: __builtin__
module: __main__
module: sys
single: stdout (in module sys)
single: stderr (in module sys)
single: stdin (in module sys)
Create a new sub-interpreter. This is an (almost) totally separate environment
for the execution of Python code. In particular, the new interpreter has
separate, independent versions of all imported modules, including the
fundamental modules :mod:`__builtin__`, :mod:`__main__` and :mod:`sys`. The
table of loaded modules (``sys.modules``) and the module search path
(``sys.path``) are also separate. The new environment has no ``sys.argv``
variable. It has new standard I/O stream file objects ``sys.stdin``,
``sys.stdout`` and ``sys.stderr`` (however these refer to the same underlying
:ctype:`FILE` structures in the C library).
The return value points to the first thread state created in the new
sub-interpreter. This thread state is made in the current thread state.
Note that no actual thread is created; see the discussion of thread states
below. If creation of the new interpreter is unsuccessful, *NULL* is
returned; no exception is set since the exception state is stored in the
current thread state and there may not be a current thread state. (Like all
other Python/C API functions, the global interpreter lock must be held before
calling this function and is still held when it returns; however, unlike most
other Python/C API functions, there needn't be a current thread state on
entry.)
.. index::
single: Py_Finalize()
single: Py_Initialize()
Extension modules are shared between (sub-)interpreters as follows: the first
time a particular extension is imported, it is initialized normally, and a
(shallow) copy of its module's dictionary is squirreled away. When the same
extension is imported by another (sub-)interpreter, a new module is initialized
and filled with the contents of this copy; the extension's ``init`` function is
not called. Note that this is different from what happens when an extension is
imported after the interpreter has been completely re-initialized by calling
:cfunc:`Py_Finalize` and :cfunc:`Py_Initialize`; in that case, the extension's
``initmodule`` function *is* called again.
.. index:: single: close() (in module os)
**Bugs and caveats:** Because sub-interpreters (and the main interpreter) are
part of the same process, the insulation between them isn't perfect --- for
example, using low-level file operations like :func:`os.close` they can
(accidentally or maliciously) affect each other's open files. Because of the
way extensions are shared between (sub-)interpreters, some extensions may not
work properly; this is especially likely when the extension makes use of
(static) global variables, or when the extension manipulates its module's
dictionary after its initialization. It is possible to insert objects created
in one sub-interpreter into a namespace of another sub-interpreter; this should
be done with great care to avoid sharing user-defined functions, methods,
instances or classes between sub-interpreters, since import operations executed
by such objects may affect the wrong (sub-)interpreter's dictionary of loaded
modules. (XXX This is a hard-to-fix bug that will be addressed in a future
release.)
Also note that the use of this functionality is incompatible with extension
modules such as PyObjC and ctypes that use the :cfunc:`PyGILState_\*` APIs (and
this is inherent in the way the :cfunc:`PyGILState_\*` functions work). Simple
things may work, but confusing behavior will always be near.
.. cfunction:: void Py_EndInterpreter(PyThreadState *tstate)
.. index:: single: Py_Finalize()
Destroy the (sub-)interpreter represented by the given thread state. The given
thread state must be the current thread state. See the discussion of thread
states below. When the call returns, the current thread state is *NULL*. All
thread states associated with this interpreter are destroyed. (The global
interpreter lock must be held before calling this function and is still held
when it returns.) :cfunc:`Py_Finalize` will destroy all sub-interpreters that
haven't been explicitly destroyed at that point.
.. cfunction:: void Py_SetProgramName(char *name)
.. index::
single: Py_Initialize()
single: main()
single: Py_GetPath()
This function should be called before :cfunc:`Py_Initialize` is called for
the first time, if it is called at all. It tells the interpreter the value
of the ``argv[0]`` argument to the :cfunc:`main` function of the program.
This is used by :cfunc:`Py_GetPath` and some other functions below to find
the Python run-time libraries relative to the interpreter executable. The
default value is ``'python'``. The argument should point to a
zero-terminated character string in static storage whose contents will not
change for the duration of the program's execution. No code in the Python
interpreter will change the contents of this storage.
.. cfunction:: char* Py_GetProgramName()
.. index:: single: Py_SetProgramName()
Return the program name set with :cfunc:`Py_SetProgramName`, or the default.
The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value.
.. cfunction:: char* Py_GetPrefix()
Return the *prefix* for installed platform-independent files. This is derived
through a number of complicated rules from the program name set with
:cfunc:`Py_SetProgramName` and some environment variables; for example, if the
program name is ``'/usr/local/bin/python'``, the prefix is ``'/usr/local'``. The
returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. This corresponds to the :makevar:`prefix` variable in the top-level
:file:`Makefile` and the :option:`--prefix` argument to the :program:`configure`
script at build time. The value is available to Python code as ``sys.prefix``.
It is only useful on Unix. See also the next function.
.. cfunction:: char* Py_GetExecPrefix()
Return the *exec-prefix* for installed platform-*dependent* files. This is
derived through a number of complicated rules from the program name set with
:cfunc:`Py_SetProgramName` and some environment variables; for example, if the
program name is ``'/usr/local/bin/python'``, the exec-prefix is
``'/usr/local'``. The returned string points into static storage; the caller
should not modify its value. This corresponds to the :makevar:`exec_prefix`
variable in the top-level :file:`Makefile` and the :option:`--exec-prefix`
argument to the :program:`configure` script at build time. The value is
available to Python code as ``sys.exec_prefix``. It is only useful on Unix.
Background: The exec-prefix differs from the prefix when platform dependent
files (such as executables and shared libraries) are installed in a different
directory tree. In a typical installation, platform dependent files may be
installed in the :file:`/usr/local/plat` subtree while platform independent may
be installed in :file:`/usr/local`.
Generally speaking, a platform is a combination of hardware and software
families, e.g. Sparc machines running the Solaris 2.x operating system are
considered the same platform, but Intel machines running Solaris 2.x are another
platform, and Intel machines running Linux are yet another platform. Different
major revisions of the same operating system generally also form different
platforms. Non-Unix operating systems are a different story; the installation
strategies on those systems are so different that the prefix and exec-prefix are
meaningless, and set to the empty string. Note that compiled Python bytecode
files are platform independent (but not independent from the Python version by
which they were compiled!).
System administrators will know how to configure the :program:`mount` or
:program:`automount` programs to share :file:`/usr/local` between platforms
while having :file:`/usr/local/plat` be a different filesystem for each
platform.
.. cfunction:: char* Py_GetProgramFullPath()
.. index::
single: Py_SetProgramName()
single: executable (in module sys)
Return the full program name of the Python executable; this is computed as a
side-effect of deriving the default module search path from the program name
(set by :cfunc:`Py_SetProgramName` above). The returned string points into
static storage; the caller should not modify its value. The value is available
to Python code as ``sys.executable``.
.. cfunction:: char* Py_GetPath()
.. index::
triple: module; search; path
single: path (in module sys)
Return the default module search path; this is computed from the program name
(set by :cfunc:`Py_SetProgramName` above) and some environment variables. The
returned string consists of a series of directory names separated by a platform
dependent delimiter character. The delimiter character is ``':'`` on Unix and
Mac OS X, ``';'`` on Windows. The returned string points into static storage;
the caller should not modify its value. The value is available to Python code
as the list ``sys.path``, which may be modified to change the future search path
for loaded modules.
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.. XXX should give the exact rules
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.. cfunction:: const char* Py_GetVersion()
Return the version of this Python interpreter. This is a string that looks
something like ::
"1.5 (#67, Dec 31 1997, 22:34:28) [GCC 2.7.2.2]"
.. index:: single: version (in module sys)
The first word (up to the first space character) is the current Python version;
the first three characters are the major and minor version separated by a
period. The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not
modify its value. The value is available to Python code as ``sys.version``.
.. cfunction:: const char* Py_GetBuildNumber()
Return a string representing the Subversion revision that this Python executable
was built from. This number is a string because it may contain a trailing 'M'
if Python was built from a mixed revision source tree.
.. versionadded:: 2.5
.. cfunction:: const char* Py_GetPlatform()
.. index:: single: platform (in module sys)
Return the platform identifier for the current platform. On Unix, this is
formed from the "official" name of the operating system, converted to lower
case, followed by the major revision number; e.g., for Solaris 2.x, which is
also known as SunOS 5.x, the value is ``'sunos5'``. On Mac OS X, it is
``'darwin'``. On Windows, it is ``'win'``. The returned string points into
static storage; the caller should not modify its value. The value is available
to Python code as ``sys.platform``.
.. cfunction:: const char* Py_GetCopyright()
Return the official copyright string for the current Python version, for example
``'Copyright 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam'``
.. index:: single: copyright (in module sys)
The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. The value is available to Python code as ``sys.copyright``.
.. cfunction:: const char* Py_GetCompiler()
Return an indication of the compiler used to build the current Python version,
in square brackets, for example::
"[GCC 2.7.2.2]"
.. index:: single: version (in module sys)
The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. The value is available to Python code as part of the variable
``sys.version``.
.. cfunction:: const char* Py_GetBuildInfo()
Return information about the sequence number and build date and time of the
current Python interpreter instance, for example ::
"#67, Aug 1 1997, 22:34:28"
.. index:: single: version (in module sys)
The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. The value is available to Python code as part of the variable
``sys.version``.
.. cfunction:: void PySys_SetArgv(int argc, char **argv)
.. index::
single: main()
single: Py_FatalError()
single: argv (in module sys)
Merged revisions 68582,68718,68720-68721,68724-68727,68859,68973,69288-69289,69293,69295,69297-69301,69409,69414,69570,69573,69576,69728-69730,69769,69776,69803-69805,69840,69896 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r68582 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-13 23:14:01 +0100 (Di, 13 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Use assertRaises. ........ r68718 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 11:42:35 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4976: union() and intersection() take multiple args, but talk about "the other". ........ r68720 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 11:45:22 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4974: fix redundant mention of lists and tuples. ........ r68721 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 11:48:16 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4914: trunc is in math. ........ r68724 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 14:24:10 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4979: correct result range for some random functions. ........ r68725 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 14:47:26 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4857: fix augmented assignment target spec. ........ r68726 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 15:41:52 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4923: clarify what was added. ........ r68727 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 19:25:30 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4986: augassigns are not expressions. ........ r68859 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-22 19:29:28 +0100 (Do, 22 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Clarify wording. ........ r68973 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-26 22:29:38 +0100 (Mo, 26 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Copy over docs on advanced role features from Sphinx docs. ........ r69288 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 11:30:57 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5153: fix typo in example. ........ r69289 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 11:37:07 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5144: document that PySys_SetArgv prepends the script directory (or the empty string) to sys.path. ........ r69293 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 11:59:28 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5059: fix example. ........ r69295 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:23:47 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line PyErr_PrintEx is also in 2.x... ........ r69297 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:32:18 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5015: document PythonHome API functions. ........ r69298 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:33:21 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4827: fix callback example. ........ r69299 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:35:28 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4820: use correct module for ctypes.util. ........ r69300 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:38:23 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4563: disable alpha and roman lists, fixes wrong formatting of contributor list. ........ r69301 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:40:35 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5031: fix Thread.daemon property docs. ........ r69409 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-07 13:21:17 +0100 (Sa, 07 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5174: fix wrong file closing in example. ........ r69414 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-07 19:49:54 +0100 (Sa, 07 Feb 2009) | 1 line make "super only for new-style classes" a note. ........ r69570 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-13 11:40:14 +0100 (Fr, 13 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4894: document "newurl" parameter to redirect_request(). ........ r69573 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-13 11:44:17 +0100 (Fr, 13 Feb 2009) | 1 line #3734: document complex coercing behavior better. ........ r69576 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-13 11:56:50 +0100 (Fr, 13 Feb 2009) | 1 line #1661108: note that urlsafe encoded string can contain "=". ........ r69728 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-18 01:22:55 +0100 (Mi, 18 Feb 2009) | 2 lines #5297: fix example. ........ r69729 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-18 01:25:13 +0100 (Mi, 18 Feb 2009) | 2 lines #5296: sequence -> iterable. ........ r69730 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-18 01:31:36 +0100 (Mi, 18 Feb 2009) | 2 lines #5268: mention VMSError. ........ r69769 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-19 09:30:06 +0100 (Do, 19 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5310, #3558: fix operator precedence table. ........ r69776 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-19 17:34:51 +0100 (Do, 19 Feb 2009) | 2 lines #5317: update IronPython URL. ........ r69803 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-20 08:48:21 +0100 (Fr, 20 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5327: fix a broken link by joining it. ........ r69804 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-20 09:22:21 +0100 (Fr, 20 Feb 2009) | 1 line At least separate imports from other statements. ........ r69805 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-20 09:45:47 +0100 (Fr, 20 Feb 2009) | 2 lines Fix punctuation. ........ r69840 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-21 20:09:40 +0100 (Sa, 21 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5338, #5339: two types in the API manual. ........ r69896 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-23 11:24:23 +0100 (Mo, 23 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5348: format() converts all kinds of values. ........
2009-02-23 06:41:11 -04:00
Set :data:`sys.argv` based on *argc* and *argv*. These parameters are
similar to those passed to the program's :cfunc:`main` function with the
difference that the first entry should refer to the script file to be
executed rather than the executable hosting the Python interpreter. If there
isn't a script that will be run, the first entry in *argv* can be an empty
string. If this function fails to initialize :data:`sys.argv`, a fatal
condition is signalled using :cfunc:`Py_FatalError`.
This function also prepends the executed script's path to :data:`sys.path`.
If no script is executed (in the case of calling ``python -c`` or just the
interactive interpreter), the empty string is used instead.
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2007-12-29 06:57:00 -04:00
.. XXX impl. doesn't seem consistent in allowing 0/NULL for the params;
check w/ Guido.
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Merged revisions 68582,68718,68720-68721,68724-68727,68859,68973,69288-69289,69293,69295,69297-69301,69409,69414,69570,69573,69576,69728-69730,69769,69776,69803-69805,69840,69896 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r68582 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-13 23:14:01 +0100 (Di, 13 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Use assertRaises. ........ r68718 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 11:42:35 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4976: union() and intersection() take multiple args, but talk about "the other". ........ r68720 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 11:45:22 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4974: fix redundant mention of lists and tuples. ........ r68721 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 11:48:16 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4914: trunc is in math. ........ r68724 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 14:24:10 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4979: correct result range for some random functions. ........ r68725 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 14:47:26 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4857: fix augmented assignment target spec. ........ r68726 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 15:41:52 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4923: clarify what was added. ........ r68727 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-18 19:25:30 +0100 (So, 18 Jan 2009) | 1 line #4986: augassigns are not expressions. ........ r68859 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-22 19:29:28 +0100 (Do, 22 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Clarify wording. ........ r68973 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-26 22:29:38 +0100 (Mo, 26 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Copy over docs on advanced role features from Sphinx docs. ........ r69288 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 11:30:57 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5153: fix typo in example. ........ r69289 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 11:37:07 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5144: document that PySys_SetArgv prepends the script directory (or the empty string) to sys.path. ........ r69293 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 11:59:28 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5059: fix example. ........ r69295 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:23:47 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line PyErr_PrintEx is also in 2.x... ........ r69297 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:32:18 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5015: document PythonHome API functions. ........ r69298 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:33:21 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4827: fix callback example. ........ r69299 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:35:28 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4820: use correct module for ctypes.util. ........ r69300 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:38:23 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4563: disable alpha and roman lists, fixes wrong formatting of contributor list. ........ r69301 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 12:40:35 +0100 (Do, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5031: fix Thread.daemon property docs. ........ r69409 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-07 13:21:17 +0100 (Sa, 07 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5174: fix wrong file closing in example. ........ r69414 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-07 19:49:54 +0100 (Sa, 07 Feb 2009) | 1 line make "super only for new-style classes" a note. ........ r69570 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-13 11:40:14 +0100 (Fr, 13 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4894: document "newurl" parameter to redirect_request(). ........ r69573 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-13 11:44:17 +0100 (Fr, 13 Feb 2009) | 1 line #3734: document complex coercing behavior better. ........ r69576 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-13 11:56:50 +0100 (Fr, 13 Feb 2009) | 1 line #1661108: note that urlsafe encoded string can contain "=". ........ r69728 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-18 01:22:55 +0100 (Mi, 18 Feb 2009) | 2 lines #5297: fix example. ........ r69729 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-18 01:25:13 +0100 (Mi, 18 Feb 2009) | 2 lines #5296: sequence -> iterable. ........ r69730 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-18 01:31:36 +0100 (Mi, 18 Feb 2009) | 2 lines #5268: mention VMSError. ........ r69769 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-19 09:30:06 +0100 (Do, 19 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5310, #3558: fix operator precedence table. ........ r69776 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-19 17:34:51 +0100 (Do, 19 Feb 2009) | 2 lines #5317: update IronPython URL. ........ r69803 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-20 08:48:21 +0100 (Fr, 20 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5327: fix a broken link by joining it. ........ r69804 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-20 09:22:21 +0100 (Fr, 20 Feb 2009) | 1 line At least separate imports from other statements. ........ r69805 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-20 09:45:47 +0100 (Fr, 20 Feb 2009) | 2 lines Fix punctuation. ........ r69840 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-21 20:09:40 +0100 (Sa, 21 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5338, #5339: two types in the API manual. ........ r69896 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-23 11:24:23 +0100 (Mo, 23 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5348: format() converts all kinds of values. ........
2009-02-23 06:41:11 -04:00
.. cfunction:: void Py_SetPythonHome(char *home)
Set the default "home" directory, that is, the location of the standard
Python libraries. The libraries are searched in
:file:`{home}/lib/python{version}` and :file:`{home}/lib/python{version}`.
.. cfunction:: char* Py_GetPythonHome()
Return the default "home", that is, the value set by a previous call to
:cfunc:`Py_SetPythonHome`, or the value of the :envvar:`PYTHONHOME`
environment variable if it is set.
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.. _threads:
Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
============================================
.. index::
single: global interpreter lock
single: interpreter lock
single: lock, interpreter
The Python interpreter is not fully thread safe. In order to support
multi-threaded Python programs, there's a global lock that must be held by the
current thread before it can safely access Python objects. Without the lock,
even the simplest operations could cause problems in a multi-threaded program:
for example, when two threads simultaneously increment the reference count of
the same object, the reference count could end up being incremented only once
instead of twice.
.. index:: single: setcheckinterval() (in module sys)
Therefore, the rule exists that only the thread that has acquired the global
interpreter lock may operate on Python objects or call Python/C API functions.
In order to support multi-threaded Python programs, the interpreter regularly
releases and reacquires the lock --- by default, every 100 bytecode instructions
(this can be changed with :func:`sys.setcheckinterval`). The lock is also
released and reacquired around potentially blocking I/O operations like reading
or writing a file, so that other threads can run while the thread that requests
the I/O is waiting for the I/O operation to complete.
.. index::
single: PyThreadState
single: PyThreadState
The Python interpreter needs to keep some bookkeeping information separate per
thread --- for this it uses a data structure called :ctype:`PyThreadState`.
There's one global variable, however: the pointer to the current
:ctype:`PyThreadState` structure. While most thread packages have a way to
store "per-thread global data," Python's internal platform independent thread
abstraction doesn't support this yet. Therefore, the current thread state must
be manipulated explicitly.
This is easy enough in most cases. Most code manipulating the global
interpreter lock has the following simple structure::
Save the thread state in a local variable.
Release the interpreter lock.
...Do some blocking I/O operation...
Reacquire the interpreter lock.
Restore the thread state from the local variable.
This is so common that a pair of macros exists to simplify it::
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
...Do some blocking I/O operation...
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
.. index::
single: Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
single: Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
The :cmacro:`Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS` macro opens a new block and declares a
hidden local variable; the :cmacro:`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS` macro closes the
block. Another advantage of using these two macros is that when Python is
compiled without thread support, they are defined empty, thus saving the thread
state and lock manipulations.
When thread support is enabled, the block above expands to the following code::
PyThreadState *_save;
_save = PyEval_SaveThread();
...Do some blocking I/O operation...
PyEval_RestoreThread(_save);
Using even lower level primitives, we can get roughly the same effect as
follows::
PyThreadState *_save;
_save = PyThreadState_Swap(NULL);
PyEval_ReleaseLock();
...Do some blocking I/O operation...
PyEval_AcquireLock();
PyThreadState_Swap(_save);
.. index::
single: PyEval_RestoreThread()
single: errno
single: PyEval_SaveThread()
single: PyEval_ReleaseLock()
single: PyEval_AcquireLock()
There are some subtle differences; in particular, :cfunc:`PyEval_RestoreThread`
saves and restores the value of the global variable :cdata:`errno`, since the
lock manipulation does not guarantee that :cdata:`errno` is left alone. Also,
when thread support is disabled, :cfunc:`PyEval_SaveThread` and
:cfunc:`PyEval_RestoreThread` don't manipulate the lock; in this case,
:cfunc:`PyEval_ReleaseLock` and :cfunc:`PyEval_AcquireLock` are not available.
This is done so that dynamically loaded extensions compiled with thread support
enabled can be loaded by an interpreter that was compiled with disabled thread
support.
The global interpreter lock is used to protect the pointer to the current thread
state. When releasing the lock and saving the thread state, the current thread
state pointer must be retrieved before the lock is released (since another
thread could immediately acquire the lock and store its own thread state in the
global variable). Conversely, when acquiring the lock and restoring the thread
state, the lock must be acquired before storing the thread state pointer.
Why am I going on with so much detail about this? Because when threads are
created from C, they don't have the global interpreter lock, nor is there a
thread state data structure for them. Such threads must bootstrap themselves
into existence, by first creating a thread state data structure, then acquiring
the lock, and finally storing their thread state pointer, before they can start
using the Python/C API. When they are done, they should reset the thread state
pointer, release the lock, and finally free their thread state data structure.
Beginning with version 2.3, threads can now take advantage of the
:cfunc:`PyGILState_\*` functions to do all of the above automatically. The
typical idiom for calling into Python from a C thread is now::
PyGILState_STATE gstate;
gstate = PyGILState_Ensure();
/* Perform Python actions here. */
result = CallSomeFunction();
/* evaluate result */
/* Release the thread. No Python API allowed beyond this point. */
PyGILState_Release(gstate);
Note that the :cfunc:`PyGILState_\*` functions assume there is only one global
interpreter (created automatically by :cfunc:`Py_Initialize`). Python still
supports the creation of additional interpreters (using
:cfunc:`Py_NewInterpreter`), but mixing multiple interpreters and the
:cfunc:`PyGILState_\*` API is unsupported.
.. ctype:: PyInterpreterState
This data structure represents the state shared by a number of cooperating
threads. Threads belonging to the same interpreter share their module
administration and a few other internal items. There are no public members in
this structure.
Threads belonging to different interpreters initially share nothing, except
process state like available memory, open file descriptors and such. The global
interpreter lock is also shared by all threads, regardless of to which
interpreter they belong.
.. ctype:: PyThreadState
This data structure represents the state of a single thread. The only public
data member is :ctype:`PyInterpreterState \*`:attr:`interp`, which points to
this thread's interpreter state.
.. cfunction:: void PyEval_InitThreads()
.. index::
single: PyEval_ReleaseLock()
single: PyEval_ReleaseThread()
single: PyEval_SaveThread()
single: PyEval_RestoreThread()
Initialize and acquire the global interpreter lock. It should be called in the
main thread before creating a second thread or engaging in any other thread
operations such as :cfunc:`PyEval_ReleaseLock` or
``PyEval_ReleaseThread(tstate)``. It is not needed before calling
:cfunc:`PyEval_SaveThread` or :cfunc:`PyEval_RestoreThread`.
.. index:: single: Py_Initialize()
This is a no-op when called for a second time. It is safe to call this function
before calling :cfunc:`Py_Initialize`.
.. index:: module: thread
When only the main thread exists, no lock operations are needed. This is a
common situation (most Python programs do not use threads), and the lock
operations slow the interpreter down a bit. Therefore, the lock is not created
initially. This situation is equivalent to having acquired the lock: when
there is only a single thread, all object accesses are safe. Therefore, when
this function initializes the lock, it also acquires it. Before the Python
:mod:`thread` module creates a new thread, knowing that either it has the lock
or the lock hasn't been created yet, it calls :cfunc:`PyEval_InitThreads`. When
this call returns, it is guaranteed that the lock has been created and that the
calling thread has acquired it.
It is **not** safe to call this function when it is unknown which thread (if
any) currently has the global interpreter lock.
This function is not available when thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. cfunction:: int PyEval_ThreadsInitialized()
Returns a non-zero value if :cfunc:`PyEval_InitThreads` has been called. This
function can be called without holding the lock, and therefore can be used to
avoid calls to the locking API when running single-threaded. This function is
not available when thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: void PyEval_AcquireLock()
Acquire the global interpreter lock. The lock must have been created earlier.
If this thread already has the lock, a deadlock ensues. This function is not
available when thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. cfunction:: void PyEval_ReleaseLock()
Release the global interpreter lock. The lock must have been created earlier.
This function is not available when thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. cfunction:: void PyEval_AcquireThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
Acquire the global interpreter lock and set the current thread state to
*tstate*, which should not be *NULL*. The lock must have been created earlier.
If this thread already has the lock, deadlock ensues. This function is not
available when thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. cfunction:: void PyEval_ReleaseThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
Reset the current thread state to *NULL* and release the global interpreter
lock. The lock must have been created earlier and must be held by the current
thread. The *tstate* argument, which must not be *NULL*, is only used to check
that it represents the current thread state --- if it isn't, a fatal error is
reported. This function is not available when thread support is disabled at
compile time.
.. cfunction:: PyThreadState* PyEval_SaveThread()
Release the interpreter lock (if it has been created and thread support is
enabled) and reset the thread state to *NULL*, returning the previous thread
state (which is not *NULL*). If the lock has been created, the current thread
must have acquired it. (This function is available even when thread support is
disabled at compile time.)
.. cfunction:: void PyEval_RestoreThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
Acquire the interpreter lock (if it has been created and thread support is
enabled) and set the thread state to *tstate*, which must not be *NULL*. If the
lock has been created, the current thread must not have acquired it, otherwise
deadlock ensues. (This function is available even when thread support is
disabled at compile time.)
.. cfunction:: void PyEval_ReInitThreads()
This function is called from :cfunc:`PyOS_AfterFork` to ensure that newly
created child processes don't hold locks referring to threads which
are not running in the child process.
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
The following macros are normally used without a trailing semicolon; look for
example usage in the Python source distribution.
.. cmacro:: Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
This macro expands to ``{ PyThreadState *_save; _save = PyEval_SaveThread();``.
Note that it contains an opening brace; it must be matched with a following
:cmacro:`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS` macro. See above for further discussion of this
macro. It is a no-op when thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. cmacro:: Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
This macro expands to ``PyEval_RestoreThread(_save); }``. Note that it contains
a closing brace; it must be matched with an earlier
:cmacro:`Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS` macro. See above for further discussion of
this macro. It is a no-op when thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. cmacro:: Py_BLOCK_THREADS
This macro expands to ``PyEval_RestoreThread(_save);``: it is equivalent to
:cmacro:`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS` without the closing brace. It is a no-op when
thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. cmacro:: Py_UNBLOCK_THREADS
This macro expands to ``_save = PyEval_SaveThread();``: it is equivalent to
:cmacro:`Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS` without the opening brace and variable
declaration. It is a no-op when thread support is disabled at compile time.
All of the following functions are only available when thread support is enabled
at compile time, and must be called only when the interpreter lock has been
created.
.. cfunction:: PyInterpreterState* PyInterpreterState_New()
Create a new interpreter state object. The interpreter lock need not be held,
but may be held if it is necessary to serialize calls to this function.
.. cfunction:: void PyInterpreterState_Clear(PyInterpreterState *interp)
Reset all information in an interpreter state object. The interpreter lock must
be held.
.. cfunction:: void PyInterpreterState_Delete(PyInterpreterState *interp)
Destroy an interpreter state object. The interpreter lock need not be held.
The interpreter state must have been reset with a previous call to
:cfunc:`PyInterpreterState_Clear`.
.. cfunction:: PyThreadState* PyThreadState_New(PyInterpreterState *interp)
Create a new thread state object belonging to the given interpreter object. The
interpreter lock need not be held, but may be held if it is necessary to
serialize calls to this function.
.. cfunction:: void PyThreadState_Clear(PyThreadState *tstate)
Reset all information in a thread state object. The interpreter lock must be
held.
.. cfunction:: void PyThreadState_Delete(PyThreadState *tstate)
Destroy a thread state object. The interpreter lock need not be held. The
thread state must have been reset with a previous call to
:cfunc:`PyThreadState_Clear`.
.. cfunction:: PyThreadState* PyThreadState_Get()
Return the current thread state. The interpreter lock must be held. When the
current thread state is *NULL*, this issues a fatal error (so that the caller
needn't check for *NULL*).
.. cfunction:: PyThreadState* PyThreadState_Swap(PyThreadState *tstate)
Swap the current thread state with the thread state given by the argument
*tstate*, which may be *NULL*. The interpreter lock must be held.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyThreadState_GetDict()
Return a dictionary in which extensions can store thread-specific state
information. Each extension should use a unique key to use to store state in
the dictionary. It is okay to call this function when no current thread state
is available. If this function returns *NULL*, no exception has been raised and
the caller should assume no current thread state is available.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Previously this could only be called when a current thread is active, and *NULL*
meant that an exception was raised.
.. cfunction:: int PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc(long id, PyObject *exc)
Asynchronously raise an exception in a thread. The *id* argument is the thread
id of the target thread; *exc* is the exception object to be raised. This
function does not steal any references to *exc*. To prevent naive misuse, you
must write your own C extension to call this. Must be called with the GIL held.
Returns the number of thread states modified; this is normally one, but will be
zero if the thread id isn't found. If *exc* is :const:`NULL`, the pending
exception (if any) for the thread is cleared. This raises no exceptions.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
.. cfunction:: PyGILState_STATE PyGILState_Ensure()
Ensure that the current thread is ready to call the Python C API regardless of
the current state of Python, or of its thread lock. This may be called as many
times as desired by a thread as long as each call is matched with a call to
:cfunc:`PyGILState_Release`. In general, other thread-related APIs may be used
between :cfunc:`PyGILState_Ensure` and :cfunc:`PyGILState_Release` calls as long
as the thread state is restored to its previous state before the Release(). For
example, normal usage of the :cmacro:`Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS` and
:cmacro:`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS` macros is acceptable.
The return value is an opaque "handle" to the thread state when
Merged revisions 66801,66803-66804,66813,66854-66856,66866,66870-66872,66874,66887,66903,66905,66911,66913,66927,66932,66938,66942,66962,66964,66973-66974,66977,66992,66998-66999,67002,67005,67007,67028,67040-67041,67044,67070,67089,67091,67101,67117-67119,67123-67124 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r66801 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-04 23:51:59 +0200 (Sat, 04 Oct 2008) | 1 line Punctuation fix; expand dict.update docstring to be clearer ................ r66803 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-05 00:15:31 +0200 (Sun, 05 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix typo ................ r66804 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-05 02:11:56 +0200 (Sun, 05 Oct 2008) | 1 line #1415508 from Rocky Bernstein: add docstrings for enable_interspersed_args(), disable_interspersed_args() ................ r66813 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-06 14:07:04 +0200 (Mon, 06 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Per Greg Ward, optparse is no longer being externally maintained. I'll look at the bugs in the Optik bug tracker and copy them to the Python bug tracker if they're still relevant. ................ r66854 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-08 19:20:20 +0200 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4059: patch up some sqlite docs. ................ r66855 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-08 19:30:55 +0200 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4058: fix some whatsnew markup. ................ r66856 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-08 20:47:17 +0200 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 3 lines #3935: properly support list subclasses in the C impl. of bisect. Patch reviewed by Raymond. ................ r66866 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-09 22:54:43 +0200 (Thu, 09 Oct 2008) | 1 line update paragraph about __future__ for 2.6 ................ r66870 | armin.rigo | 2008-10-10 10:40:44 +0200 (Fri, 10 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Typo: "ThreadError" is the name in the C source. ................ r66871 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-10 22:38:49 +0200 (Fri, 10 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix a small typo ................ r66872 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-10 22:51:37 +0200 (Fri, 10 Oct 2008) | 1 line talk about how you can unzip with zip ................ r66874 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-11 00:23:41 +0200 (Sat, 11 Oct 2008) | 1 line PyGILState_Acquire -> PyGILState_Ensure ................ r66887 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 23:51:40 +0200 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line document how to disable fixers ................ r66903 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 22:34:09 +0200 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't recurse into directories that start with '.' ................ r66905 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 23:05:55 +0200 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line support the optional line argument for idle ................ r66911 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 01:10:28 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 41 lines Merged revisions 66805,66841,66860,66884-66886,66893,66907,66910 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r66805 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-04 20:11:02 -0500 (Sat, 04 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention what the fixes directory is for ........ r66841 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-07 17:48:12 -0500 (Tue, 07 Oct 2008) | 1 line use assertFalse and assertTrue ........ r66860 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-08 16:05:07 -0500 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 1 line instead of abusing the pattern matcher, use start_tree to find a next binding ........ r66884 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 15:50:30 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't print tokens to stdout when -v is given ........ r66885 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:28:57 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -x option to disable fixers ........ r66886 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:33:53 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line cut down on some crud ........ r66893 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-14 17:16:54 -0500 (Tue, 14 Oct 2008) | 1 line add an optional set literal fixer ........ r66907 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:59:41 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't write backup files by default ........ r66910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 17:43:10 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -n option; it stops backupfiles from being written ........ ................ r66913 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 20:52:14 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line document that deque indexing is O(n) #4123 ................ r66927 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-16 22:15:47 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line Fix wording (2.6.1 backport candidate) ................ r66932 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 23:09:28 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line check for error conditions in _json #3623 ................ r66938 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 23:27:54 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix possible ref leak ................ r66942 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 23:48:06 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix more possible ref leaks in _json and use Py_CLEAR ................ r66962 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-17 22:01:01 +0200 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 1 line clarify CALL_FUNCTION #4141 ................ r66964 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-17 23:41:49 +0200 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Fix duplicate word. ................ r66973 | armin.ronacher | 2008-10-19 10:27:43 +0200 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Fixed #4067 by implementing _attributes and _fields for the AST root node. ................ r66974 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-19 15:59:01 +0200 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix compiler warning ................ r66977 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-19 21:39:16 +0200 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention -n ................ r66992 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-21 22:51:13 +0200 (Tue, 21 Oct 2008) | 1 line make sure to call iteritems() ................ r66998 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-22 22:57:43 +0200 (Wed, 22 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix a few typos ................ r66999 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-22 23:05:30 +0200 (Wed, 22 Oct 2008) | 1 line and another typo... ................ r67002 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2008-10-23 02:37:33 +0200 (Thu, 23 Oct 2008) | 1 line Issue #4183: Some tests didn't run with pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL. ................ r67005 | walter.doerwald | 2008-10-23 15:11:39 +0200 (Thu, 23 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Use the correct names of the stateless codec functions (Fixes issue 4178). ................ r67007 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-23 23:43:48 +0200 (Thu, 23 Oct 2008) | 1 line only nonempty __slots__ don't work ................ r67028 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-26 01:27:07 +0200 (Sun, 26 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't use a catch-all ................ r67040 | armin.rigo | 2008-10-28 18:01:21 +0100 (Tue, 28 Oct 2008) | 5 lines Fix one of the tests: it relied on being present in an "output test" in order to actually test what it was supposed to test, i.e. that the code in the __del__ method did not crash. Use instead the new helper test_support.captured_output(). ................ r67041 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-29 21:33:00 +0100 (Wed, 29 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention the version gettempdir() was added ................ r67044 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-10-30 00:15:57 +0100 (Thu, 30 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Correct error message in io.open(): closefd=True is the only accepted value with a file name. ................ r67070 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-31 21:41:44 +0100 (Fri, 31 Oct 2008) | 1 line rephrase has_key doc ................ r67089 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-03 21:43:20 +0100 (Mon, 03 Nov 2008) | 1 line clarify by splitting into multiple paragraphs ................ r67091 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-03 23:34:57 +0100 (Mon, 03 Nov 2008) | 1 line move a FileIO test to test_fileio ................ r67101 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-04 21:49:35 +0100 (Tue, 04 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4167: fix markup glitches. ................ r67117 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 11:17:58 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4268: Use correct module for two toplevel functions. ................ r67118 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 11:19:11 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4267: small fixes in sqlite3 docs. ................ r67119 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 11:20:49 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4245: move Thread section to the top. ................ r67123 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 19:49:15 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4247: add "pass" examples to tutorial. ................ r67124 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-11-06 20:23:02 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 1 line Fix grammar error; reword two paragraphs ................
2008-11-07 04:56:27 -04:00
:cfunc:`PyGILState_Ensure` was called, and must be passed to
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
:cfunc:`PyGILState_Release` to ensure Python is left in the same state. Even
though recursive calls are allowed, these handles *cannot* be shared - each
Merged revisions 66801,66803-66804,66813,66854-66856,66866,66870-66872,66874,66887,66903,66905,66911,66913,66927,66932,66938,66942,66962,66964,66973-66974,66977,66992,66998-66999,67002,67005,67007,67028,67040-67041,67044,67070,67089,67091,67101,67117-67119,67123-67124 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r66801 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-04 23:51:59 +0200 (Sat, 04 Oct 2008) | 1 line Punctuation fix; expand dict.update docstring to be clearer ................ r66803 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-05 00:15:31 +0200 (Sun, 05 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix typo ................ r66804 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-05 02:11:56 +0200 (Sun, 05 Oct 2008) | 1 line #1415508 from Rocky Bernstein: add docstrings for enable_interspersed_args(), disable_interspersed_args() ................ r66813 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-06 14:07:04 +0200 (Mon, 06 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Per Greg Ward, optparse is no longer being externally maintained. I'll look at the bugs in the Optik bug tracker and copy them to the Python bug tracker if they're still relevant. ................ r66854 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-08 19:20:20 +0200 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4059: patch up some sqlite docs. ................ r66855 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-08 19:30:55 +0200 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4058: fix some whatsnew markup. ................ r66856 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-08 20:47:17 +0200 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 3 lines #3935: properly support list subclasses in the C impl. of bisect. Patch reviewed by Raymond. ................ r66866 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-09 22:54:43 +0200 (Thu, 09 Oct 2008) | 1 line update paragraph about __future__ for 2.6 ................ r66870 | armin.rigo | 2008-10-10 10:40:44 +0200 (Fri, 10 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Typo: "ThreadError" is the name in the C source. ................ r66871 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-10 22:38:49 +0200 (Fri, 10 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix a small typo ................ r66872 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-10 22:51:37 +0200 (Fri, 10 Oct 2008) | 1 line talk about how you can unzip with zip ................ r66874 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-11 00:23:41 +0200 (Sat, 11 Oct 2008) | 1 line PyGILState_Acquire -> PyGILState_Ensure ................ r66887 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 23:51:40 +0200 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line document how to disable fixers ................ r66903 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 22:34:09 +0200 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't recurse into directories that start with '.' ................ r66905 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 23:05:55 +0200 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line support the optional line argument for idle ................ r66911 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 01:10:28 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 41 lines Merged revisions 66805,66841,66860,66884-66886,66893,66907,66910 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r66805 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-04 20:11:02 -0500 (Sat, 04 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention what the fixes directory is for ........ r66841 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-07 17:48:12 -0500 (Tue, 07 Oct 2008) | 1 line use assertFalse and assertTrue ........ r66860 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-08 16:05:07 -0500 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 1 line instead of abusing the pattern matcher, use start_tree to find a next binding ........ r66884 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 15:50:30 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't print tokens to stdout when -v is given ........ r66885 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:28:57 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -x option to disable fixers ........ r66886 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:33:53 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line cut down on some crud ........ r66893 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-14 17:16:54 -0500 (Tue, 14 Oct 2008) | 1 line add an optional set literal fixer ........ r66907 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:59:41 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't write backup files by default ........ r66910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 17:43:10 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -n option; it stops backupfiles from being written ........ ................ r66913 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 20:52:14 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line document that deque indexing is O(n) #4123 ................ r66927 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-16 22:15:47 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line Fix wording (2.6.1 backport candidate) ................ r66932 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 23:09:28 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line check for error conditions in _json #3623 ................ r66938 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 23:27:54 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix possible ref leak ................ r66942 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 23:48:06 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix more possible ref leaks in _json and use Py_CLEAR ................ r66962 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-17 22:01:01 +0200 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 1 line clarify CALL_FUNCTION #4141 ................ r66964 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-17 23:41:49 +0200 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Fix duplicate word. ................ r66973 | armin.ronacher | 2008-10-19 10:27:43 +0200 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Fixed #4067 by implementing _attributes and _fields for the AST root node. ................ r66974 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-19 15:59:01 +0200 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix compiler warning ................ r66977 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-19 21:39:16 +0200 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention -n ................ r66992 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-21 22:51:13 +0200 (Tue, 21 Oct 2008) | 1 line make sure to call iteritems() ................ r66998 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-22 22:57:43 +0200 (Wed, 22 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix a few typos ................ r66999 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-22 23:05:30 +0200 (Wed, 22 Oct 2008) | 1 line and another typo... ................ r67002 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2008-10-23 02:37:33 +0200 (Thu, 23 Oct 2008) | 1 line Issue #4183: Some tests didn't run with pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL. ................ r67005 | walter.doerwald | 2008-10-23 15:11:39 +0200 (Thu, 23 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Use the correct names of the stateless codec functions (Fixes issue 4178). ................ r67007 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-23 23:43:48 +0200 (Thu, 23 Oct 2008) | 1 line only nonempty __slots__ don't work ................ r67028 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-26 01:27:07 +0200 (Sun, 26 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't use a catch-all ................ r67040 | armin.rigo | 2008-10-28 18:01:21 +0100 (Tue, 28 Oct 2008) | 5 lines Fix one of the tests: it relied on being present in an "output test" in order to actually test what it was supposed to test, i.e. that the code in the __del__ method did not crash. Use instead the new helper test_support.captured_output(). ................ r67041 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-29 21:33:00 +0100 (Wed, 29 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention the version gettempdir() was added ................ r67044 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-10-30 00:15:57 +0100 (Thu, 30 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Correct error message in io.open(): closefd=True is the only accepted value with a file name. ................ r67070 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-31 21:41:44 +0100 (Fri, 31 Oct 2008) | 1 line rephrase has_key doc ................ r67089 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-03 21:43:20 +0100 (Mon, 03 Nov 2008) | 1 line clarify by splitting into multiple paragraphs ................ r67091 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-03 23:34:57 +0100 (Mon, 03 Nov 2008) | 1 line move a FileIO test to test_fileio ................ r67101 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-04 21:49:35 +0100 (Tue, 04 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4167: fix markup glitches. ................ r67117 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 11:17:58 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4268: Use correct module for two toplevel functions. ................ r67118 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 11:19:11 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4267: small fixes in sqlite3 docs. ................ r67119 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 11:20:49 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4245: move Thread section to the top. ................ r67123 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 19:49:15 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4247: add "pass" examples to tutorial. ................ r67124 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-11-06 20:23:02 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 1 line Fix grammar error; reword two paragraphs ................
2008-11-07 04:56:27 -04:00
unique call to :cfunc:`PyGILState_Ensure` must save the handle for its call
to :cfunc:`PyGILState_Release`.
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
When the function returns, the current thread will hold the GIL. Failure is a
fatal error.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
.. cfunction:: void PyGILState_Release(PyGILState_STATE)
Release any resources previously acquired. After this call, Python's state will
be the same as it was prior to the corresponding :cfunc:`PyGILState_Ensure` call
(but generally this state will be unknown to the caller, hence the use of the
GILState API.)
Every call to :cfunc:`PyGILState_Ensure` must be matched by a call to
:cfunc:`PyGILState_Release` on the same thread.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
.. _profiling:
Profiling and Tracing
=====================
.. sectionauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
The Python interpreter provides some low-level support for attaching profiling
and execution tracing facilities. These are used for profiling, debugging, and
coverage analysis tools.
Starting with Python 2.2, the implementation of this facility was substantially
revised, and an interface from C was added. This C interface allows the
profiling or tracing code to avoid the overhead of calling through Python-level
callable objects, making a direct C function call instead. The essential
attributes of the facility have not changed; the interface allows trace
functions to be installed per-thread, and the basic events reported to the trace
function are the same as had been reported to the Python-level trace functions
in previous versions.
.. ctype:: int (*Py_tracefunc)(PyObject *obj, PyFrameObject *frame, int what, PyObject *arg)
The type of the trace function registered using :cfunc:`PyEval_SetProfile` and
:cfunc:`PyEval_SetTrace`. The first parameter is the object passed to the
registration function as *obj*, *frame* is the frame object to which the event
pertains, *what* is one of the constants :const:`PyTrace_CALL`,
:const:`PyTrace_EXCEPTION`, :const:`PyTrace_LINE`, :const:`PyTrace_RETURN`,
:const:`PyTrace_C_CALL`, :const:`PyTrace_C_EXCEPTION`, or
:const:`PyTrace_C_RETURN`, and *arg* depends on the value of *what*:
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Value of *what* | Meaning of *arg* |
+==============================+======================================+
| :const:`PyTrace_CALL` | Always *NULL*. |
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_EXCEPTION` | Exception information as returned by |
| | :func:`sys.exc_info`. |
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_LINE` | Always *NULL*. |
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_RETURN` | Value being returned to the caller. |
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_C_CALL` | Name of function being called. |
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_C_EXCEPTION` | Always *NULL*. |
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_C_RETURN` | Always *NULL*. |
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
.. cvar:: int PyTrace_CALL
The value of the *what* parameter to a :ctype:`Py_tracefunc` function when a new
call to a function or method is being reported, or a new entry into a generator.
Note that the creation of the iterator for a generator function is not reported
as there is no control transfer to the Python bytecode in the corresponding
frame.
.. cvar:: int PyTrace_EXCEPTION
The value of the *what* parameter to a :ctype:`Py_tracefunc` function when an
exception has been raised. The callback function is called with this value for
*what* when after any bytecode is processed after which the exception becomes
set within the frame being executed. The effect of this is that as exception
propagation causes the Python stack to unwind, the callback is called upon
return to each frame as the exception propagates. Only trace functions receives
these events; they are not needed by the profiler.
.. cvar:: int PyTrace_LINE
The value passed as the *what* parameter to a trace function (but not a
profiling function) when a line-number event is being reported.
.. cvar:: int PyTrace_RETURN
The value for the *what* parameter to :ctype:`Py_tracefunc` functions when a
call is returning without propagating an exception.
.. cvar:: int PyTrace_C_CALL
The value for the *what* parameter to :ctype:`Py_tracefunc` functions when a C
function is about to be called.
.. cvar:: int PyTrace_C_EXCEPTION
The value for the *what* parameter to :ctype:`Py_tracefunc` functions when a C
function has thrown an exception.
.. cvar:: int PyTrace_C_RETURN
The value for the *what* parameter to :ctype:`Py_tracefunc` functions when a C
function has returned.
.. cfunction:: void PyEval_SetProfile(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *obj)
Set the profiler function to *func*. The *obj* parameter is passed to the
function as its first parameter, and may be any Python object, or *NULL*. If
the profile function needs to maintain state, using a different value for *obj*
for each thread provides a convenient and thread-safe place to store it. The
profile function is called for all monitored events except the line-number
events.
.. cfunction:: void PyEval_SetTrace(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *obj)
Set the tracing function to *func*. This is similar to
:cfunc:`PyEval_SetProfile`, except the tracing function does receive line-number
events.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyEval_GetCallStats(PyObject *self)
Return a tuple of function call counts. There are constants defined for the
positions within the tuple:
Merged revisions 68133-68134,68141-68142,68145-68146,68148-68149,68159-68162,68166,68171-68174,68179,68195-68196,68210,68214-68215,68217-68222 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r68133 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-01-01 16:38:03 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 1 line fill in actual issue number in tests ........ r68134 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2009-01-01 16:45:39 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4797: IOError.filename was not set when _fileio.FileIO failed to open file with `str' filename on Windows. ........ r68141 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-01 17:43:12 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix highlighting ........ r68142 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-01 18:29:49 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines welcome to 2009, Python! ........ r68145 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2009-01-02 01:03:54 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 5 lines #4801 _collections module fails to build on cygwin. _PyObject_GC_TRACK is the macro version of PyObject_GC_Track, and according to documentation it should not be used for extension modules. ........ r68146 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 11:44:46 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue4472: "configure --enable-shared doesn't work on OSX" ........ r68148 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 11:48:31 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Forgot to add a NEWS item in my previous checkin ........ r68149 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 11:50:48 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue4780 ........ r68159 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 15:48:17 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue 1627952 ........ r68160 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 15:52:09 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue r1737832 ........ r68161 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 16:00:05 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Fix for issue 1149804 ........ r68162 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 16:06:00 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Fix for issue 4472 is incompatible with Cygwin, this patch should fix that. ........ r68166 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-02 19:26:23 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 1 line document PyMemberDef ........ r68171 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-02 21:25:14 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 3 lines #4811: fix markup glitches (mostly remains of the conversion), found by Gabriel Genellina. ........ r68172 | martin.v.loewis | 2009-01-02 21:32:55 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4075: Use OutputDebugStringW in Py_FatalError. ........ r68173 | martin.v.loewis | 2009-01-02 21:40:14 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4051: Prevent conflict of UNICODE macros in cPickle. ........ r68174 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-02 21:47:27 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix compilation on non-Windows platforms ........ r68179 | raymond.hettinger | 2009-01-02 22:26:45 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 1 line Issue #4615. Document how to use itertools for de-duping. ........ r68195 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 14:45:15 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Remove useless string literal. ........ r68196 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 15:29:53 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix indentation. ........ r68210 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 20:10:12 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Set eol-style correctly for mp_distributing.py. ........ r68214 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 20:44:48 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Make indentation consistent. ........ r68215 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:15:14 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix role name. ........ r68217 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:30:15 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Add rstlint, a little tool to find subtle markup problems and inconsistencies in the Doc sources. ........ r68218 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:38:59 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Recognize usage of the default role. ........ r68219 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:47:01 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix uses of the default role. ........ r68220 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:55:06 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Remove trailing whitespace. ........ r68221 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 22:04:55 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Remove tabs from the documentation. ........ r68222 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 22:11:58 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Disable the line length checker by default. ........
2009-01-03 17:55:17 -04:00
+-------------------------------+-------+
| Name | Value |
+===============================+=======+
| :const:`PCALL_ALL` | 0 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| :const:`PCALL_FUNCTION` | 1 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| :const:`PCALL_FAST_FUNCTION` | 2 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| :const:`PCALL_FASTER_FUNCTION`| 3 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| :const:`PCALL_METHOD` | 4 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| :const:`PCALL_BOUND_METHOD` | 5 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| :const:`PCALL_CFUNCTION` | 6 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| :const:`PCALL_TYPE` | 7 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| :const:`PCALL_GENERATOR` | 8 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| :const:`PCALL_OTHER` | 9 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| :const:`PCALL_POP` | 10 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
Merged revisions 68133-68134,68141-68142,68145-68146,68148-68149,68159-68162,68166,68171-68174,68179,68195-68196,68210,68214-68215,68217-68222 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r68133 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-01-01 16:38:03 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 1 line fill in actual issue number in tests ........ r68134 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2009-01-01 16:45:39 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4797: IOError.filename was not set when _fileio.FileIO failed to open file with `str' filename on Windows. ........ r68141 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-01 17:43:12 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix highlighting ........ r68142 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-01 18:29:49 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines welcome to 2009, Python! ........ r68145 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2009-01-02 01:03:54 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 5 lines #4801 _collections module fails to build on cygwin. _PyObject_GC_TRACK is the macro version of PyObject_GC_Track, and according to documentation it should not be used for extension modules. ........ r68146 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 11:44:46 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue4472: "configure --enable-shared doesn't work on OSX" ........ r68148 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 11:48:31 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Forgot to add a NEWS item in my previous checkin ........ r68149 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 11:50:48 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue4780 ........ r68159 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 15:48:17 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue 1627952 ........ r68160 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 15:52:09 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue r1737832 ........ r68161 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 16:00:05 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Fix for issue 1149804 ........ r68162 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 16:06:00 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Fix for issue 4472 is incompatible with Cygwin, this patch should fix that. ........ r68166 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-02 19:26:23 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 1 line document PyMemberDef ........ r68171 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-02 21:25:14 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 3 lines #4811: fix markup glitches (mostly remains of the conversion), found by Gabriel Genellina. ........ r68172 | martin.v.loewis | 2009-01-02 21:32:55 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4075: Use OutputDebugStringW in Py_FatalError. ........ r68173 | martin.v.loewis | 2009-01-02 21:40:14 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4051: Prevent conflict of UNICODE macros in cPickle. ........ r68174 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-02 21:47:27 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix compilation on non-Windows platforms ........ r68179 | raymond.hettinger | 2009-01-02 22:26:45 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 1 line Issue #4615. Document how to use itertools for de-duping. ........ r68195 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 14:45:15 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Remove useless string literal. ........ r68196 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 15:29:53 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix indentation. ........ r68210 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 20:10:12 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Set eol-style correctly for mp_distributing.py. ........ r68214 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 20:44:48 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Make indentation consistent. ........ r68215 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:15:14 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix role name. ........ r68217 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:30:15 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Add rstlint, a little tool to find subtle markup problems and inconsistencies in the Doc sources. ........ r68218 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:38:59 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Recognize usage of the default role. ........ r68219 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:47:01 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix uses of the default role. ........ r68220 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:55:06 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Remove trailing whitespace. ........ r68221 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 22:04:55 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Remove tabs from the documentation. ........ r68222 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 22:11:58 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Disable the line length checker by default. ........
2009-01-03 17:55:17 -04:00
:const:`PCALL_FAST_FUNCTION` means no argument tuple needs to be created.
:const:`PCALL_FASTER_FUNCTION` means that the fast-path frame setup code is used.
If there is a method call where the call can be optimized by changing
the argument tuple and calling the function directly, it gets recorded
twice.
This function is only present if Python is compiled with :const:`CALL_PROFILE`
defined.
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
.. _advanced-debugging:
Advanced Debugger Support
=========================
.. sectionauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
These functions are only intended to be used by advanced debugging tools.
.. cfunction:: PyInterpreterState* PyInterpreterState_Head()
Return the interpreter state object at the head of the list of all such objects.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: PyInterpreterState* PyInterpreterState_Next(PyInterpreterState *interp)
Return the next interpreter state object after *interp* from the list of all
such objects.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: PyThreadState * PyInterpreterState_ThreadHead(PyInterpreterState *interp)
Return the a pointer to the first :ctype:`PyThreadState` object in the list of
threads associated with the interpreter *interp*.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: PyThreadState* PyThreadState_Next(PyThreadState *tstate)
Return the next thread state object after *tstate* from the list of all such
objects belonging to the same :ctype:`PyInterpreterState` object.
.. versionadded:: 2.2