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Python Documentation README
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This directory contains the reStructuredText (reST) sources to the Python
documentation. You don't need to build them yourself, `prebuilt versions are
available <https://docs.python.org/dev/download.html>`_.
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Documentation on authoring Python documentation, including information about
both style and markup, is available in the "`Documenting Python
<https://devguide.python.org/documenting/>`_" chapter of the
developers guide.
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Building the docs
=================
The documentation is built with several tools which are not included in this
tree but are maintained separately and are available from
`PyPI <https://pypi.org/>`_.
* `Sphinx <https://pypi.org/project/Sphinx/>`_
* `blurb <https://pypi.org/project/blurb/>`_
You could manually create a virtual environment and install them, but there is
a ``Makefile`` already set up to do this for you, as long as you have a working
Python 3 interpreter available.
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Using make
----------
A Makefile has been prepared so that (on Unix), after you change into the
``Doc/`` directory you can simply run ::
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make html
By default, if the virtual environment is not created, the Makefile will
look for instances of sphinxbuild and blurb installed on your process PATH
(configurable with the SPHINXBUILD and BLURB variables).
On Windows, we try to emulate the Makefile as closely as possible with a
``make.bat`` file.
To use a Python interpreter that's not called ``python3``, use the standard
way to set Makefile variables, using e.g. ::
make html PYTHON=python
On Windows, set the PYTHON environment variable instead.
To use a specific sphinx-build (something other than ``sphinx-build``), set
the SPHINXBUILD variable.
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Available make targets are:
* "clean", which removes all build files.
* "venv", which creates a virtual environment with all necessary tools
installed.
* "html", which builds standalone HTML files for offline viewing.
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* "htmlview", which re-uses the "html" builder, but then opens the main page
in your default web browser.
* "htmlhelp", which builds HTML files and a HTML Help project file usable to
convert them into a single Compiled HTML (.chm) file -- these are popular
under Microsoft Windows, but very handy on every platform.
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To create the CHM file, you need to run the Microsoft HTML Help Workshop
over the generated project (.hhp) file. The make.bat script does this for
you on Windows.
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* "latex", which builds LaTeX source files as input to "pdflatex" to produce
PDF documents.
Merged revisions 60481,60485,60489-60492,60494-60496,60498-60499,60501-60503,60505-60506,60508-60509,60523-60524,60532,60543,60545,60547-60548,60552,60554,60556-60559,60561-60562,60569,60571-60572,60574,60576-60583,60585-60586,60589,60591,60594-60595,60597-60598,60600-60601,60606-60612,60615,60617,60619-60621,60623-60625,60627-60629,60631,60633,60635,60647,60650,60652,60654,60656,60658-60659,60664-60666,60668-60670,60672,60676,60678,60680-60683,60685-60686,60688,60690,60692-60694,60697-60706,60708-60712,60714-60724 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r60701 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-09 22:36:15 +0100 (Sat, 09 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Needs only 2.4 now. ........ r60702 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-09 22:38:54 +0100 (Sat, 09 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Docs are rst now. ........ r60703 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-09 23:00:00 +0100 (Sat, 09 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Fix link. ........ r60704 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-10 00:09:25 +0100 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Fix for newest doctools. ........ r60709 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-02-10 08:21:09 +0100 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line Clarify that decimal also supports fixed-point arithmetic. ........ r60710 | nick.coghlan | 2008-02-10 08:32:52 +0100 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line Add missing NEWS entry for r60695 ........ r60712 | mark.dickinson | 2008-02-10 15:58:38 +0100 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 3 lines Turn classmethods into staticmethods, and avoid calling the constructor of subclasses of Rational. (See discussion in issue #1682.) ........ r60715 | mark.dickinson | 2008-02-10 16:19:58 +0100 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Typos in decimal comment and documentation ........ r60716 | skip.montanaro | 2008-02-10 16:31:54 +0100 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Get the saying right. ;-) ........ r60717 | skip.montanaro | 2008-02-10 16:32:16 +0100 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 2 lines whoops - revert ........ r60718 | mark.dickinson | 2008-02-10 20:23:36 +0100 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Remove reference to Rational ........ r60719 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-02-10 21:35:16 +0100 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line Complete an open todo on pickletools -- add a pickle optimizer. ........ r60721 | mark.dickinson | 2008-02-10 22:29:51 +0100 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 3 lines Rename rational.Rational to fractions.Fraction, to avoid name clash with numbers.Rational. See issue #1682 for related discussion. ........ r60722 | christian.heimes | 2008-02-11 03:26:22 +0100 (Mon, 11 Feb 2008) | 1 line The test requires the network resource ........ r60723 | mark.dickinson | 2008-02-11 04:11:55 +0100 (Mon, 11 Feb 2008) | 3 lines Put an extra space into the repr of a Fraction: Fraction(1, 2) instead of Fraction(1,2). ........
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* "text", which builds a plain text file for each source file.
Merged revisions 63829-63831,63858,63865,63879,63882,63948,63970-63972,63976,63989,64014-64015,64021-64022,64063-64065,64067 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r63829 | mark.summerfield | 2008-05-31 15:05:34 +0200 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 4 lines Added a note to [] that special forms & special chars lose their meaning and backrefs can't be used inside [] ........ r63830 | georg.brandl | 2008-05-31 16:40:09 +0200 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 2 lines #3010: clarification about stdin/use_rawinput. ........ r63831 | georg.brandl | 2008-05-31 16:45:55 +0200 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 2 lines #3005: add explaining sentence to easydialogs docs. ........ r63858 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-01 18:41:31 +0200 (Sun, 01 Jun 2008) | 2 lines Add plain text make target. ........ r63865 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-01 21:24:36 +0200 (Sun, 01 Jun 2008) | 2 lines Spaces vs. tabs. ........ r63879 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-06-02 00:57:47 +0200 (Mon, 02 Jun 2008) | 3 lines Make the _H #define's match the header file names. Fix comments to mention the correct type names. ........ r63882 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-06-02 01:48:47 +0200 (Mon, 02 Jun 2008) | 3 lines Adds a Thread.getIdent() method to provide the _get_ident() value for any given threading.Thread object. feature request issue 2871. ........ r63948 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-06-04 22:41:44 +0200 (Wed, 04 Jun 2008) | 2 lines Fixed complex.__getnewargs__() to not emit another complex object. ........ r63970 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-06-06 01:33:54 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 1 line Document 'utc' parameter ........ r63971 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-06-06 01:35:31 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 1 line Add various items ........ r63972 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-06-06 01:35:48 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 1 line Grammar fix ........ r63976 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-06 09:34:50 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 2 lines Markup fix. ........ r63989 | thomas.heller | 2008-06-06 20:42:11 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 2 lines Add a reminder for the maintainer of whatsnew. ........ r64014 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 17:59:10 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 3 lines Factor out docstring dedenting from inspect.getdoc() into inspect.cleandoc() to ease standalone use of the algorithm. ........ r64015 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 18:04:01 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 2 lines Revert unwanted changes. ........ r64021 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 20:16:12 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 2 lines X-ref to numbers module. ........ r64022 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 20:17:37 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 3 lines Document the "st" API, to avoid confusion with the "new" AST. Add a note about using the new AST module. ........ r64063 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-06-10 07:03:35 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 2 lines Add Gregor Lingl. ........ r64064 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-10 09:45:28 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 2 lines Add the "ast" module, containing helpers to ease use of the "_ast" classes. ........ r64065 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-06-10 09:57:15 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 1 line Add Arnaud for his efforts on multi-arg set operations. ........ r64067 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-10 14:46:39 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 2 lines #2536: fix itertools.permutations and itertools.combinations docstrings. ........
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* "epub", which builds an EPUB document, suitable to be viewed on e-book
readers.
* "linkcheck", which checks all external references to see whether they are
broken, redirected or malformed, and outputs this information to stdout as
well as a plain-text (.txt) file.
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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* "changes", which builds an overview over all versionadded/versionchanged/
deprecated items in the current version. This is meant as a help for the
writer of the "What's New" document.
* "coverage", which builds a coverage overview for standard library modules and
C API.
Merged revisions 61003-61033 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r61004 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-23 19:47:04 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Documentation coverage builder, part 1. ........ r61006 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-02-23 20:02:33 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 1 line #1389051: IMAP module tries to read entire message in one chunk. Patch by Fredrik Lundh. ........ r61008 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-02-23 20:28:58 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 1 line #1389051, #1092502: fix excessively large allocations when using read() on a socket ........ r61011 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-02-23 20:40:54 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 13 lines Prevent classes like: class RunSelfFunction(object): def __init__(self): self.thread = threading.Thread(target=self._run) self.thread.start() def _run(self): pass from creating a permanent cycle between the object and the thread by having the Thread delete its references to the object when it completes. As an example of the effect of this bug, paramiko.Transport inherits from Thread to avoid it. ........ r61013 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-02-23 21:40:35 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 3 lines Followup to r61011: Also avoid the reference cycle when the Thread's target raises an exception. ........ r61017 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-23 22:59:11 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 2 lines #2101: fix removeAttribute docs. ........ r61018 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-23 23:05:38 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Add examples to modulefinder docs. Written for GHOP by Josip Dzolonga. ........ r61019 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-23 23:09:24 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Use os.closerange() in popen2. ........ r61020 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-23 23:14:02 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Use os.closerange(). ........ r61021 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-23 23:35:33 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 3 lines In test_heapq and test_bisect, test both the Python and the C implementation. Originally written for GHOP by Josip Dzolonga, heavily patched by me. ........ r61024 | facundo.batista | 2008-02-23 23:54:12 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 3 lines Added simple test case. Thanks Benjamin Peterson. ........ r61025 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-23 23:55:18 +0100 (Sat, 23 Feb 2008) | 2 lines #1825: correctly document msilib.add_data. ........ r61027 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-24 00:02:23 +0100 (Sun, 24 Feb 2008) | 2 lines #1826: allow dotted attribute paths in operator.attrgetter. ........ r61028 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-24 00:04:35 +0100 (Sun, 24 Feb 2008) | 2 lines #1506171: added operator.methodcaller(). ........ r61029 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-24 00:25:26 +0100 (Sun, 24 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Document import ./. threading issues. #1720705. ........ r61032 | georg.brandl | 2008-02-24 00:43:01 +0100 (Sun, 24 Feb 2008) | 2 lines Specify what kind of warning -3 emits. ........ r61033 | christian.heimes | 2008-02-24 00:59:45 +0100 (Sun, 24 Feb 2008) | 1 line MS Windows doesn't have mode_t but stat.st_mode is defined as unsigned short. ........
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* "pydoc-topics", which builds a Python module containing a dictionary with
plain text documentation for the labels defined in
`tools/pyspecific.py` -- pydoc needs these to show topic and keyword help.
* "suspicious", which checks the parsed markup for text that looks like
malformed and thus unconverted reST.
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* "check", which checks for frequent markup errors.
* "serve", which serves the build/html directory on port 8000.
* "dist", (Unix only) which creates distributable archives of HTML, text,
PDF, and EPUB builds.
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Without make
------------
Install the Sphinx package and its dependencies from PyPI. In this situation,
you'll have to create a virtual environment manually, and install Sphinx into
it. Change into the ``Doc`` directory and run ::
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$ python3 -m venv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate
(venv) $ pip install Sphinx
(venv) $ sphinx-build -b<builder> . build/<builder>
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where ``<builder>`` is one of html, text, latex, or htmlhelp (for explanations
see the make targets above).
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Contributing
============
Bugs in the content should be reported to the
`Python bug tracker <https://bugs.python.org>`_.
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Bugs in the toolset should be reported to the tools themselves.
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You can also send a mail to the Python Documentation Team at docs@python.org,
and we will process your request as soon as possible.
If you want to help the Documentation Team, you are always welcome. Just send
a mail to docs@python.org.