cpython/Doc/library/urllib.parse.rst

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:mod:`urllib.parse` --- Parse URLs into components
==================================================
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.. module:: urllib.parse
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:synopsis: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.
.. index::
single: WWW
single: World Wide Web
single: URL
pair: URL; parsing
pair: relative; URL
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/urllib/parse.py`
--------------
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This module defines a standard interface to break Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
strings up in components (addressing scheme, network location, path etc.), to
combine the components back into a URL string, and to convert a "relative URL"
to an absolute URL given a "base URL."
The module has been designed to match the Internet RFC on Relative Uniform
Resource Locators (and discovered a bug in an earlier draft!). It supports the
following URL schemes: ``file``, ``ftp``, ``gopher``, ``hdl``, ``http``,
``https``, ``imap``, ``mailto``, ``mms``, ``news``, ``nntp``, ``prospero``,
``rsync``, ``rtsp``, ``rtspu``, ``sftp``, ``shttp``, ``sip``, ``sips``,
``snews``, ``svn``, ``svn+ssh``, ``telnet``, ``wais``.
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The :mod:`urllib.parse` module defines functions that fall into two broad
categories: URL parsing and URL quoting. These are covered in detail in
the following sections.
URL Parsing
-----------
The URL parsing functions focus on splitting a URL string into its components,
or on combining URL components into a URL string.
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.. function:: urlparse(urlstring, scheme='', allow_fragments=True)
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Parse a URL into six components, returning a 6-tuple. This corresponds to the
general structure of a URL: ``scheme://netloc/path;parameters?query#fragment``.
Each tuple item is a string, possibly empty. The components are not broken up in
smaller parts (for example, the network location is a single string), and %
escapes are not expanded. The delimiters as shown above are not part of the
result, except for a leading slash in the *path* component, which is retained if
Merged revisions 61724-61725,61731-61735,61737,61739,61741,61743-61744,61753,61761,61765-61767,61769,61773,61776-61778,61780-61783,61788,61793,61796,61807,61813 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r61724 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 01:01:12 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 49 lines Merged revisions 61602-61723 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r61626 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 17:19:16 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added fixer for implicit local imports. See #2414. ........ r61628 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 17:57:43 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added a class for tests which should not run if a particular import is found. ........ r61629 | collin.winter | 2008-03-19 17:58:19 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Two more relative import fixes in pgen2. ........ r61635 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 20:16:03 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Fixed print fixer so it will do the Right Thing when it encounters __future__.print_function. 2to3 gets upset, though, so the tests have been commented out. ........ r61637 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 21:37:17 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 3 lines Added a fixer for itertools imports (from itertools import imap, ifilterfalse --> from itertools import filterfalse) ........ r61645 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 23:22:35 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line SVN is happier when you add the files you create... -_-' ........ r61654 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 01:09:56 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added an explicit sort order to fixers -- fixes problems like #2427 ........ r61664 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 04:32:40 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 3 lines Fixes #2428 -- comments are no longer eatten by __future__ fixer. ........ r61673 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 17:22:40 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added 2to3 node pretty-printer ........ r61679 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 20:50:42 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Made node printing a little bit prettier ........ r61723 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 00:59:27 +0100 (Sa, 22 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 2 lines Fix whitespace. ........ ................ r61725 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 01:02:41 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Install lib2to3. ................ r61731 | facundo.batista | 2008-03-22 03:45:37 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Small fix that complicated the test actually when that test failed. ................ r61732 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-03-22 05:08:44 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Added warning for the removal of 'hotshot' in Py3k. ................ r61733 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:07:29 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines #1918: document that weak references *to* an object are cleared before the object's __del__ is called, to ensure that the weak reference callback (if any) finds the object healthy. ................ r61734 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:56:23 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Activate the Sphinx doctest extension and convert howto/functional to use it. ................ r61735 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:58:38 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Allow giving source names on the cmdline. ................ r61737 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 12:00:48 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fixup this HOWTO's doctest blocks so that they can be run with sphinx' doctest builder. ................ r61739 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 12:47:10 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test decimal.rst doctests as far as possible with sphinx doctest. ................ r61741 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 13:04:26 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make doctests in re docs usable with sphinx' doctest. ................ r61743 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 13:59:37 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make more doctests in pprint docs testable. ................ r61744 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 14:07:06 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines No need to specify explicit "doctest_block" anymore. ................ r61753 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 21:08:43 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fix-up syntax problems. ................ r61761 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:06:20 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Make collections' doctests executable. (The <BLANKLINE>s will be stripped from presentation output.) ................ r61765 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:21:57 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test doctests in datetime docs. ................ r61766 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:26:44 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test doctests in operator docs. ................ r61767 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:38:33 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Enable doctests in functions.rst. Already found two errors :) ................ r61769 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 23:04:10 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 3 lines Enable doctest running for several other documents. We have now over 640 doctests that are run with "make doctest". ................ r61773 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 01:55:46 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Simplify demo code. ................ r61776 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 04:43:33 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 7 lines Try to make this test a little more robust and not fail with: timeout (10.0025) is more than 2 seconds more than expected (0.001) I'm assuming this problem is caused by DNS lookup. This change does a DNS lookup of the hostname before trying to connect, so the time is not included. ................ r61777 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 05:08:30 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Speed up the test by avoiding socket timeouts. ................ r61778 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 05:43:09 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Skip the epoll test if epoll() does not work ................ r61780 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 06:47:20 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Suppress failure (to avoid a flaky test) if we cannot connect to svn.python.org ................ r61781 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:13:25 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Move itertools before future_builtins since the latter depends on the former. From a clean build importing future_builtins would fail since itertools wasn't built yet. ................ r61782 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:16:04 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Try to prevent the alarm going off early in tearDown ................ r61783 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:19:57 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Remove compiler warnings (on Alpha at least) about using chars as array subscripts. Using chars are dangerous b/c they are signed on some platforms and unsigned on others. ................ r61788 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-23 09:05:30 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make the doctests presentation-friendlier. ................ r61793 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-03-23 10:55:29 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines #1477: ur'\U0010FFFF' raised in narrow unicode builds. Corrected the raw-unicode-escape codec to use UTF-16 surrogates in this case, just like the unicode-escape codec. ................ r61796 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 14:32:32 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Issue 1681432: Add triangular distribution the random module. ................ r61807 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 20:37:53 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Adopt Nick's suggestion for useful default arguments. Clean-up floating point issues by adding true division and float constants. ................ r61813 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-23 22:04:43 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 6 lines Fix gzip to deal with CRC's being signed values in Python 2.x properly and to read 32bit values as unsigned to start with rather than applying signedness fixups allover the place afterwards. This hopefully fixes the test_tarfile failure on the alpha/tru64 buildbot. ................
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present. For example:
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>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
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>>> o = urlparse('http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
Merged revisions 61724-61725,61731-61735,61737,61739,61741,61743-61744,61753,61761,61765-61767,61769,61773,61776-61778,61780-61783,61788,61793,61796,61807,61813 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r61724 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 01:01:12 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 49 lines Merged revisions 61602-61723 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r61626 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 17:19:16 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added fixer for implicit local imports. See #2414. ........ r61628 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 17:57:43 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added a class for tests which should not run if a particular import is found. ........ r61629 | collin.winter | 2008-03-19 17:58:19 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Two more relative import fixes in pgen2. ........ r61635 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 20:16:03 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Fixed print fixer so it will do the Right Thing when it encounters __future__.print_function. 2to3 gets upset, though, so the tests have been commented out. ........ r61637 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 21:37:17 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 3 lines Added a fixer for itertools imports (from itertools import imap, ifilterfalse --> from itertools import filterfalse) ........ r61645 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 23:22:35 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line SVN is happier when you add the files you create... -_-' ........ r61654 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 01:09:56 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added an explicit sort order to fixers -- fixes problems like #2427 ........ r61664 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 04:32:40 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 3 lines Fixes #2428 -- comments are no longer eatten by __future__ fixer. ........ r61673 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 17:22:40 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added 2to3 node pretty-printer ........ r61679 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 20:50:42 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Made node printing a little bit prettier ........ r61723 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 00:59:27 +0100 (Sa, 22 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 2 lines Fix whitespace. ........ ................ r61725 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 01:02:41 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Install lib2to3. ................ r61731 | facundo.batista | 2008-03-22 03:45:37 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Small fix that complicated the test actually when that test failed. ................ r61732 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-03-22 05:08:44 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Added warning for the removal of 'hotshot' in Py3k. ................ r61733 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:07:29 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines #1918: document that weak references *to* an object are cleared before the object's __del__ is called, to ensure that the weak reference callback (if any) finds the object healthy. ................ r61734 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:56:23 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Activate the Sphinx doctest extension and convert howto/functional to use it. ................ r61735 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:58:38 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Allow giving source names on the cmdline. ................ r61737 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 12:00:48 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fixup this HOWTO's doctest blocks so that they can be run with sphinx' doctest builder. ................ r61739 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 12:47:10 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test decimal.rst doctests as far as possible with sphinx doctest. ................ r61741 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 13:04:26 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make doctests in re docs usable with sphinx' doctest. ................ r61743 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 13:59:37 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make more doctests in pprint docs testable. ................ r61744 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 14:07:06 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines No need to specify explicit "doctest_block" anymore. ................ r61753 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 21:08:43 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fix-up syntax problems. ................ r61761 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:06:20 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Make collections' doctests executable. (The <BLANKLINE>s will be stripped from presentation output.) ................ r61765 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:21:57 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test doctests in datetime docs. ................ r61766 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:26:44 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test doctests in operator docs. ................ r61767 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:38:33 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Enable doctests in functions.rst. Already found two errors :) ................ r61769 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 23:04:10 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 3 lines Enable doctest running for several other documents. We have now over 640 doctests that are run with "make doctest". ................ r61773 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 01:55:46 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Simplify demo code. ................ r61776 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 04:43:33 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 7 lines Try to make this test a little more robust and not fail with: timeout (10.0025) is more than 2 seconds more than expected (0.001) I'm assuming this problem is caused by DNS lookup. This change does a DNS lookup of the hostname before trying to connect, so the time is not included. ................ r61777 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 05:08:30 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Speed up the test by avoiding socket timeouts. ................ r61778 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 05:43:09 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Skip the epoll test if epoll() does not work ................ r61780 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 06:47:20 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Suppress failure (to avoid a flaky test) if we cannot connect to svn.python.org ................ r61781 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:13:25 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Move itertools before future_builtins since the latter depends on the former. From a clean build importing future_builtins would fail since itertools wasn't built yet. ................ r61782 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:16:04 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Try to prevent the alarm going off early in tearDown ................ r61783 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:19:57 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Remove compiler warnings (on Alpha at least) about using chars as array subscripts. Using chars are dangerous b/c they are signed on some platforms and unsigned on others. ................ r61788 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-23 09:05:30 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make the doctests presentation-friendlier. ................ r61793 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-03-23 10:55:29 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines #1477: ur'\U0010FFFF' raised in narrow unicode builds. Corrected the raw-unicode-escape codec to use UTF-16 surrogates in this case, just like the unicode-escape codec. ................ r61796 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 14:32:32 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Issue 1681432: Add triangular distribution the random module. ................ r61807 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 20:37:53 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Adopt Nick's suggestion for useful default arguments. Clean-up floating point issues by adding true division and float constants. ................ r61813 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-23 22:04:43 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 6 lines Fix gzip to deal with CRC's being signed values in Python 2.x properly and to read 32bit values as unsigned to start with rather than applying signedness fixups allover the place afterwards. This hopefully fixes the test_tarfile failure on the alpha/tru64 buildbot. ................
2008-03-23 18:54:12 -03:00
>>> o # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
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>>> o.scheme
'http'
>>> o.port
80
>>> o.geturl()
'http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html'
Following the syntax specifications in :rfc:`1808`, urlparse recognizes
a netloc only if it is properly introduced by '//'. Otherwise the
input is presumed to be a relative URL and thus to start with
a path component.
>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
>>> urlparse('//www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> urlparse('www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> urlparse('help/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='help/Python.html', params='',
query='', fragment='')
If the *scheme* argument is specified, it gives the default addressing
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scheme, to be used only if the URL does not specify one. The default value for
this argument is the empty string.
If the *allow_fragments* argument is false, fragment identifiers are not
allowed, even if the URL's addressing scheme normally does support them. The
default value for this argument is :const:`True`.
The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of :class:`tuple`. This
class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:
+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| Attribute | Index | Value | Value if not present |
+==================+=======+==========================+======================+
| :attr:`scheme` | 0 | URL scheme specifier | empty string |
+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`netloc` | 1 | Network location part | empty string |
+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`path` | 2 | Hierarchical path | empty string |
+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`params` | 3 | Parameters for last path | empty string |
| | | element | |
+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`query` | 4 | Query component | empty string |
+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`fragment` | 5 | Fragment identifier | empty string |
+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`username` | | User name | :const:`None` |
+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`password` | | Password | :const:`None` |
+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`hostname` | | Host name (lower case) | :const:`None` |
+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`port` | | Port number as integer, | :const:`None` |
| | | if present | |
+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
See section :ref:`urlparse-result-object` for more information on the result
object.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Added IPv6 URL parsing capabilities.
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.. function:: parse_qs(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')
Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type
:mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`). Data are returned as a
dictionary. The dictionary keys are the unique query variable names and the
values are lists of values for each name.
The optional argument *keep_blank_values* is a flag indicating whether blank
values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value
indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false
value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
not included.
The optional argument *strict_parsing* is a flag indicating what to do with
parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,
errors raise a :exc:`ValueError` exception.
The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode
percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
:meth:`bytes.decode` method.
Use the :func:`urllib.parse.urlencode` function to convert such
dictionaries into query strings.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Add *encoding* and *errors* parameters.
.. function:: parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')
Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type
:mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`). Data are returned as a list of
name, value pairs.
The optional argument *keep_blank_values* is a flag indicating whether blank
values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value
indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false
value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
not included.
The optional argument *strict_parsing* is a flag indicating what to do with
parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,
errors raise a :exc:`ValueError` exception.
The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode
percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
:meth:`bytes.decode` method.
Use the :func:`urllib.parse.urlencode` function to convert such lists of pairs into
query strings.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Add *encoding* and *errors* parameters.
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.. function:: urlunparse(parts)
Construct a URL from a tuple as returned by ``urlparse()``. The *parts*
argument can be any six-item iterable. This may result in a slightly
different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had
unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ``?`` with an empty query; the RFC
states that these are equivalent).
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.. function:: urlsplit(urlstring, scheme='', allow_fragments=True)
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This is similar to :func:`urlparse`, but does not split the params from the URL.
This should generally be used instead of :func:`urlparse` if the more recent URL
syntax allowing parameters to be applied to each segment of the *path* portion
of the URL (see :rfc:`2396`) is wanted. A separate function is needed to
separate the path segments and parameters. This function returns a 5-tuple:
(addressing scheme, network location, path, query, fragment identifier).
The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of :class:`tuple`. This
class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
| Attribute | Index | Value | Value if not present |
+==================+=======+=========================+======================+
| :attr:`scheme` | 0 | URL scheme specifier | empty string |
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`netloc` | 1 | Network location part | empty string |
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`path` | 2 | Hierarchical path | empty string |
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`query` | 3 | Query component | empty string |
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`fragment` | 4 | Fragment identifier | empty string |
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`username` | | User name | :const:`None` |
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`password` | | Password | :const:`None` |
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`hostname` | | Host name (lower case) | :const:`None` |
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`port` | | Port number as integer, | :const:`None` |
| | | if present | |
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
See section :ref:`urlparse-result-object` for more information on the result
object.
.. function:: urlunsplit(parts)
Combine the elements of a tuple as returned by :func:`urlsplit` into a
complete URL as a string. The *parts* argument can be any five-item
iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the
URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ?
with an empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent).
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.. function:: urljoin(base, url, allow_fragments=True)
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Construct a full ("absolute") URL by combining a "base URL" (*base*) with
another URL (*url*). Informally, this uses components of the base URL, in
particular the addressing scheme, the network location and (part of) the
path, to provide missing components in the relative URL. For example:
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>>> from urllib.parse import urljoin
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>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html', 'FAQ.html')
'http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/FAQ.html'
The *allow_fragments* argument has the same meaning and default as for
:func:`urlparse`.
.. note::
If *url* is an absolute URL (that is, starting with ``//`` or ``scheme://``),
the *url*'s host name and/or scheme will be present in the result. For example:
Merged revisions 61724-61725,61731-61735,61737,61739,61741,61743-61744,61753,61761,61765-61767,61769,61773,61776-61778,61780-61783,61788,61793,61796,61807,61813 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r61724 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 01:01:12 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 49 lines Merged revisions 61602-61723 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r61626 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 17:19:16 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added fixer for implicit local imports. See #2414. ........ r61628 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 17:57:43 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added a class for tests which should not run if a particular import is found. ........ r61629 | collin.winter | 2008-03-19 17:58:19 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Two more relative import fixes in pgen2. ........ r61635 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 20:16:03 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Fixed print fixer so it will do the Right Thing when it encounters __future__.print_function. 2to3 gets upset, though, so the tests have been commented out. ........ r61637 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 21:37:17 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 3 lines Added a fixer for itertools imports (from itertools import imap, ifilterfalse --> from itertools import filterfalse) ........ r61645 | david.wolever | 2008-03-19 23:22:35 +0100 (Mi, 19 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line SVN is happier when you add the files you create... -_-' ........ r61654 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 01:09:56 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added an explicit sort order to fixers -- fixes problems like #2427 ........ r61664 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 04:32:40 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 3 lines Fixes #2428 -- comments are no longer eatten by __future__ fixer. ........ r61673 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 17:22:40 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Added 2to3 node pretty-printer ........ r61679 | david.wolever | 2008-03-20 20:50:42 +0100 (Do, 20 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 1 line Made node printing a little bit prettier ........ r61723 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 00:59:27 +0100 (Sa, 22 M?\195?\164r 2008) | 2 lines Fix whitespace. ........ ................ r61725 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-22 01:02:41 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Install lib2to3. ................ r61731 | facundo.batista | 2008-03-22 03:45:37 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Small fix that complicated the test actually when that test failed. ................ r61732 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-03-22 05:08:44 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Added warning for the removal of 'hotshot' in Py3k. ................ r61733 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:07:29 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines #1918: document that weak references *to* an object are cleared before the object's __del__ is called, to ensure that the weak reference callback (if any) finds the object healthy. ................ r61734 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:56:23 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Activate the Sphinx doctest extension and convert howto/functional to use it. ................ r61735 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 11:58:38 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Allow giving source names on the cmdline. ................ r61737 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 12:00:48 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fixup this HOWTO's doctest blocks so that they can be run with sphinx' doctest builder. ................ r61739 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 12:47:10 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test decimal.rst doctests as far as possible with sphinx doctest. ................ r61741 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 13:04:26 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make doctests in re docs usable with sphinx' doctest. ................ r61743 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 13:59:37 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make more doctests in pprint docs testable. ................ r61744 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 14:07:06 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines No need to specify explicit "doctest_block" anymore. ................ r61753 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 21:08:43 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Fix-up syntax problems. ................ r61761 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:06:20 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Make collections' doctests executable. (The <BLANKLINE>s will be stripped from presentation output.) ................ r61765 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:21:57 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test doctests in datetime docs. ................ r61766 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:26:44 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Test doctests in operator docs. ................ r61767 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 22:38:33 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Enable doctests in functions.rst. Already found two errors :) ................ r61769 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-22 23:04:10 +0100 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 3 lines Enable doctest running for several other documents. We have now over 640 doctests that are run with "make doctest". ................ r61773 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 01:55:46 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Simplify demo code. ................ r61776 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 04:43:33 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 7 lines Try to make this test a little more robust and not fail with: timeout (10.0025) is more than 2 seconds more than expected (0.001) I'm assuming this problem is caused by DNS lookup. This change does a DNS lookup of the hostname before trying to connect, so the time is not included. ................ r61777 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 05:08:30 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Speed up the test by avoiding socket timeouts. ................ r61778 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 05:43:09 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Skip the epoll test if epoll() does not work ................ r61780 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 06:47:20 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Suppress failure (to avoid a flaky test) if we cannot connect to svn.python.org ................ r61781 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:13:25 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Move itertools before future_builtins since the latter depends on the former. From a clean build importing future_builtins would fail since itertools wasn't built yet. ................ r61782 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:16:04 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Try to prevent the alarm going off early in tearDown ................ r61783 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-23 07:19:57 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Remove compiler warnings (on Alpha at least) about using chars as array subscripts. Using chars are dangerous b/c they are signed on some platforms and unsigned on others. ................ r61788 | georg.brandl | 2008-03-23 09:05:30 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 2 lines Make the doctests presentation-friendlier. ................ r61793 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-03-23 10:55:29 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines #1477: ur'\U0010FFFF' raised in narrow unicode builds. Corrected the raw-unicode-escape codec to use UTF-16 surrogates in this case, just like the unicode-escape codec. ................ r61796 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 14:32:32 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 1 line Issue 1681432: Add triangular distribution the random module. ................ r61807 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-03-23 20:37:53 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 4 lines Adopt Nick's suggestion for useful default arguments. Clean-up floating point issues by adding true division and float constants. ................ r61813 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-23 22:04:43 +0100 (Sun, 23 Mar 2008) | 6 lines Fix gzip to deal with CRC's being signed values in Python 2.x properly and to read 32bit values as unsigned to start with rather than applying signedness fixups allover the place afterwards. This hopefully fixes the test_tarfile failure on the alpha/tru64 buildbot. ................
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.. doctest::
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>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
... '//www.python.org/%7Eguido')
'http://www.python.org/%7Eguido'
If you do not want that behavior, preprocess the *url* with :func:`urlsplit` and
:func:`urlunsplit`, removing possible *scheme* and *netloc* parts.
.. function:: urldefrag(url)
If *url* contains a fragment identifier, return a modified version of *url*
with no fragment identifier, and the fragment identifier as a separate
string. If there is no fragment identifier in *url*, return *url* unmodified
and an empty string.
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The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of :class:`tuple`. This
class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
| Attribute | Index | Value | Value if not present |
+==================+=======+=========================+======================+
| :attr:`url` | 0 | URL with no fragment | empty string |
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
| :attr:`fragment` | 1 | Fragment identifier | empty string |
+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
See section :ref:`urlparse-result-object` for more information on the result
object.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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Result is a structured object rather than a simple 2-tuple.
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.. _parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes:
Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes
---------------------------
The URL parsing functions were originally designed to operate on character
strings only. In practice, it is useful to be able to manipulate properly
quoted and encoded URLs as sequences of ASCII bytes. Accordingly, the
URL parsing functions in this module all operate on :class:`bytes` and
:class:`bytearray` objects in addition to :class:`str` objects.
If :class:`str` data is passed in, the result will also contain only
:class:`str` data. If :class:`bytes` or :class:`bytearray` data is
passed in, the result will contain only :class:`bytes` data.
Attempting to mix :class:`str` data with :class:`bytes` or
:class:`bytearray` in a single function call will result in a
:exc:`TypeError` being raised, while attempting to pass in non-ASCII
byte values will trigger :exc:`UnicodeDecodeError`.
To support easier conversion of result objects between :class:`str` and
:class:`bytes`, all return values from URL parsing functions provide
either an :meth:`encode` method (when the result contains :class:`str`
data) or a :meth:`decode` method (when the result contains :class:`bytes`
data). The signatures of these methods match those of the corresponding
:class:`str` and :class:`bytes` methods (except that the default encoding
is ``'ascii'`` rather than ``'utf-8'``). Each produces a value of a
corresponding type that contains either :class:`bytes` data (for
:meth:`encode` methods) or :class:`str` data (for
:meth:`decode` methods).
Applications that need to operate on potentially improperly quoted URLs
that may contain non-ASCII data will need to do their own decoding from
bytes to characters before invoking the URL parsing methods.
The behaviour described in this section applies only to the URL parsing
functions. The URL quoting functions use their own rules when producing
or consuming byte sequences as detailed in the documentation of the
individual URL quoting functions.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
URL parsing functions now accept ASCII encoded byte sequences
.. _urlparse-result-object:
Structured Parse Results
------------------------
The result objects from the :func:`urlparse`, :func:`urlsplit` and
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:func:`urldefrag` functions are subclasses of the :class:`tuple` type.
These subclasses add the attributes listed in the documentation for
those functions, the encoding and decoding support described in the
previous section, as well as an additional method:
.. method:: urllib.parse.SplitResult.geturl()
Return the re-combined version of the original URL as a string. This may
differ from the original URL in that the scheme may be normalized to lower
case and empty components may be dropped. Specifically, empty parameters,
queries, and fragment identifiers will be removed.
For :func:`urldefrag` results, only empty fragment identifiers will be removed.
For :func:`urlsplit` and :func:`urlparse` results, all noted changes will be
made to the URL returned by this method.
The result of this method remains unchanged if passed back through the original
parsing function:
>>> from urllib.parse import urlsplit
>>> url = 'HTTP://www.Python.org/doc/#'
>>> r1 = urlsplit(url)
>>> r1.geturl()
'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
>>> r2 = urlsplit(r1.geturl())
>>> r2.geturl()
'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
The following classes provide the implementations of the structured parse
results when operating on :class:`str` objects:
.. class:: DefragResult(url, fragment)
Concrete class for :func:`urldefrag` results containing :class:`str`
data. The :meth:`encode` method returns a :class:`DefragResultBytes`
instance.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. class:: ParseResult(scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment)
Concrete class for :func:`urlparse` results containing :class:`str`
data. The :meth:`encode` method returns a :class:`ParseResultBytes`
instance.
.. class:: SplitResult(scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment)
Concrete class for :func:`urlsplit` results containing :class:`str`
data. The :meth:`encode` method returns a :class:`SplitResultBytes`
instance.
The following classes provide the implementations of the parse results when
operating on :class:`bytes` or :class:`bytearray` objects:
.. class:: DefragResultBytes(url, fragment)
Concrete class for :func:`urldefrag` results containing :class:`bytes`
data. The :meth:`decode` method returns a :class:`DefragResult`
instance.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. class:: ParseResultBytes(scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment)
Concrete class for :func:`urlparse` results containing :class:`bytes`
data. The :meth:`decode` method returns a :class:`ParseResult`
instance.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. class:: SplitResultBytes(scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment)
Concrete class for :func:`urlsplit` results containing :class:`bytes`
data. The :meth:`decode` method returns a :class:`SplitResult`
instance.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
URL Quoting
-----------
The URL quoting functions focus on taking program data and making it safe
for use as URL components by quoting special characters and appropriately
encoding non-ASCII text. They also support reversing these operations to
recreate the original data from the contents of a URL component if that
task isn't already covered by the URL parsing functions above.
.. function:: quote(string, safe='/', encoding=None, errors=None)
Replace special characters in *string* using the ``%xx`` escape. Letters,
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digits, and the characters ``'_.-'`` are never quoted. By default, this
function is intended for quoting the path section of URL. The optional *safe*
parameter specifies additional ASCII characters that should not be quoted
--- its default value is ``'/'``.
*string* may be either a :class:`str` or a :class:`bytes`.
The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to deal with
non-ASCII characters, as accepted by the :meth:`str.encode` method.
*encoding* defaults to ``'utf-8'``.
*errors* defaults to ``'strict'``, meaning unsupported characters raise a
:class:`UnicodeEncodeError`.
*encoding* and *errors* must not be supplied if *string* is a
:class:`bytes`, or a :class:`TypeError` is raised.
Note that ``quote(string, safe, encoding, errors)`` is equivalent to
``quote_from_bytes(string.encode(encoding, errors), safe)``.
Example: ``quote('/El Niño/')`` yields ``'/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/'``.
.. function:: quote_plus(string, safe='', encoding=None, errors=None)
Like :func:`quote`, but also replace spaces by plus signs, as required for
quoting HTML form values when building up a query string to go into a URL.
Plus signs in the original string are escaped unless they are included in
*safe*. It also does not have *safe* default to ``'/'``.
Example: ``quote_plus('/El Niño/')`` yields ``'%2FEl+Ni%C3%B1o%2F'``.
.. function:: quote_from_bytes(bytes, safe='/')
Like :func:`quote`, but accepts a :class:`bytes` object rather than a
:class:`str`, and does not perform string-to-bytes encoding.
Example: ``quote_from_bytes(b'a&\xef')`` yields
``'a%26%EF'``.
.. function:: unquote(string, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')
Replace ``%xx`` escapes by their single-character equivalent.
The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode
percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
:meth:`bytes.decode` method.
*string* must be a :class:`str`.
*encoding* defaults to ``'utf-8'``.
*errors* defaults to ``'replace'``, meaning invalid sequences are replaced
by a placeholder character.
Example: ``unquote('/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/')`` yields ``'/El Niño/'``.
.. function:: unquote_plus(string, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')
Like :func:`unquote`, but also replace plus signs by spaces, as required for
unquoting HTML form values.
*string* must be a :class:`str`.
Example: ``unquote_plus('/El+Ni%C3%B1o/')`` yields ``'/El Niño/'``.
.. function:: unquote_to_bytes(string)
Replace ``%xx`` escapes by their single-octet equivalent, and return a
:class:`bytes` object.
*string* may be either a :class:`str` or a :class:`bytes`.
If it is a :class:`str`, unescaped non-ASCII characters in *string*
are encoded into UTF-8 bytes.
Example: ``unquote_to_bytes('a%26%EF')`` yields ``b'a&\xef'``.
.. function:: urlencode(query, doseq=False, safe='', encoding=None, errors=None)
Convert a mapping object or a sequence of two-element tuples, which may
either be a :class:`str` or a :class:`bytes`, to a "percent-encoded"
string. The resultant string must be converted to bytes using the
user-specified encoding before it is sent to :func:`urlopen` as the optional
*data* argument.
The resulting string is a series of ``key=value`` pairs separated by ``'&'``
characters, where both *key* and *value* are quoted using :func:`quote_plus`
above. When a sequence of two-element tuples is used as the *query*
argument, the first element of each tuple is a key and the second is a
value. The value element in itself can be a sequence and in that case, if
the optional parameter *doseq* is evaluates to *True*, individual
``key=value`` pairs separated by ``'&'`` are generated for each element of
the value sequence for the key. The order of parameters in the encoded
string will match the order of parameter tuples in the sequence.
When *query* parameter is a :class:`str`, the *safe*, *encoding* and *error*
parameters are passed down to :func:`quote_plus` for encoding.
To reverse this encoding process, :func:`parse_qs` and :func:`parse_qsl` are
provided in this module to parse query strings into Python data structures.
Refer to :ref:`urllib examples <urllib-examples>` to find out how urlencode
method can be used for generating query string for a URL or data for POST.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Query parameter supports bytes and string objects.
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.. seealso::
:rfc:`3986` - Uniform Resource Identifiers
This is the current standard (STD66). Any changes to urllib.parse module
should conform to this. Certain deviations could be observed, which are
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mostly for backward compatibility purposes and for certain de-facto
parsing requirements as commonly observed in major browsers.
:rfc:`2732` - Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's.
This specifies the parsing requirements of IPv6 URLs.
:rfc:`2396` - Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
Document describing the generic syntactic requirements for both Uniform Resource
Names (URNs) and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs).
:rfc:`2368` - The mailto URL scheme.
Parsing requirements for mailto url schemes.
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:rfc:`1808` - Relative Uniform Resource Locators
This Request For Comments includes the rules for joining an absolute and a
relative URL, including a fair number of "Abnormal Examples" which govern the
treatment of border cases.
:rfc:`1738` - Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
This specifies the formal syntax and semantics of absolute URLs.