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\section{\module{time} ---
Time access and conversions}
\declaremodule{builtin}{time}
\modulesynopsis{Time access and conversions.}
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This module provides various time-related functions. It is always
available, but not all functions are available on all platforms. Most
of the functions defined in this module call platform C library
functions with the same name. It may sometimes be helpful to consult
the platform documentation, because the semantics of these functions
varies among platforms.
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An explanation of some terminology and conventions is in order.
\begin{itemize}
\item
The \dfn{epoch}\index{epoch} is the point where the time starts. On
January 1st of that year, at 0 hours, the ``time since the epoch'' is
zero. For \UNIX, the epoch is 1970. To find out what the epoch is,
look at \code{gmtime(0)}.
\item
The functions in this module do not handle dates and times before the
epoch or far in the future. The cut-off point in the future is
determined by the C library; for \UNIX, it is typically in
2038\index{Year 2038}.
\item
\strong{Year 2000 (Y2K) issues}:\index{Year 2000}\index{Y2K} Python
depends on the platform's C library, which generally doesn't have year
2000 issues, since all dates and times are represented internally as
seconds since the epoch. Functions accepting a \class{struct_time}
(see below) generally require a 4-digit year. For backward
compatibility, 2-digit years are supported if the module variable
\code{accept2dyear} is a non-zero integer; this variable is
initialized to \code{1} unless the environment variable
\envvar{PYTHONY2K} is set to a non-empty string, in which case it is
initialized to \code{0}. Thus, you can set
\envvar{PYTHONY2K} to a non-empty string in the environment to require 4-digit
years for all year input. When 2-digit years are accepted, they are
converted according to the \POSIX{} or X/Open standard: values 69-99
are mapped to 1969-1999, and values 0--68 are mapped to 2000--2068.
Values 100--1899 are always illegal. Note that this is new as of
Python 1.5.2(a2); earlier versions, up to Python 1.5.1 and 1.5.2a1,
would add 1900 to year values below 1900.
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\item
UTC\index{UTC} is Coordinated Universal Time\index{Coordinated
Universal Time} (formerly known as Greenwich Mean
Time,\index{Greenwich Mean Time} or GMT). The acronym UTC is not a
mistake but a compromise between English and French.
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\item
DST is Daylight Saving Time,\index{Daylight Saving Time} an adjustment
of the timezone by (usually) one hour during part of the year. DST
rules are magic (determined by local law) and can change from year to
year. The C library has a table containing the local rules (often it
is read from a system file for flexibility) and is the only source of
True Wisdom in this respect.
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\item
The precision of the various real-time functions may be less than
suggested by the units in which their value or argument is expressed.
E.g.\ on most \UNIX{} systems, the clock ``ticks'' only 50 or 100 times a
second, and on the Mac, times are only accurate to whole seconds.
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\item
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On the other hand, the precision of \function{time()} and
\function{sleep()} is better than their \UNIX{} equivalents: times are
expressed as floating point numbers, \function{time()} returns the
most accurate time available (using \UNIX{} \cfunction{gettimeofday()}
where available), and \function{sleep()} will accept a time with a
nonzero fraction (\UNIX{} \cfunction{select()} is used to implement
this, where available).
\item
The time value as returned by \function{gmtime()},
\function{localtime()}, and \function{strptime()}, and accepted by
\function{asctime()}, \function{mktime()} and \function{strftime()},
is a sequence of 9 integers. The return values of \function{gmtime()},
\function{localtime()}, and \function{strptime()} also offer attribute
names for individual fields.
\begin{tableiii}{c|l|l}{textrm}{Index}{Attribute}{Values}
\lineiii{0}{\member{tm_year}}{(for example, 1993)}
\lineiii{1}{\member{tm_mon}}{range [1,12]}
\lineiii{2}{\member{tm_mday}}{range [1,31]}
\lineiii{3}{\member{tm_hour}}{range [0,23]}
\lineiii{4}{\member{tm_min}}{range [0,59]}
\lineiii{5}{\member{tm_sec}}{range [0,61]; see \strong{(1)} in \function{strftime()} description}
\lineiii{6}{\member{tm_wday}}{range [0,6], Monday is 0}
\lineiii{7}{\member{tm_yday}}{range [1,366]}
\lineiii{8}{\member{tm_isdst}}{0, 1 or -1; see below}
\end{tableiii}
Note that unlike the C structure, the month value is a
range of 1-12, not 0-11. A year value will be handled as described
under ``Year 2000 (Y2K) issues'' above. A \code{-1} argument as the
daylight savings flag, passed to \function{mktime()} will usually
result in the correct daylight savings state to be filled in.
When a tuple with an incorrect length is passed to a function
expecting a \class{struct_time}, or having elements of the wrong type, a
\exception{TypeError} is raised.
\versionchanged[The time value sequence was changed from a tuple to a
\class{struct_time}, with the addition of attribute names
for the fields]{2.2}
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\end{itemize}
The module defines the following functions and data items:
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\begin{datadesc}{accept2dyear}
Boolean value indicating whether two-digit year values will be
accepted. This is true by default, but will be set to false if the
environment variable \envvar{PYTHONY2K} has been set to a non-empty
string. It may also be modified at run time.
\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{altzone}
The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of UTC, if one
is defined. This is negative if the local DST timezone is east of UTC
(as in Western Europe, including the UK). Only use this if
\code{daylight} is nonzero.
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\end{datadesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{asctime}{\optional{t}}
Convert a tuple or \class{struct_time} representing a time as returned
by \function{gmtime()}
or \function{localtime()} to a 24-character string of the following form:
\code{'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993'}. If \var{t} is not provided, the
current time as returned by \function{localtime()} is used.
Locale information is not used by \function{asctime()}.
\note{Unlike the C function of the same name, there is no trailing
newline.}
\versionchanged[Allowed \var{t} to be omitted]{2.1}
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\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{clock}{}
On \UNIX, return
the current processor time as a floating point number expressed in
seconds. The precision, and in fact the very definition of the meaning
of ``processor time''\index{CPU time}\index{processor time}, depends
on that of the C function of the same name, but in any case, this is
the function to use for benchmarking\index{benchmarking} Python or
timing algorithms.
On Windows, this function returns wall-clock seconds elapsed since the
first call to this function, as a floating point number,
based on the Win32 function \cfunction{QueryPerformanceCounter()}.
The resolution is typically better than one microsecond.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{ctime}{\optional{secs}}
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Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a string
representing local time. If \var{secs} is not provided or
\constant{None}, the current time as returned by \function{time()} is
used. \code{ctime(\var{secs})} is equivalent to
\code{asctime(localtime(\var{secs}))}.
Locale information is not used by \function{ctime()}.
\versionchanged[Allowed \var{secs} to be omitted]{2.1}
\versionchanged[If \var{secs} is \constant{None}, the current time is
used]{2.4}
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\end{funcdesc}
\begin{datadesc}{daylight}
Nonzero if a DST timezone is defined.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{gmtime}{\optional{secs}}
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a \class{struct_time}
in UTC in which the dst flag is always zero. If \var{secs} is not
provided or \constant{None}, the current time as returned by
\function{time()} is used. Fractions of a second are ignored. See
above for a description of the \class{struct_time} object. See
\function{calendar.timegm()} for the inverse of this function.
\versionchanged[Allowed \var{secs} to be omitted]{2.1}
\versionchanged[If \var{secs} is \constant{None}, the current time is
used]{2.4}
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\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{localtime}{\optional{secs}}
Like \function{gmtime()} but converts to local time. If \var{secs} is
not provided or \constant{None}, the current time as returned by
\function{time()} is used. The dst flag is set to \code{1} when DST
applies to the given time.
\versionchanged[Allowed \var{secs} to be omitted]{2.1}
\versionchanged[If \var{secs} is \constant{None}, the current time is
used]{2.4}
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\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{mktime}{t}
This is the inverse function of \function{localtime()}. Its argument
is the \class{struct_time} or full 9-tuple (since the dst flag is
needed; use \code{-1} as the dst flag if it is unknown) which
expresses the time in
\emph{local} time, not UTC. It returns a floating point number, for
compatibility with \function{time()}. If the input value cannot be
represented as a valid time, either \exception{OverflowError} or
\exception{ValueError} will be raised (which depends on whether the
invalid value is caught by Python or the underlying C libraries). The
earliest date for which it can generate a time is platform-dependent.
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\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{sleep}{secs}
Suspend execution for the given number of seconds. The argument may
be a floating point number to indicate a more precise sleep time.
The actual suspension time may be less than that requested because any
caught signal will terminate the \function{sleep()} following
execution of that signal's catching routine. Also, the suspension
time may be longer than requested by an arbitrary amount because of
the scheduling of other activity in the system.
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\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{strftime}{format\optional{, t}}
Convert a tuple or \class{struct_time} representing a time as returned
by \function{gmtime()} or \function{localtime()} to a string as
specified by the \var{format} argument. If \var{t} is not
provided, the current time as returned by \function{localtime()} is
used. \var{format} must be a string. \exception{ValueError} is raised
if any field in \var{t} is outside of the allowed range.
\versionchanged[Allowed \var{t} to be omitted]{2.1}
\versionchanged[\exception{ValueError} raised if a field in \var{t} is
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out of range]{2.4}
The following directives can be embedded in the \var{format} string.
They are shown without the optional field width and precision
specification, and are replaced by the indicated characters in the
\function{strftime()} result:
\begin{tableiii}{c|p{24em}|c}{code}{Directive}{Meaning}{Notes}
\lineiii{\%a}{Locale's abbreviated weekday name.}{}
\lineiii{\%A}{Locale's full weekday name.}{}
\lineiii{\%b}{Locale's abbreviated month name.}{}
\lineiii{\%B}{Locale's full month name.}{}
\lineiii{\%c}{Locale's appropriate date and time representation.}{}
\lineiii{\%d}{Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].}{}
\lineiii{\%H}{Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].}{}
\lineiii{\%I}{Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].}{}
\lineiii{\%j}{Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].}{}
\lineiii{\%m}{Month as a decimal number [01,12].}{}
\lineiii{\%M}{Minute as a decimal number [00,59].}{}
\lineiii{\%p}{Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.}{(1)}
\lineiii{\%S}{Second as a decimal number [00,61].}{(2)}
\lineiii{\%U}{Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the
week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year
preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.}{(3)}
\lineiii{\%w}{Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6].}{}
\lineiii{\%W}{Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the
week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year
preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0.}{(3)}
\lineiii{\%x}{Locale's appropriate date representation.}{}
\lineiii{\%X}{Locale's appropriate time representation.}{}
\lineiii{\%y}{Year without century as a decimal number [00,99].}{}
\lineiii{\%Y}{Year with century as a decimal number.}{}
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\lineiii{\%Z}{Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists).}{}
\lineiii{\%\%}{A literal \character{\%} character.}{}
\end{tableiii}
\noindent
Notes:
\begin{description}
\item[(1)]
When used with the \function{strptime()} function, the \code{\%p}
directive only affects the output hour field if the \code{\%I} directive
is used to parse the hour.
\item[(2)]
The range really is \code{0} to \code{61}; this accounts for leap
seconds and the (very rare) double leap seconds.
\item[(3)]
When used with the \function{strptime()} function, \code{\%U} and \code{\%W}
are only used in calculations when the day of the week and the year are
specified.
\end{description}
Here is an example, a format for dates compatible with that specified
in the \rfc{2822} Internet email standard.
\footnote{The use of \code{\%Z} is now
deprecated, but the \code{\%z} escape that expands to the preferred
hour/minute offset is not supported by all ANSI C libraries. Also,
a strict reading of the original 1982 \rfc{822} standard calls for
a two-digit year (\%y rather than \%Y), but practice moved to
4-digit years long before the year 2000. The 4-digit year has
been mandated by \rfc{2822}, which obsoletes \rfc{822}.}
\begin{verbatim}
>>> from time import gmtime, strftime
>>> strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S +0000", gmtime())
'Thu, 28 Jun 2001 14:17:15 +0000'
\end{verbatim}
Additional directives may be supported on certain platforms, but
only the ones listed here have a meaning standardized by ANSI C.
On some platforms, an optional field width and precision
specification can immediately follow the initial \character{\%} of a
directive in the following order; this is also not portable.
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The field width is normally 2 except for \code{\%j} where it is 3.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{strptime}{string\optional{, format}}
Parse a string representing a time according to a format. The return
value is a \class{struct_time} as returned by \function{gmtime()} or
\function{localtime()}. The \var{format} parameter uses the same
directives as those used by \function{strftime()}; it defaults to
\code{"\%a \%b \%d \%H:\%M:\%S \%Y"} which matches the formatting
returned by \function{ctime()}. If \var{string} cannot be parsed
according to \var{format}, \exception{ValueError} is raised. If the
string to be parsed has excess data after parsing,
\exception{ValueError} is raised. The default values used to fill in
Partially merge trunk into p3yk. The removal of Mac/Tools is confusing svn merge in bad ways, so I'll have to merge that extra-carefully (probably manually.) Merged revisions 46495-46605 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r46495 | tim.peters | 2006-05-28 03:52:38 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 2 lines Added missing svn:eol-style property to text files. ........ r46497 | tim.peters | 2006-05-28 12:41:29 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 3 lines PyErr_Display(), PyErr_WriteUnraisable(): Coverity found a cut-and-paste bug in both: `className` was referenced before being checked for NULL. ........ r46499 | fredrik.lundh | 2006-05-28 14:06:46 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 5 lines needforspeed: added Py_MEMCPY macro (currently tuned for Visual C only), and use it for string copy operations. this gives a 20% speedup on some string benchmarks. ........ r46501 | michael.hudson | 2006-05-28 17:51:40 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 26 lines Quality control, meet exceptions.c. Fix a number of problems with the need for speed code: One is doing this sort of thing: Py_DECREF(self->field); self->field = newval; Py_INCREF(self->field); without being very sure that self->field doesn't start with a value that has a __del__, because that almost certainly can lead to segfaults. As self->args is constrained to be an exact tuple we may as well exploit this fact consistently. This leads to quite a lot of simplification (and, hey, probably better performance). Add some error checking in places lacking it. Fix some rather strange indentation in the Unicode code. Delete some trailing whitespace. More to come, I haven't fixed all the reference leaks yet... ........ r46502 | george.yoshida | 2006-05-28 18:39:09 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1080727: add "encoding" parameter to doctest.DocFileSuite Contributed by Bjorn Tillenius. ........ r46503 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-05-28 18:57:38 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 4 lines Rest of patch #1490384: Commit icon source, remove claim that Erik von Blokland is the author of the installer picture. ........ r46504 | michael.hudson | 2006-05-28 19:40:29 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 16 lines Quality control, meet exceptions.c, round two. Make some functions that should have been static static. Fix a bunch of refleaks by fixing the definition of MiddlingExtendsException. Remove all the __new__ implementations apart from BaseException_new. Rewrite most code that needs it to cope with NULL fields (such code could get excercised anyway, the __new__-removal just makes it more likely). This involved editing the code for WindowsError, which I can't test. This fixes all the refleaks in at least the start of a regrtest -R :: run. ........ r46505 | marc-andre.lemburg | 2006-05-28 19:46:58 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 10 lines Initial version of systimes - a module to provide platform dependent performance measurements. The module is currently just a proof-of-concept implementation, but will integrated into pybench once it is stable enough. License: pybench license. Author: Marc-Andre Lemburg. ........ r46507 | armin.rigo | 2006-05-28 21:13:17 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 15 lines ("Forward-port" of r46506) Remove various dependencies on dictionary order in the standard library tests, and one (clearly an oversight, potentially critical) in the standard library itself - base64.py. Remaining open issues: * test_extcall is an output test, messy to make robust * tarfile.py has a potential bug here, but I'm not familiar enough with this code. Filed in as SF bug #1496501. * urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgr() returns a random result if there is more than one matching root path. I'm asking python-dev for clarification... ........ r46508 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-28 22:11:45 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 4 lines The empty string is a valid import path. (fixes #1496539) ........ r46509 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-28 22:23:12 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1496206: urllib2 PasswordMgr ./. default ports ........ r46510 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-28 22:57:09 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 3 lines Fix refleaks in UnicodeError get and set methods. ........ r46511 | michael.hudson | 2006-05-28 23:19:03 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 3 lines use the UnicodeError traversal and clearing functions in UnicodeError subclasses. ........ r46512 | thomas.wouters | 2006-05-28 23:32:12 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 4 lines Make last patch valid C89 so Windows compilers can deal with it. ........ r46513 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-28 23:42:54 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 3 lines Fix ref-antileak in _struct.c which eventually lead to deallocating None. ........ r46514 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-28 23:57:35 +0200 (Sun, 28 May 2006) | 4 lines Correct None refcount issue in Mac modules. (Are they still used?) ........ r46515 | armin.rigo | 2006-05-29 00:07:08 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines A clearer error message when passing -R to regrtest.py with release builds of Python. ........ r46516 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 00:14:04 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines Fix C function calling conventions in _sre module. ........ r46517 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 00:34:51 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines Convert audioop over to METH_VARARGS. ........ r46518 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 00:38:57 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines METH_NOARGS functions do get called with two args. ........ r46519 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 11:46:51 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 4 lines Fix refleak in socketmodule. Replace bogus Py_BuildValue calls. Fix refleak in exceptions. ........ r46520 | nick.coghlan | 2006-05-29 14:43:05 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 7 lines Apply modified version of Collin Winter's patch #1478788 Renames functional extension module to _functools and adds a Python functools module so that utility functions like update_wrapper can be added easily. ........ r46522 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 15:53:16 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines Convert fmmodule to METH_VARARGS. ........ r46523 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 16:13:21 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines Fix #1494605. ........ r46524 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 16:28:05 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines Handle PyMem_Malloc failure in pystrtod.c. Closes #1494671. ........ r46525 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 16:33:55 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines Fix compiler warning. ........ r46526 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 16:39:00 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines Fix #1494787 (pyclbr counts whitespace as superclass name) ........ r46527 | bob.ippolito | 2006-05-29 17:47:29 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 1 line simplify the struct code a bit (no functional changes) ........ r46528 | armin.rigo | 2006-05-29 19:59:47 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 2 lines Silence a warning. ........ r46529 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 21:39:45 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines Correct some value converting strangenesses. ........ r46530 | nick.coghlan | 2006-05-29 22:27:44 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 1 line When adding a module like functools, it helps to let SVN know about the file. ........ r46531 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 22:52:54 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 4 lines Patches #1497027 and #972322: try HTTP digest auth first, and watch out for handler name collisions. ........ r46532 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 22:57:01 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines Add News entry for last commit. ........ r46533 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 23:04:52 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 4 lines Make use of METH_O and METH_NOARGS where possible. Use Py_UnpackTuple instead of PyArg_ParseTuple where possible. ........ r46534 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-29 23:58:42 +0200 (Mon, 29 May 2006) | 3 lines Convert more modules to METH_VARARGS. ........ r46535 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-30 00:00:30 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 3 lines Whoops. ........ r46536 | fredrik.lundh | 2006-05-30 00:42:07 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 4 lines fixed "abc".count("", 100) == -96 error (hopefully, nobody's relying on the current behaviour ;-) ........ r46537 | bob.ippolito | 2006-05-30 00:55:48 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 1 line struct: modulo math plus warning on all endian-explicit formats for compatibility with older struct usage (ugly) ........ r46539 | bob.ippolito | 2006-05-30 02:26:01 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 1 line Add a length check to aifc to ensure it doesn't write a bogus file ........ r46540 | tim.peters | 2006-05-30 04:25:25 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 10 lines deprecated_err(): Stop bizarre warning messages when the tests are run in the order: test_genexps (or any other doctest-based test) test_struct test_doctest The `warnings` module needs an advertised way to save/restore its internal filter list. ........ r46541 | tim.peters | 2006-05-30 04:26:46 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 2 lines Whitespace normalization. ........ r46542 | tim.peters | 2006-05-30 04:30:30 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 2 lines Set a binary svn:mime-type property on this UTF-8 encoded file. ........ r46543 | neal.norwitz | 2006-05-30 05:18:50 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 1 line Simplify further by using AddStringConstant ........ r46544 | tim.peters | 2006-05-30 06:16:25 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 6 lines Convert relevant dict internals to Py_ssize_t. I don't have a box with nearly enough RAM, or an OS, that could get close to tickling this, though (requires a dict w/ at least 2**31 entries). ........ r46545 | neal.norwitz | 2006-05-30 06:19:21 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 1 line Remove stray | in comment ........ r46546 | neal.norwitz | 2006-05-30 06:25:05 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 1 line Use Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST for safety. Fix format strings. Remove 2 more stray | in comment ........ r46547 | neal.norwitz | 2006-05-30 06:43:23 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 1 line No DOWNCAST is required since sizeof(Py_ssize_t) >= sizeof(int) and Py_ReprEntr returns an int ........ r46548 | tim.peters | 2006-05-30 07:04:59 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 3 lines dict_print(): Explicitly narrow the return value from a (possibly) wider variable. ........ r46549 | tim.peters | 2006-05-30 07:23:59 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 5 lines dict_print(): So that Neal & I don't spend the rest of our lives taking turns rewriting code that works ;-), get rid of casting illusions by declaring a new variable with the obvious type. ........ r46550 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-30 09:04:55 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 3 lines Restore exception pickle support. #1497319. ........ r46551 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-30 09:13:29 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 3 lines Add a test case for exception pickling. args is never NULL. ........ r46552 | neal.norwitz | 2006-05-30 09:21:10 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 1 line Don't fail if the (sub)pkgname already exist. ........ r46553 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-30 09:34:45 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 3 lines Disallow keyword args for exceptions. ........ r46554 | neal.norwitz | 2006-05-30 09:36:54 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 5 lines I'm impatient. I think this will fix a few more problems with the buildbots. I'm not sure this is the best approach, but I can't think of anything better. If this creates problems, feel free to revert, but I think it's safe and should make things a little better. ........ r46555 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-30 10:17:00 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 4 lines Do the check for no keyword arguments in __init__ so that subclasses of Exception can be supplied keyword args ........ r46556 | georg.brandl | 2006-05-30 10:47:19 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 3 lines Convert test_exceptions to unittest. ........ r46557 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-05-30 14:52:01 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 1 line Add SoC name, and reorganize this section a bit ........ r46559 | tim.peters | 2006-05-30 17:53:34 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 11 lines PyLong_FromString(): Continued fraction analysis (explained in a new comment) suggests there are almost certainly large input integers in all non-binary input bases for which one Python digit too few is initally allocated to hold the final result. Instead of assert-failing when that happens, allocate more space. Alas, I estimate it would take a few days to find a specific such case, so this isn't backed up by a new test (not to mention that such a case may take hours to run, since conversion time is quadratic in the number of digits, and preliminary attempts suggested that the smallest such inputs contain at least a million digits). ........ r46560 | fredrik.lundh | 2006-05-30 19:11:48 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 3 lines changed find/rfind to return -1 for matches outside the source string ........ r46561 | bob.ippolito | 2006-05-30 19:37:54 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 1 line Change wrapping terminology to overflow masking ........ r46562 | fredrik.lundh | 2006-05-30 19:39:58 +0200 (Tue, 30 May 2006) | 3 lines changed count to return 0 for slices outside the source string ........ r46568 | tim.peters | 2006-05-31 01:28:02 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 2 lines Whitespace normalization. ........ r46569 | brett.cannon | 2006-05-31 04:19:54 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 5 lines Clarify wording on default values for strptime(); defaults are used when better values cannot be inferred. Closes bug #1496315. ........ r46572 | neal.norwitz | 2006-05-31 09:43:27 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 1 line Calculate smallest properly (it was off by one) and use proper ssize_t types for Win64 ........ r46573 | neal.norwitz | 2006-05-31 10:01:08 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 1 line Revert last checkin, it is better to do make distclean ........ r46574 | neal.norwitz | 2006-05-31 11:02:44 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 3 lines On 64-bit platforms running test_struct after test_tarfile would fail since the deprecation warning wouldn't be raised. ........ r46575 | thomas.heller | 2006-05-31 13:37:58 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 3 lines PyTuple_Pack is not available in Python 2.3, but ctypes must stay compatible with that. ........ r46576 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-05-31 15:18:56 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 1 line 'functional' module was renamed to 'functools' ........ r46577 | kristjan.jonsson | 2006-05-31 15:35:41 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 1 line Fixup the PCBuild8 project directory. exceptions.c have moved to Objects, and the functionalmodule.c has been replaced with _functoolsmodule.c. Other minor changes to .vcproj files and .sln to fix compilation ........ r46578 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-05-31 16:08:48 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 15 lines [Bug #1473048] SimpleXMLRPCServer and DocXMLRPCServer don't look at the path of the HTTP request at all; you can POST or GET from / or /RPC2 or /blahblahblah with the same results. Security scanners that look for /cgi-bin/phf will therefore report lots of vulnerabilities. Fix: add a .rpc_paths attribute to the SimpleXMLRPCServer class, and report a 404 error if the path isn't on the allowed list. Possibly-controversial aspect of this change: the default makes only '/' and '/RPC2' legal. Maybe this will break people's applications (though I doubt it). We could just set the default to an empty tuple, which would exactly match the current behaviour. ........ r46579 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-05-31 16:12:47 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 1 line Mention SimpleXMLRPCServer change ........ r46580 | tim.peters | 2006-05-31 16:28:07 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 2 lines Trimmed trailing whitespace. ........ r46581 | tim.peters | 2006-05-31 17:33:22 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 4 lines _range_error(): Speed and simplify (there's no real need for loops here). Assert that size_t is actually big enough, and that f->size is at least one. Wrap a long line. ........ r46582 | tim.peters | 2006-05-31 17:34:37 +0200 (Wed, 31 May 2006) | 2 lines Repaired error in new comment. ........ r46584 | neal.norwitz | 2006-06-01 07:32:49 +0200 (Thu, 01 Jun 2006) | 4 lines Remove ; at end of macro. There was a compiler recently that warned about extra semi-colons. It may have been the HP C compiler. This file will trigger a bunch of those warnings now. ........ r46585 | georg.brandl | 2006-06-01 08:39:19 +0200 (Thu, 01 Jun 2006) | 3 lines Correctly unpickle 2.4 exceptions via __setstate__ (patch #1498571) ........ r46586 | georg.brandl | 2006-06-01 10:27:32 +0200 (Thu, 01 Jun 2006) | 3 lines Correctly allocate complex types with tp_alloc. (bug #1498638) ........ r46587 | georg.brandl | 2006-06-01 14:30:46 +0200 (Thu, 01 Jun 2006) | 2 lines Correctly dispatch Faults in loads (patch #1498627) ........ r46588 | georg.brandl | 2006-06-01 15:00:49 +0200 (Thu, 01 Jun 2006) | 3 lines Some code style tweaks, and remove apply. ........ r46589 | armin.rigo | 2006-06-01 15:19:12 +0200 (Thu, 01 Jun 2006) | 5 lines [ 1497053 ] Let dicts propagate the exceptions in user __eq__(). [ 1456209 ] dictresize() vulnerability ( <- backport candidate ). ........ r46590 | tim.peters | 2006-06-01 15:41:46 +0200 (Thu, 01 Jun 2006) | 2 lines Whitespace normalization. ........ r46591 | tim.peters | 2006-06-01 15:49:23 +0200 (Thu, 01 Jun 2006) | 2 lines Record bugs 1275608 and 1456209 as being fixed. ........ r46592 | tim.peters | 2006-06-01 15:56:26 +0200 (Thu, 01 Jun 2006) | 5 lines Re-enable a new empty-string test added during the NFS sprint, but disabled then because str and unicode strings gave different results. The implementations were repaired later during the sprint, but the new test remained disabled. ........ r46594 | tim.peters | 2006-06-01 17:50:44 +0200 (Thu, 01 Jun 2006) | 7 lines Armin committed his patch while I was reviewing it (I'm sure he didn't know this), so merged in some changes I made during review. Nothing material apart from changing a new `mask` local from int to Py_ssize_t. Mostly this is repairing comments that were made incorrect, and adding new comments. Also a few minor code rewrites for clarity or helpful succinctness. ........ r46599 | neal.norwitz | 2006-06-02 06:45:53 +0200 (Fri, 02 Jun 2006) | 1 line Convert docstrings to comments so regrtest -v prints method names ........ r46600 | neal.norwitz | 2006-06-02 06:50:49 +0200 (Fri, 02 Jun 2006) | 2 lines Fix memory leak found by valgrind. ........ r46601 | neal.norwitz | 2006-06-02 06:54:52 +0200 (Fri, 02 Jun 2006) | 1 line More memory leaks from valgrind ........ r46602 | neal.norwitz | 2006-06-02 08:23:00 +0200 (Fri, 02 Jun 2006) | 11 lines Patch #1357836: Prevent an invalid memory read from test_coding in case the done flag is set. In that case, the loop isn't entered. I wonder if rather than setting the done flag in the cases before the loop, if they should just exit early. This code looks like it should be refactored. Backport candidate (also the early break above if decoding_fgets fails) ........ r46603 | martin.blais | 2006-06-02 15:03:43 +0200 (Fri, 02 Jun 2006) | 1 line Fixed struct test to not use unittest. ........ r46605 | tim.peters | 2006-06-03 01:22:51 +0200 (Sat, 03 Jun 2006) | 10 lines pprint functions used to sort a dict (by key) if and only if the output required more than one line. "Small" dicts got displayed in seemingly random order (the hash-induced order produced by dict.__repr__). None of this was documented. Now pprint functions always sort dicts by key, and the docs promise it. This was proposed and agreed to during the PyCon 2006 core sprint -- I just didn't have time for it before now. ........
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any missing data when more accurate values cannot be inferred are
\code{(1900, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1)} .
Support for the \code{\%Z} directive is based on the values contained in
\code{tzname} and whether \code{daylight} is true. Because of this,
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it is platform-specific except for recognizing UTC and GMT which are
always known (and are considered to be non-daylight savings
timezones).
\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{struct_time}
The type of the time value sequence returned by \function{gmtime()},
\function{localtime()}, and \function{strptime()}.
\versionadded{2.2}
\end{datadesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{time}{}
Return the time as a floating point number expressed in seconds since
the epoch, in UTC. Note that even though the time is always returned
as a floating point number, not all systems provide time with a better
precision than 1 second. While this function normally returns
non-decreasing values, it can return a lower value than a previous
call if the system clock has been set back between the two calls.
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\end{funcdesc}
\begin{datadesc}{timezone}
The offset of the local (non-DST) timezone, in seconds west of UTC
(negative in most of Western Europe, positive in the US, zero in the
UK).
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\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{tzname}
A tuple of two strings: the first is the name of the local non-DST
timezone, the second is the name of the local DST timezone. If no DST
timezone is defined, the second string should not be used.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{tzset}{}
Resets the time conversion rules used by the library routines.
The environment variable \envvar{TZ} specifies how this is done.
\versionadded{2.3}
Availability: \UNIX.
\begin{notice}
Although in many cases, changing the \envvar{TZ} environment variable
may affect the output of functions like \function{localtime} without calling
\function{tzset}, this behavior should not be relied on.
The \envvar{TZ} environment variable should contain no whitespace.
\end{notice}
The standard format of the \envvar{TZ} environment variable is:
(whitespace added for clarity)
\begin{itemize}
\item[std offset [dst [offset] [,start[/time], end[/time]]]]
\end{itemize}
Where:
\begin{itemize}
\item[std and dst]
Three or more alphanumerics giving the timezone abbreviations.
These will be propagated into time.tzname
\item[offset]
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The offset has the form: \plusminus{} hh[:mm[:ss]].
This indicates the value added the local time to arrive at UTC.
If preceded by a '-', the timezone is east of the Prime
Meridian; otherwise, it is west. If no offset follows
dst, summer time is assumed to be one hour ahead of standard time.
\item[start[/time],end[/time]]
Indicates when to change to and back from DST. The format of the
start and end dates are one of the following:
\begin{itemize}
\item[J\var{n}]
The Julian day \var{n} (1 <= \var{n} <= 365). Leap days are not
counted, so in all years February 28 is day 59 and
March 1 is day 60.
\item[\var{n}]
The zero-based Julian day (0 <= \var{n} <= 365). Leap days are
counted, and it is possible to refer to February 29.
\item[M\var{m}.\var{n}.\var{d}]
The \var{d}'th day (0 <= \var{d} <= 6) or week \var{n}
of month \var{m} of the year (1 <= \var{n} <= 5,
1 <= \var{m} <= 12, where week 5 means "the last \var{d} day
in month \var{m}" which may occur in either the fourth or
the fifth week). Week 1 is the first week in which the
\var{d}'th day occurs. Day zero is Sunday.
\end{itemize}
time has the same format as offset except that no leading sign ('-' or
'+') is allowed. The default, if time is not given, is 02:00:00.
\end{itemize}
\begin{verbatim}
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'EST+05EDT,M4.1.0,M10.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'02:07:36 05/08/03 EDT'
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'AEST-10AEDT-11,M10.5.0,M3.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'16:08:12 05/08/03 AEST'
\end{verbatim}
On many Unix systems (including *BSD, Linux, Solaris, and Darwin), it
is more convenient to use the system's zoneinfo (\manpage{tzfile}{5})
database to specify the timezone rules. To do this, set the
\envvar{TZ} environment variable to the path of the required timezone
datafile, relative to the root of the systems 'zoneinfo' timezone database,
usually located at \file{/usr/share/zoneinfo}. For example,
\code{'US/Eastern'}, \code{'Australia/Melbourne'}, \code{'Egypt'} or
\code{'Europe/Amsterdam'}.
\begin{verbatim}
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'US/Eastern'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EST', 'EDT')
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'Egypt'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EET', 'EEST')
\end{verbatim}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{seealso}
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\seemodule{datetime}{More object-oriented interface to dates and times.}
\seemodule{locale}{Internationalization services. The locale
settings can affect the return values for some of
the functions in the \module{time} module.}
\seemodule{calendar}{General calendar-related functions.
\function{timegm()} is the inverse of
\function{gmtime()} from this module.}
\end{seealso}