cpython/Doc/c-api/gcsupport.rst

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _supporting-cycle-detection:
Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
====================================
Python's support for detecting and collecting garbage which involves circular
references requires support from object types which are "containers" for other
objects which may also be containers. Types which do not store references to
other objects, or which only store references to atomic types (such as numbers
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or strings), do not need to provide any explicit support for garbage
collection.
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To create a container type, the :attr:`tp_flags` field of the type object must
include the :const:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` and provide an implementation of the
:attr:`tp_traverse` handler. If instances of the type are mutable, a
:attr:`tp_clear` implementation must also be provided.
.. data:: Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
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:noindex:
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Merged revisions 71898-71900,71910,71914-71919 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r71898 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:24:30 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71899 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:27:00 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 3 lines The type for ppos has been Py_ssize_t since 2.5, reflect this in the documentation. ........ r71900 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:28:02 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat paragraph. ........ r71910 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 19:59:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 4 lines Issue #4129: Belatedly document which C API functions had their argument(s) or return type changed from int or int * to Py_ssize_t or Py_ssize_t * as this might cause problems on 64-bit platforms. ........ r71914 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:31:20 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71915 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:46:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4129: Document more int -> Py_ssize_t changes. ........ r71916 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:53:48 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71917 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:57:32 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reference to an int type, whereas it's a Py_ssize_t as the synopsis states. ........ r71918 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:04:15 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Since I edited this file, reformat for future edits. ........ r71919 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:10:52 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........
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Objects with a type with this flag set must conform with the rules
documented here. For convenience these objects will be referred to as
container objects.
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Constructors for container types must conform to two rules:
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#. The memory for the object must be allocated using :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_New`
or :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_VarNew`.
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#. Once all the fields which may contain references to other containers are
initialized, it must call :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_Track`.
.. cfunction:: TYPE* PyObject_GC_New(TYPE, PyTypeObject *type)
Analogous to :cfunc:`PyObject_New` but for container objects with the
:const:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag set.
.. cfunction:: TYPE* PyObject_GC_NewVar(TYPE, PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
Analogous to :cfunc:`PyObject_NewVar` but for container objects with the
:const:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag set.
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.. cfunction:: TYPE* PyObject_GC_Resize(TYPE, PyVarObject *op, Py_ssize_t newsize)
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Merged revisions 71898-71900,71910,71914-71919 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r71898 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:24:30 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71899 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:27:00 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 3 lines The type for ppos has been Py_ssize_t since 2.5, reflect this in the documentation. ........ r71900 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:28:02 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat paragraph. ........ r71910 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 19:59:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 4 lines Issue #4129: Belatedly document which C API functions had their argument(s) or return type changed from int or int * to Py_ssize_t or Py_ssize_t * as this might cause problems on 64-bit platforms. ........ r71914 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:31:20 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71915 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:46:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4129: Document more int -> Py_ssize_t changes. ........ r71916 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:53:48 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71917 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:57:32 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reference to an int type, whereas it's a Py_ssize_t as the synopsis states. ........ r71918 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:04:15 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Since I edited this file, reformat for future edits. ........ r71919 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:10:52 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........
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Resize an object allocated by :cfunc:`PyObject_NewVar`. Returns the
resized object or *NULL* on failure.
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.. cfunction:: void PyObject_GC_Track(PyObject *op)
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Adds the object *op* to the set of container objects tracked by the
collector. The collector can run at unexpected times so objects must be
valid while being tracked. This should be called once all the fields
followed by the :attr:`tp_traverse` handler become valid, usually near the
end of the constructor.
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.. cfunction:: void _PyObject_GC_TRACK(PyObject *op)
A macro version of :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_Track`. It should not be used for
extension modules.
Similarly, the deallocator for the object must conform to a similar pair of
rules:
#. Before fields which refer to other containers are invalidated,
:cfunc:`PyObject_GC_UnTrack` must be called.
#. The object's memory must be deallocated using :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_Del`.
.. cfunction:: void PyObject_GC_Del(void *op)
Releases memory allocated to an object using :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_New` or
:cfunc:`PyObject_GC_NewVar`.
.. cfunction:: void PyObject_GC_UnTrack(void *op)
Remove the object *op* from the set of container objects tracked by the
Merged revisions 71898-71900,71910,71914-71919 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r71898 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:24:30 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71899 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:27:00 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 3 lines The type for ppos has been Py_ssize_t since 2.5, reflect this in the documentation. ........ r71900 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:28:02 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat paragraph. ........ r71910 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 19:59:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 4 lines Issue #4129: Belatedly document which C API functions had their argument(s) or return type changed from int or int * to Py_ssize_t or Py_ssize_t * as this might cause problems on 64-bit platforms. ........ r71914 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:31:20 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71915 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:46:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4129: Document more int -> Py_ssize_t changes. ........ r71916 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:53:48 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71917 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:57:32 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reference to an int type, whereas it's a Py_ssize_t as the synopsis states. ........ r71918 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:04:15 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Since I edited this file, reformat for future edits. ........ r71919 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:10:52 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........
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collector. Note that :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_Track` can be called again on
this object to add it back to the set of tracked objects. The deallocator
(:attr:`tp_dealloc` handler) should call this for the object before any of
the fields used by the :attr:`tp_traverse` handler become invalid.
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.. cfunction:: void _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(PyObject *op)
A macro version of :cfunc:`PyObject_GC_UnTrack`. It should not be used for
extension modules.
The :attr:`tp_traverse` handler accepts a function parameter of this type:
.. ctype:: int (*visitproc)(PyObject *object, void *arg)
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Type of the visitor function passed to the :attr:`tp_traverse` handler.
The function should be called with an object to traverse as *object* and
the third parameter to the :attr:`tp_traverse` handler as *arg*. The
Python core uses several visitor functions to implement cyclic garbage
detection; it's not expected that users will need to write their own
visitor functions.
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The :attr:`tp_traverse` handler must have the following type:
.. ctype:: int (*traverseproc)(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
Traversal function for a container object. Implementations must call the
*visit* function for each object directly contained by *self*, with the
Merged revisions 71898-71900,71910,71914-71919 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r71898 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:24:30 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71899 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:27:00 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 3 lines The type for ppos has been Py_ssize_t since 2.5, reflect this in the documentation. ........ r71900 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:28:02 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat paragraph. ........ r71910 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 19:59:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 4 lines Issue #4129: Belatedly document which C API functions had their argument(s) or return type changed from int or int * to Py_ssize_t or Py_ssize_t * as this might cause problems on 64-bit platforms. ........ r71914 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:31:20 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71915 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:46:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4129: Document more int -> Py_ssize_t changes. ........ r71916 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:53:48 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71917 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:57:32 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reference to an int type, whereas it's a Py_ssize_t as the synopsis states. ........ r71918 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:04:15 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Since I edited this file, reformat for future edits. ........ r71919 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:10:52 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........
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parameters to *visit* being the contained object and the *arg* value passed
to the handler. The *visit* function must not be called with a *NULL*
object argument. If *visit* returns a non-zero value that value should be
returned immediately.
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To simplify writing :attr:`tp_traverse` handlers, a :cfunc:`Py_VISIT` macro is
provided. In order to use this macro, the :attr:`tp_traverse` implementation
must name its arguments exactly *visit* and *arg*:
.. cfunction:: void Py_VISIT(PyObject *o)
Merged revisions 71898-71900,71910,71914-71919 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r71898 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:24:30 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71899 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:27:00 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 3 lines The type for ppos has been Py_ssize_t since 2.5, reflect this in the documentation. ........ r71900 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:28:02 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat paragraph. ........ r71910 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 19:59:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 4 lines Issue #4129: Belatedly document which C API functions had their argument(s) or return type changed from int or int * to Py_ssize_t or Py_ssize_t * as this might cause problems on 64-bit platforms. ........ r71914 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:31:20 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71915 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:46:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4129: Document more int -> Py_ssize_t changes. ........ r71916 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:53:48 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71917 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:57:32 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reference to an int type, whereas it's a Py_ssize_t as the synopsis states. ........ r71918 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:04:15 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Since I edited this file, reformat for future edits. ........ r71919 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:10:52 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........
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Call the *visit* callback, with arguments *o* and *arg*. If *visit* returns
a non-zero value, then return it. Using this macro, :attr:`tp_traverse`
handlers look like::
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static int
my_traverse(Noddy *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
Py_VISIT(self->foo);
Py_VISIT(self->bar);
return 0;
}
Merged revisions 71898-71900,71910,71914-71919 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r71898 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:24:30 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71899 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:27:00 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 3 lines The type for ppos has been Py_ssize_t since 2.5, reflect this in the documentation. ........ r71900 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:28:02 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat paragraph. ........ r71910 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 19:59:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 4 lines Issue #4129: Belatedly document which C API functions had their argument(s) or return type changed from int or int * to Py_ssize_t or Py_ssize_t * as this might cause problems on 64-bit platforms. ........ r71914 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:31:20 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71915 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:46:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4129: Document more int -> Py_ssize_t changes. ........ r71916 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:53:48 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71917 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:57:32 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reference to an int type, whereas it's a Py_ssize_t as the synopsis states. ........ r71918 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:04:15 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Since I edited this file, reformat for future edits. ........ r71919 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:10:52 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........
2009-04-26 18:06:15 -03:00
The :attr:`tp_clear` handler must be of the :ctype:`inquiry` type, or *NULL*
if the object is immutable.
2008-01-20 05:30:57 -04:00
.. ctype:: int (*inquiry)(PyObject *self)
Merged revisions 71898-71900,71910,71914-71919 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r71898 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:24:30 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71899 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:27:00 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 3 lines The type for ppos has been Py_ssize_t since 2.5, reflect this in the documentation. ........ r71900 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 16:28:02 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat paragraph. ........ r71910 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 19:59:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 4 lines Issue #4129: Belatedly document which C API functions had their argument(s) or return type changed from int or int * to Py_ssize_t or Py_ssize_t * as this might cause problems on 64-bit platforms. ........ r71914 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:31:20 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71915 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:46:03 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4129: Document more int -> Py_ssize_t changes. ........ r71916 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:53:48 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........ r71917 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 20:57:32 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reference to an int type, whereas it's a Py_ssize_t as the synopsis states. ........ r71918 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:04:15 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Since I edited this file, reformat for future edits. ........ r71919 | jeroen.ruigrok | 2009-04-25 21:10:52 +0200 (za, 25 apr 2009) | 2 lines Reformat prior to editing. ........
2009-04-26 18:06:15 -03:00
Drop references that may have created reference cycles. Immutable objects
do not have to define this method since they can never directly create
reference cycles. Note that the object must still be valid after calling
this method (don't just call :cfunc:`Py_DECREF` on a reference). The
collector will call this method if it detects that this object is involved
in a reference cycle.