cpython/Doc/faq/gui.rst

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:tocdepth: 2
==========================
Graphic User Interface FAQ
==========================
.. contents::
.. XXX need review for Python 3.
General GUI Questions
=====================
What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?
--------------------------------------------------------
Depending on what platform(s) you are aiming at, there are several.
.. XXX check links
Tkinter
'''''''
Standard builds of Python include an object-oriented interface to the Tcl/Tk
widget set, called Tkinter. This is probably the easiest to install and use.
For more info about Tk, including pointers to the source, see the Tcl/Tk home
page at http://www.tcl.tk. Tcl/Tk is fully portable to the MacOS, Windows, and
Unix platforms.
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wxWidgets
'''''''''
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wxWidgets is a GUI class library written in C++ that's a portable
interface to various platform-specific libraries, and that has a
Python interface called `wxPython <http://www.wxpython.org>`__.
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wxWidgets preserves the look and feel of the
underlying graphics toolkit, and has a large set of widgets and
collection of GDI classes. See `the wxWidgets page
<http://www.wxwidgets.org>`_ for more details.
wxWidgets supports Windows and MacOS; on Unix variants,
it supports both GTk+ and Motif toolkits.
Qt
'''
There are bindings available for the Qt toolkit (`PyQt
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<http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/>`_) and for KDE (`PyKDE <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pykde/intro>`__). If
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you're writing open source software, you don't need to pay for PyQt, but if you
want to write proprietary applications, you must buy a PyQt license from
`Riverbank Computing <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk>`_ and (up to Qt 4.4;
Qt 4.5 upwards is licensed under the LGPL license) a Qt license from `Trolltech
<http://www.trolltech.com>`_.
Gtk+
''''
PyGtk bindings for the `Gtk+ toolkit <http://www.gtk.org>`_ have been
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implemented by James Henstridge; see <http://www.pygtk.org>.
FLTK
''''
Python bindings for `the FLTK toolkit <http://www.fltk.org>`_, a simple yet
powerful and mature cross-platform windowing system, are available from `the
PyFLTK project <http://pyfltk.sourceforge.net>`_.
FOX
'''
A wrapper for `the FOX toolkit <http://www.fox-toolkit.org/>`_ called `FXpy
<http://fxpy.sourceforge.net/>`_ is available. FOX supports both Unix variants
and Windows.
OpenGL
''''''
For OpenGL bindings, see `PyOpenGL <http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net>`_.
What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?
-----------------------------------------------------
`The Mac port <http://python.org/download/mac>`_ by Jack Jansen has a rich and
ever-growing set of modules that support the native Mac toolbox calls. The port
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supports MacOS X's Carbon libraries.
By installing the `PyObjc Objective-C bridge
<http://pyobjc.sourceforge.net>`_, Python programs can use MacOS X's
Cocoa libraries. See the documentation that comes with the Mac port.
:ref:`Pythonwin <windows-faq>` by Mark Hammond includes an interface to the
Merged revisions 75264,75268,75293,75318,75391-75392,75436,75478,75971,76003,76058,76140-76141,76231,76380,76428-76429 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r75264 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-05 17:30:22 -0500 (Mon, 05 Oct 2009) | 1 line Add various items ........ r75268 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-05 17:45:39 -0500 (Mon, 05 Oct 2009) | 1 line Remove two notes ........ r75293 | kristjan.jonsson | 2009-10-09 09:32:19 -0500 (Fri, 09 Oct 2009) | 2 lines http://bugs.python.org/issue7029 a non-default timer wasn't actually used by the individual Tests. ........ r75318 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-10 16:15:58 -0500 (Sat, 10 Oct 2009) | 1 line remove script which uses long gone module ........ r75391 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-13 10:49:33 -0500 (Tue, 13 Oct 2009) | 1 line Link to PEP ........ r75392 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-13 11:11:49 -0500 (Tue, 13 Oct 2009) | 1 line Various link, textual, and markup fixes ........ r75436 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-15 10:39:15 -0500 (Thu, 15 Oct 2009) | 1 line don't need to mess up sys.path ........ r75478 | senthil.kumaran | 2009-10-17 20:58:45 -0500 (Sat, 17 Oct 2009) | 3 lines Fix a typo. ........ r75971 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-30 22:56:15 -0500 (Fri, 30 Oct 2009) | 1 line add some checks for evaluation order with parenthesis #7210 ........ r76003 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-10-31 19:30:13 -0500 (Sat, 31 Oct 2009) | 6 lines Hopefully fix the buildbot problems on test_mailbox, by computing the maildir toc cache refresh date before actually refreshing the cache. (see #6896) ........ r76058 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-02 10:14:19 -0600 (Mon, 02 Nov 2009) | 1 line grant list.index() a more informative error message #7252 ........ r76140 | nick.coghlan | 2009-11-07 02:13:55 -0600 (Sat, 07 Nov 2009) | 1 line Add test for runpy.run_module package execution and use something other than logging as the example of a non-executable package ........ r76141 | nick.coghlan | 2009-11-07 02:15:01 -0600 (Sat, 07 Nov 2009) | 1 line Some minor cleanups to private runpy code and docstrings ........ r76231 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-12 17:42:23 -0600 (Thu, 12 Nov 2009) | 1 line this main is much more useful ........ r76380 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-11-18 14:20:46 -0600 (Wed, 18 Nov 2009) | 3 lines Mention Giampolo R's new FTP TLS support in the what's new file ........ r76428 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-19 20:15:50 -0600 (Thu, 19 Nov 2009) | 1 line turn goto into do while loop ........ r76429 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-19 20:56:43 -0600 (Thu, 19 Nov 2009) | 2 lines avoid doing an uneeded import in a function ........
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Microsoft Foundation Classes and a Python programming environment
that's written mostly in Python using the MFC classes.
Tkinter questions
=================
How do I freeze Tkinter applications?
-------------------------------------
Freeze is a tool to create stand-alone applications. When freezing Tkinter
applications, the applications will not be truly stand-alone, as the application
will still need the Tcl and Tk libraries.
Merged revisions 75264,75268,75293,75318,75391-75392,75436,75478,75971,76003,76058,76140-76141,76231,76380,76428-76429 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r75264 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-05 17:30:22 -0500 (Mon, 05 Oct 2009) | 1 line Add various items ........ r75268 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-05 17:45:39 -0500 (Mon, 05 Oct 2009) | 1 line Remove two notes ........ r75293 | kristjan.jonsson | 2009-10-09 09:32:19 -0500 (Fri, 09 Oct 2009) | 2 lines http://bugs.python.org/issue7029 a non-default timer wasn't actually used by the individual Tests. ........ r75318 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-10 16:15:58 -0500 (Sat, 10 Oct 2009) | 1 line remove script which uses long gone module ........ r75391 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-13 10:49:33 -0500 (Tue, 13 Oct 2009) | 1 line Link to PEP ........ r75392 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-13 11:11:49 -0500 (Tue, 13 Oct 2009) | 1 line Various link, textual, and markup fixes ........ r75436 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-15 10:39:15 -0500 (Thu, 15 Oct 2009) | 1 line don't need to mess up sys.path ........ r75478 | senthil.kumaran | 2009-10-17 20:58:45 -0500 (Sat, 17 Oct 2009) | 3 lines Fix a typo. ........ r75971 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-30 22:56:15 -0500 (Fri, 30 Oct 2009) | 1 line add some checks for evaluation order with parenthesis #7210 ........ r76003 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-10-31 19:30:13 -0500 (Sat, 31 Oct 2009) | 6 lines Hopefully fix the buildbot problems on test_mailbox, by computing the maildir toc cache refresh date before actually refreshing the cache. (see #6896) ........ r76058 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-02 10:14:19 -0600 (Mon, 02 Nov 2009) | 1 line grant list.index() a more informative error message #7252 ........ r76140 | nick.coghlan | 2009-11-07 02:13:55 -0600 (Sat, 07 Nov 2009) | 1 line Add test for runpy.run_module package execution and use something other than logging as the example of a non-executable package ........ r76141 | nick.coghlan | 2009-11-07 02:15:01 -0600 (Sat, 07 Nov 2009) | 1 line Some minor cleanups to private runpy code and docstrings ........ r76231 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-12 17:42:23 -0600 (Thu, 12 Nov 2009) | 1 line this main is much more useful ........ r76380 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-11-18 14:20:46 -0600 (Wed, 18 Nov 2009) | 3 lines Mention Giampolo R's new FTP TLS support in the what's new file ........ r76428 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-19 20:15:50 -0600 (Thu, 19 Nov 2009) | 1 line turn goto into do while loop ........ r76429 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-19 20:56:43 -0600 (Thu, 19 Nov 2009) | 2 lines avoid doing an uneeded import in a function ........
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One solution is to ship the application with the Tcl and Tk libraries, and point
to them at run-time using the :envvar:`TCL_LIBRARY` and :envvar:`TK_LIBRARY`
environment variables.
To get truly stand-alone applications, the Tcl scripts that form the library
have to be integrated into the application as well. One tool supporting that is
SAM (stand-alone modules), which is part of the Tix distribution
Merged revisions 75264,75268,75293,75318,75391-75392,75436,75478,75971,76003,76058,76140-76141,76231,76380,76428-76429 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r75264 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-05 17:30:22 -0500 (Mon, 05 Oct 2009) | 1 line Add various items ........ r75268 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-05 17:45:39 -0500 (Mon, 05 Oct 2009) | 1 line Remove two notes ........ r75293 | kristjan.jonsson | 2009-10-09 09:32:19 -0500 (Fri, 09 Oct 2009) | 2 lines http://bugs.python.org/issue7029 a non-default timer wasn't actually used by the individual Tests. ........ r75318 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-10 16:15:58 -0500 (Sat, 10 Oct 2009) | 1 line remove script which uses long gone module ........ r75391 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-13 10:49:33 -0500 (Tue, 13 Oct 2009) | 1 line Link to PEP ........ r75392 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-13 11:11:49 -0500 (Tue, 13 Oct 2009) | 1 line Various link, textual, and markup fixes ........ r75436 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-15 10:39:15 -0500 (Thu, 15 Oct 2009) | 1 line don't need to mess up sys.path ........ r75478 | senthil.kumaran | 2009-10-17 20:58:45 -0500 (Sat, 17 Oct 2009) | 3 lines Fix a typo. ........ r75971 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-30 22:56:15 -0500 (Fri, 30 Oct 2009) | 1 line add some checks for evaluation order with parenthesis #7210 ........ r76003 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-10-31 19:30:13 -0500 (Sat, 31 Oct 2009) | 6 lines Hopefully fix the buildbot problems on test_mailbox, by computing the maildir toc cache refresh date before actually refreshing the cache. (see #6896) ........ r76058 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-02 10:14:19 -0600 (Mon, 02 Nov 2009) | 1 line grant list.index() a more informative error message #7252 ........ r76140 | nick.coghlan | 2009-11-07 02:13:55 -0600 (Sat, 07 Nov 2009) | 1 line Add test for runpy.run_module package execution and use something other than logging as the example of a non-executable package ........ r76141 | nick.coghlan | 2009-11-07 02:15:01 -0600 (Sat, 07 Nov 2009) | 1 line Some minor cleanups to private runpy code and docstrings ........ r76231 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-12 17:42:23 -0600 (Thu, 12 Nov 2009) | 1 line this main is much more useful ........ r76380 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-11-18 14:20:46 -0600 (Wed, 18 Nov 2009) | 3 lines Mention Giampolo R's new FTP TLS support in the what's new file ........ r76428 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-19 20:15:50 -0600 (Thu, 19 Nov 2009) | 1 line turn goto into do while loop ........ r76429 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-19 20:56:43 -0600 (Thu, 19 Nov 2009) | 2 lines avoid doing an uneeded import in a function ........
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(http://tix.sourceforge.net/).
Build Tix with SAM enabled, perform the appropriate call to
:cfunc:`Tclsam_init`, etc. inside Python's
:file:`Modules/tkappinit.c`, and link with libtclsam and libtksam (you
might include the Tix libraries as well).
Can I have Tk events handled while waiting for I/O?
---------------------------------------------------
Yes, and you don't even need threads! But you'll have to restructure your I/O
Merged revisions 75264,75268,75293,75318,75391-75392,75436,75478,75971,76003,76058,76140-76141,76231,76380,76428-76429 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r75264 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-05 17:30:22 -0500 (Mon, 05 Oct 2009) | 1 line Add various items ........ r75268 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-05 17:45:39 -0500 (Mon, 05 Oct 2009) | 1 line Remove two notes ........ r75293 | kristjan.jonsson | 2009-10-09 09:32:19 -0500 (Fri, 09 Oct 2009) | 2 lines http://bugs.python.org/issue7029 a non-default timer wasn't actually used by the individual Tests. ........ r75318 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-10 16:15:58 -0500 (Sat, 10 Oct 2009) | 1 line remove script which uses long gone module ........ r75391 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-13 10:49:33 -0500 (Tue, 13 Oct 2009) | 1 line Link to PEP ........ r75392 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-13 11:11:49 -0500 (Tue, 13 Oct 2009) | 1 line Various link, textual, and markup fixes ........ r75436 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-15 10:39:15 -0500 (Thu, 15 Oct 2009) | 1 line don't need to mess up sys.path ........ r75478 | senthil.kumaran | 2009-10-17 20:58:45 -0500 (Sat, 17 Oct 2009) | 3 lines Fix a typo. ........ r75971 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-30 22:56:15 -0500 (Fri, 30 Oct 2009) | 1 line add some checks for evaluation order with parenthesis #7210 ........ r76003 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-10-31 19:30:13 -0500 (Sat, 31 Oct 2009) | 6 lines Hopefully fix the buildbot problems on test_mailbox, by computing the maildir toc cache refresh date before actually refreshing the cache. (see #6896) ........ r76058 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-02 10:14:19 -0600 (Mon, 02 Nov 2009) | 1 line grant list.index() a more informative error message #7252 ........ r76140 | nick.coghlan | 2009-11-07 02:13:55 -0600 (Sat, 07 Nov 2009) | 1 line Add test for runpy.run_module package execution and use something other than logging as the example of a non-executable package ........ r76141 | nick.coghlan | 2009-11-07 02:15:01 -0600 (Sat, 07 Nov 2009) | 1 line Some minor cleanups to private runpy code and docstrings ........ r76231 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-12 17:42:23 -0600 (Thu, 12 Nov 2009) | 1 line this main is much more useful ........ r76380 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-11-18 14:20:46 -0600 (Wed, 18 Nov 2009) | 3 lines Mention Giampolo R's new FTP TLS support in the what's new file ........ r76428 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-19 20:15:50 -0600 (Thu, 19 Nov 2009) | 1 line turn goto into do while loop ........ r76429 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-19 20:56:43 -0600 (Thu, 19 Nov 2009) | 2 lines avoid doing an uneeded import in a function ........
2009-11-25 13:46:26 -04:00
code a bit. Tk has the equivalent of Xt's :cfunc:`XtAddInput()` call, which allows you
to register a callback function which will be called from the Tk mainloop when
I/O is possible on a file descriptor. Here's what you need::
from Tkinter import tkinter
tkinter.createfilehandler(file, mask, callback)
The file may be a Python file or socket object (actually, anything with a
fileno() method), or an integer file descriptor. The mask is one of the
constants tkinter.READABLE or tkinter.WRITABLE. The callback is called as
follows::
callback(file, mask)
You must unregister the callback when you're done, using ::
tkinter.deletefilehandler(file)
Note: since you don't know *how many bytes* are available for reading, you can't
use the Python file object's read or readline methods, since these will insist
on reading a predefined number of bytes. For sockets, the :meth:`recv` or
:meth:`recvfrom` methods will work fine; for other files, use
``os.read(file.fileno(), maxbytecount)``.
I can't get key bindings to work in Tkinter: why?
-------------------------------------------------
An often-heard complaint is that event handlers bound to events with the
:meth:`bind` method don't get handled even when the appropriate key is pressed.
The most common cause is that the widget to which the binding applies doesn't
have "keyboard focus". Check out the Tk documentation for the focus command.
Usually a widget is given the keyboard focus by clicking in it (but not for
labels; see the takefocus option).