cpython/Doc/library/binascii.rst

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:mod:`binascii` --- Convert between binary and ASCII
====================================================
.. module:: binascii
:synopsis: Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary
representations.
.. index::
module: uu
module: base64
module: binhex
--------------
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The :mod:`binascii` module contains a number of methods to convert between
binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations. Normally, you will not
use these functions directly but use wrapper modules like :mod:`uu`,
:mod:`base64`, or :mod:`binhex` instead. The :mod:`binascii` module contains
low-level functions written in C for greater speed that are used by the
higher-level modules.
.. note::
``a2b_*`` functions accept Unicode strings containing only ASCII characters.
Other functions only accept :term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>` (such as
:class:`bytes`, :class:`bytearray` and other objects that support the buffer
protocol).
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
ASCII-only unicode strings are now accepted by the ``a2b_*`` functions.
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The :mod:`binascii` module defines the following functions:
.. function:: a2b_uu(string)
Convert a single line of uuencoded data back to binary and return the binary
data. Lines normally contain 45 (binary) bytes, except for the last line. Line
data may be followed by whitespace.
.. function:: b2a_uu(data, *, backtick=False)
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Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters, the return value is the
converted line, including a newline char. The length of *data* should be at most
45. If *backtick* is true, zeros are represented by ``'`'`` instead of spaces.
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
Added the *backtick* parameter.
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.. function:: a2b_base64(string)
Convert a block of base64 data back to binary and return the binary data. More
than one line may be passed at a time.
.. function:: b2a_base64(data, *, newline=True)
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Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters in base64 coding. The return
value is the converted line, including a newline char if *newline* is
true. The output of this function conforms to :rfc:`3548`.
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
Added the *newline* parameter.
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.. function:: a2b_qp(data, header=False)
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Convert a block of quoted-printable data back to binary and return the binary
data. More than one line may be passed at a time. If the optional argument
*header* is present and true, underscores will be decoded as spaces.
.. function:: b2a_qp(data, quotetabs=False, istext=True, header=False)
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Convert binary data to a line(s) of ASCII characters in quoted-printable
encoding. The return value is the converted line(s). If the optional argument
*quotetabs* is present and true, all tabs and spaces will be encoded. If the
optional argument *istext* is present and true, newlines are not encoded but
trailing whitespace will be encoded. If the optional argument *header* is
present and true, spaces will be encoded as underscores per :rfc:`1522`. If the
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optional argument *header* is present and false, newline characters will be
encoded as well; otherwise linefeed conversion might corrupt the binary data
stream.
.. function:: a2b_hqx(string)
Convert binhex4 formatted ASCII data to binary, without doing RLE-decompression.
The string should contain a complete number of binary bytes, or (in case of the
last portion of the binhex4 data) have the remaining bits zero.
.. deprecated:: 3.9
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.. function:: rledecode_hqx(data)
Perform RLE-decompression on the data, as per the binhex4 standard. The
algorithm uses ``0x90`` after a byte as a repeat indicator, followed by a count.
A count of ``0`` specifies a byte value of ``0x90``. The routine returns the
decompressed data, unless data input data ends in an orphaned repeat indicator,
in which case the :exc:`Incomplete` exception is raised.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Accept only bytestring or bytearray objects as input.
.. deprecated:: 3.9
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.. function:: rlecode_hqx(data)
Perform binhex4 style RLE-compression on *data* and return the result.
.. deprecated:: 3.9
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.. function:: b2a_hqx(data)
Perform hexbin4 binary-to-ASCII translation and return the resulting string. The
argument should already be RLE-coded, and have a length divisible by 3 (except
possibly the last fragment).
.. deprecated:: 3.9
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.. function:: crc_hqx(data, value)
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Compute a 16-bit CRC value of *data*, starting with *value* as the
initial CRC, and return the result. This uses the CRC-CCITT polynomial
*x*:sup:`16` + *x*:sup:`12` + *x*:sup:`5` + 1, often represented as
0x1021. This CRC is used in the binhex4 format.
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.. function:: crc32(data[, value])
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Compute CRC-32, the 32-bit checksum of *data*, starting with an
initial CRC of *value*. The default initial CRC is zero. The algorithm
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is consistent with the ZIP file checksum. Since the algorithm is designed for
use as a checksum algorithm, it is not suitable for use as a general hash
algorithm. Use as follows::
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print(binascii.crc32(b"hello world"))
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# Or, in two pieces:
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crc = binascii.crc32(b"hello")
crc = binascii.crc32(b" world", crc)
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print('crc32 = {:#010x}'.format(crc))
Merged revisions 68450,68480-68481,68493,68495,68501,68512,68514-68515,68534-68536,68552,68563,68570-68572,68575,68582,68596,68623-68624,68628 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r68450 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2009-01-09 10:47:07 -0600 (Fri, 09 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Fix issue 4884, preventing a crash in the socket code when python is compiled with llvm-gcc and run with a glibc <2.10. ........ r68480 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-10 07:38:04 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line Minor documentation changes cross-referencing NullHandler to the documentation on configuring logging in a library. ........ r68481 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-10 07:42:04 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line Corrected an incorrect self-reference. ........ r68493 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-10 11:18:55 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line rewrite verbose conditionals ........ r68495 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-10 11:36:44 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line tp_iter only exists with Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_ITER #4901 ........ r68501 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-10 13:22:57 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line Corrected minor typo and added .currentmodule directives to fix missing cross-references. ........ r68512 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-10 16:42:10 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line make tests fail if they can't be imported ........ r68514 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-10 17:41:59 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line move seealso to a more appropiate place ........ r68515 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-10 17:49:08 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line macos 9 isn't supported ........ r68534 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-11 11:53:33 -0600 (Sun, 11 Jan 2009) | 2 lines correct email address ........ r68535 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-11 11:57:54 -0600 (Sun, 11 Jan 2009) | 9 lines Update the documentation for binascii and zlib crc32/adler32 functions to better describe the signed vs unsigned return value behavior on different platforms and versions of python. Mention the workaround to make them all return the same thing by using & 0xffffffff. Fixes issue4903. Also needs to be merged into release26-maint, release30-maint, & py3k. ........ r68536 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-11 13:48:15 -0600 (Sun, 11 Jan 2009) | 1 line add email addresses ........ r68552 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-12 14:36:18 -0600 (Mon, 12 Jan 2009) | 1 line Minor changes/corrections in markup. ........ r68563 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-12 19:49:10 -0600 (Mon, 12 Jan 2009) | 1 line small logic correction ........ r68570 | raymond.hettinger | 2009-01-13 03:08:32 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 5 lines Issue 4922: Incorrect comments for MutableSet.add() and MutableSet.discard(). Needs to be backported to 2.6 and forward ported to 3.0 and 3.1. ........ r68571 | armin.ronacher | 2009-01-13 05:52:23 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 3 lines ast.literal_eval can properly evaluate complex numbers now. This fixes issue4907. ........ r68572 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-13 07:40:54 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 1 line Note that first coord. is left alone ........ r68575 | thomas.heller | 2009-01-13 11:32:28 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 1 line Fix refcount leak in error cases. Bug found by coverity. ........ r68582 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-13 16:14:01 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Use assertRaises. ........ r68596 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2009-01-13 17:39:22 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 3 lines #1162154: inspect.getmembers() now skips attributes that raise AttributeError, e.g. a __slots__ attribute which has not been set. ........ r68623 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-15 16:48:13 -0600 (Thu, 15 Jan 2009) | 1 line Made minor changes/corrections in markup. Added a couple of section headings. ........ r68624 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-15 17:04:47 -0600 (Thu, 15 Jan 2009) | 1 line Minor changes/corrections in markup. ........ r68628 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-15 20:55:24 -0600 (Thu, 15 Jan 2009) | 1 line compare with == not is #4946 ........
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.. versionchanged:: 3.0
The result is always unsigned.
To generate the same numeric value across all Python versions and
platforms, use ``crc32(data) & 0xffffffff``.
Merged revisions 68450,68480-68481,68493,68495,68501,68512,68514-68515,68534-68536,68552,68563,68570-68572,68575,68582,68596,68623-68624,68628 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r68450 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2009-01-09 10:47:07 -0600 (Fri, 09 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Fix issue 4884, preventing a crash in the socket code when python is compiled with llvm-gcc and run with a glibc <2.10. ........ r68480 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-10 07:38:04 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line Minor documentation changes cross-referencing NullHandler to the documentation on configuring logging in a library. ........ r68481 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-10 07:42:04 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line Corrected an incorrect self-reference. ........ r68493 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-10 11:18:55 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line rewrite verbose conditionals ........ r68495 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-10 11:36:44 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line tp_iter only exists with Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_ITER #4901 ........ r68501 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-10 13:22:57 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line Corrected minor typo and added .currentmodule directives to fix missing cross-references. ........ r68512 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-10 16:42:10 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line make tests fail if they can't be imported ........ r68514 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-10 17:41:59 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line move seealso to a more appropiate place ........ r68515 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-10 17:49:08 -0600 (Sat, 10 Jan 2009) | 1 line macos 9 isn't supported ........ r68534 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-11 11:53:33 -0600 (Sun, 11 Jan 2009) | 2 lines correct email address ........ r68535 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-11 11:57:54 -0600 (Sun, 11 Jan 2009) | 9 lines Update the documentation for binascii and zlib crc32/adler32 functions to better describe the signed vs unsigned return value behavior on different platforms and versions of python. Mention the workaround to make them all return the same thing by using & 0xffffffff. Fixes issue4903. Also needs to be merged into release26-maint, release30-maint, & py3k. ........ r68536 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-11 13:48:15 -0600 (Sun, 11 Jan 2009) | 1 line add email addresses ........ r68552 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-12 14:36:18 -0600 (Mon, 12 Jan 2009) | 1 line Minor changes/corrections in markup. ........ r68563 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-12 19:49:10 -0600 (Mon, 12 Jan 2009) | 1 line small logic correction ........ r68570 | raymond.hettinger | 2009-01-13 03:08:32 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 5 lines Issue 4922: Incorrect comments for MutableSet.add() and MutableSet.discard(). Needs to be backported to 2.6 and forward ported to 3.0 and 3.1. ........ r68571 | armin.ronacher | 2009-01-13 05:52:23 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 3 lines ast.literal_eval can properly evaluate complex numbers now. This fixes issue4907. ........ r68572 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-13 07:40:54 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 1 line Note that first coord. is left alone ........ r68575 | thomas.heller | 2009-01-13 11:32:28 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 1 line Fix refcount leak in error cases. Bug found by coverity. ........ r68582 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-13 16:14:01 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Use assertRaises. ........ r68596 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2009-01-13 17:39:22 -0600 (Tue, 13 Jan 2009) | 3 lines #1162154: inspect.getmembers() now skips attributes that raise AttributeError, e.g. a __slots__ attribute which has not been set. ........ r68623 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-15 16:48:13 -0600 (Thu, 15 Jan 2009) | 1 line Made minor changes/corrections in markup. Added a couple of section headings. ........ r68624 | vinay.sajip | 2009-01-15 17:04:47 -0600 (Thu, 15 Jan 2009) | 1 line Minor changes/corrections in markup. ........ r68628 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-15 20:55:24 -0600 (Thu, 15 Jan 2009) | 1 line compare with == not is #4946 ........
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.. function:: b2a_hex(data[, sep[, bytes_per_sep=1]])
hexlify(data[, sep[, bytes_per_sep=1]])
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Return the hexadecimal representation of the binary *data*. Every byte of
*data* is converted into the corresponding 2-digit hex representation. The
returned bytes object is therefore twice as long as the length of *data*.
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Similar functionality (but returning a text string) is also conveniently
accessible using the :meth:`bytes.hex` method.
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If *sep* is specified, it must be a single character str or bytes object.
It will be inserted in the output after every *bytes_per_sep* input bytes.
Separator placement is counted from the right end of the output by default,
if you wish to count from the left, supply a negative *bytes_per_sep* value.
>>> import binascii
>>> binascii.b2a_hex(b'\xb9\x01\xef')
b'b901ef'
>>> binascii.hexlify(b'\xb9\x01\xef', '-')
b'b9-01-ef'
>>> binascii.b2a_hex(b'\xb9\x01\xef', b'_', 2)
b'b9_01ef'
>>> binascii.b2a_hex(b'\xb9\x01\xef', b' ', -2)
b'b901 ef'
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
The *sep* and *bytes_per_sep* parameters were added.
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.. function:: a2b_hex(hexstr)
unhexlify(hexstr)
Return the binary data represented by the hexadecimal string *hexstr*. This
function is the inverse of :func:`b2a_hex`. *hexstr* must contain an even number
of hexadecimal digits (which can be upper or lower case), otherwise an
:exc:`Error` exception is raised.
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Similar functionality (accepting only text string arguments, but more
liberal towards whitespace) is also accessible using the
:meth:`bytes.fromhex` class method.
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.. exception:: Error
Exception raised on errors. These are usually programming errors.
.. exception:: Incomplete
Exception raised on incomplete data. These are usually not programming errors,
but may be handled by reading a little more data and trying again.
.. seealso::
Module :mod:`base64`
Support for RFC compliant base64-style encoding in base 16, 32, 64,
and 85.
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Module :mod:`binhex`
Support for the binhex format used on the Macintosh.
Module :mod:`uu`
Support for UU encoding used on Unix.
Module :mod:`quopri`
Support for quoted-printable encoding used in MIME email messages.