cpython/Python/random.c

#include "Python.h"
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
#  include <windows.h>
/* All sample MSDN wincrypt programs include the header below. It is at least
 * required with Min GW. */
#  include <wincrypt.h>
#else
#  include <fcntl.h>
#  ifdef HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
#    include <sys/stat.h>
#  endif
#  ifdef HAVE_LINUX_RANDOM_H
#    include <linux/random.h>
#  endif
#  if defined(HAVE_SYS_RANDOM_H) && (defined(HAVE_GETRANDOM) || defined(HAVE_GETENTROPY))
#    include <sys/random.h>
#  endif
#  if !defined(HAVE_GETRANDOM) && defined(HAVE_GETRANDOM_SYSCALL)
#    include <sys/syscall.h>
#  endif
#endif

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
int _Py_HashSecret_Initialized = 0;
#else
static int _Py_HashSecret_Initialized = 0;
#endif

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
static HCRYPTPROV hCryptProv = 0;

static int
win32_urandom_init(int raise)
{
    /* Acquire context */
    if (!CryptAcquireContext(&hCryptProv, NULL, NULL,
                             PROV_RSA_FULL, CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT))
        goto error;

    return 0;

error:
    if (raise) {
        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
    }
    return -1;
}

/* Fill buffer with size pseudo-random bytes generated by the Windows CryptoGen
   API. Return 0 on success, or raise an exception and return -1 on error. */
static int
win32_urandom(unsigned char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size, int raise)
{
    Py_ssize_t chunk;

    if (hCryptProv == 0)
    {
        if (win32_urandom_init(raise) == -1) {
            return -1;
        }
    }

    while (size > 0)
    {
        chunk = size > INT_MAX ? INT_MAX : size;
        if (!CryptGenRandom(hCryptProv, (DWORD)chunk, buffer))
        {
            /* CryptGenRandom() failed */
            if (raise) {
                PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
            }
            return -1;
        }
        buffer += chunk;
        size -= chunk;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* Issue #25003: Don't use getentropy() on Solaris (available since
 * Solaris 11.3), it is blocking whereas os.urandom() should not block. */
#elif defined(HAVE_GETENTROPY) && !defined(sun)
#define PY_GETENTROPY 1

/* Fill buffer with size pseudo-random bytes generated by getentropy().
   Return 0 on success, or raise an exception and return -1 on error.

   If raise is zero, don't raise an exception on error. */
static int
py_getentropy(char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size, int raise)
{
    while (size > 0) {
        Py_ssize_t len = Py_MIN(size, 256);
        int res;

        if (raise) {
            Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
            res = getentropy(buffer, len);
            Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        }
        else {
            res = getentropy(buffer, len);
        }

        if (res < 0) {
            if (raise) {
                PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
            }
            return -1;
        }

        buffer += len;
        size -= len;
    }
    return 0;
}

#else

#if defined(HAVE_GETRANDOM) || defined(HAVE_GETRANDOM_SYSCALL)
#define PY_GETRANDOM 1

/* Call getrandom()
   - Return 1 on success
   - Return 0 if getrandom() syscall is not available (failed with ENOSYS or
     EPERM) or if getrandom(GRND_NONBLOCK) failed with EAGAIN (system urandom
     not initialized yet) and raise=0.
   - Raise an exception (if raise is non-zero) and return -1 on error:
     getrandom() failed with EINTR and the Python signal handler raised an
     exception, or getrandom() failed with a different error. */
static int
py_getrandom(void *buffer, Py_ssize_t size, int blocking, int raise)
{
    /* Is getrandom() supported by the running kernel? Set to 0 if getrandom()
       failed with ENOSYS or EPERM. Need Linux kernel 3.17 or newer, or Solaris
       11.3 or newer */
    static int getrandom_works = 1;
    int flags;
    char *dest;
    long n;

    if (!getrandom_works) {
        return 0;
    }

    flags = blocking ? 0 : GRND_NONBLOCK;
    dest = buffer;
    while (0 < size) {
#ifdef sun
        /* Issue #26735: On Solaris, getrandom() is limited to returning up
           to 1024 bytes */
        n = Py_MIN(size, 1024);
#else
        n = Py_MIN(size, LONG_MAX);
#endif

        errno = 0;
#ifdef HAVE_GETRANDOM
        if (raise) {
            Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
            n = getrandom(dest, n, flags);
            Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        }
        else {
            n = getrandom(dest, n, flags);
        }
#else
        /* On Linux, use the syscall() function because the GNU libc doesn't
           expose the Linux getrandom() syscall yet. See:
           https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17252 */
        if (raise) {
            Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
            n = syscall(SYS_getrandom, dest, n, flags);
            Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        }
        else {
            n = syscall(SYS_getrandom, dest, n, flags);
        }
#endif

        if (n < 0) {
            /* ENOSYS: getrandom() syscall not supported by the kernel (but
             * maybe supported by the host which built Python). EPERM:
             * getrandom() syscall blocked by SECCOMP or something else. */
            if (errno == ENOSYS || errno == EPERM) {
                getrandom_works = 0;
                return 0;
            }

            /* getrandom(GRND_NONBLOCK) fails with EAGAIN if the system urandom
               is not initialiazed yet. For _PyRandom_Init(), we ignore their
               error and fall back on reading /dev/urandom which never blocks,
               even if the system urandom is not initialized yet. */
            if (errno == EAGAIN && !raise && !blocking) {
                return 0;
            }

            if (errno == EINTR) {
                if (raise) {
                    if (PyErr_CheckSignals()) {
                        return -1;
                    }
                }

                /* retry getrandom() if it was interrupted by a signal */
                continue;
            }

            if (raise) {
                PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
            }
            return -1;
        }

        dest += n;
        size -= n;
    }
    return 1;
}
#endif

static struct {
    int fd;
    dev_t st_dev;
    ino_t st_ino;
} urandom_cache = { -1 };


/* Read 'size' random bytes from py_getrandom(). Fall back on reading from
   /dev/urandom if getrandom() is not available.

   Return 0 on success. Raise an exception (if raise is non-zero) and return -1
   on error. */
static int
dev_urandom(char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size, int blocking, int raise)
{
    int fd;
    Py_ssize_t n;
#ifdef PY_GETRANDOM
    int res;
#endif

    assert(size > 0);

#ifdef PY_GETRANDOM
    res = py_getrandom(buffer, size, blocking, raise);
    if (res < 0) {
        return -1;
    }
    if (res == 1) {
        return 0;
    }
    /* getrandom() failed with ENOSYS or EPERM,
       fall back on reading /dev/urandom */
#endif


    if (raise) {
        struct _Py_stat_struct st;

        if (urandom_cache.fd >= 0) {
            /* Does the fd point to the same thing as before? (issue #21207) */
            if (_Py_fstat_noraise(urandom_cache.fd, &st)
                || st.st_dev != urandom_cache.st_dev
                || st.st_ino != urandom_cache.st_ino) {
                /* Something changed: forget the cached fd (but don't close it,
                   since it probably points to something important for some
                   third-party code). */
                urandom_cache.fd = -1;
            }
        }
        if (urandom_cache.fd >= 0)
            fd = urandom_cache.fd;
        else {
            fd = _Py_open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
            if (fd < 0) {
                if (errno == ENOENT || errno == ENXIO ||
                    errno == ENODEV || errno == EACCES)
                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
                                    "/dev/urandom (or equivalent) not found");
                /* otherwise, keep the OSError exception raised by _Py_open() */
                return -1;
            }
            if (urandom_cache.fd >= 0) {
                /* urandom_fd was initialized by another thread while we were
                   not holding the GIL, keep it. */
                close(fd);
                fd = urandom_cache.fd;
            }
            else {
                if (_Py_fstat(fd, &st)) {
                    close(fd);
                    return -1;
                }
                else {
                    urandom_cache.fd = fd;
                    urandom_cache.st_dev = st.st_dev;
                    urandom_cache.st_ino = st.st_ino;
                }
            }
        }

        do {
            n = _Py_read(fd, buffer, (size_t)size);
            if (n == -1)
                return -1;
            if (n == 0) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
                        "Failed to read %zi bytes from /dev/urandom",
                        size);
                return -1;
            }

            buffer += n;
            size -= n;
        } while (0 < size);
    }
    else {
        fd = _Py_open_noraise("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0) {
            return -1;
        }

        while (0 < size)
        {
            do {
                n = read(fd, buffer, (size_t)size);
            } while (n < 0 && errno == EINTR);

            if (n <= 0) {
                /* stop on error or if read(size) returned 0 */
                close(fd);
                return -1;
            }

            buffer += n;
            size -= n;
        }
        close(fd);
    }
    return 0;
}

static void
dev_urandom_close(void)
{
    if (urandom_cache.fd >= 0) {
        close(urandom_cache.fd);
        urandom_cache.fd = -1;
    }
}

#endif

/* Fill buffer with pseudo-random bytes generated by a linear congruent
   generator (LCG):

       x(n+1) = (x(n) * 214013 + 2531011) % 2^32

   Use bits 23..16 of x(n) to generate a byte. */
static void
lcg_urandom(unsigned int x0, unsigned char *buffer, size_t size)
{
    size_t index;
    unsigned int x;

    x = x0;
    for (index=0; index < size; index++) {
        x *= 214013;
        x += 2531011;
        /* modulo 2 ^ (8 * sizeof(int)) */
        buffer[index] = (x >> 16) & 0xff;
    }
}

/* If raise is zero:
   - Don't raise exceptions on error
   - Don't call PyErr_CheckSignals() on EINTR (retry directly the interrupted
     syscall)
   - Don't release the GIL to call syscalls. */
static int
pyurandom(void *buffer, Py_ssize_t size, int blocking, int raise)
{
    if (size < 0) {
        if (raise) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                         "negative argument not allowed");
        }
        return -1;
    }

    if (size == 0) {
        return 0;
    }

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    return win32_urandom((unsigned char *)buffer, size, raise);
#elif defined(PY_GETENTROPY)
    return py_getentropy(buffer, size, raise);
#else
    return dev_urandom(buffer, size, blocking, raise);
#endif
}

/* Fill buffer with size pseudo-random bytes from the operating system random
   number generator (RNG). It is suitable for most cryptographic purposes
   except long living private keys for asymmetric encryption.

   On Linux 3.17 and newer, the getrandom() syscall is used in blocking mode:
   block until the system urandom entropy pool is initialized (128 bits are
   collected by the kernel).

   Return 0 on success. Raise an exception and return -1 on error. */
int
_PyOS_URandom(void *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    return pyurandom(buffer, size, 1, 1);
}

/* Fill buffer with size pseudo-random bytes from the operating system random
   number generator (RNG). It is not suitable for cryptographic purpose.

   On Linux 3.17 and newer (when getrandom() syscall is used), if the system
   urandom is not initialized yet, the function returns "weak" entropy read
   from /dev/urandom.

   Return 0 on success. Raise an exception and return -1 on error. */
int
_PyOS_URandomNonblock(void *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    return pyurandom(buffer, size, 0, 1);
}

void
_PyRandom_Init(void)
{
    char *env;
    unsigned char *secret = (unsigned char *)&_Py_HashSecret.uc;
    Py_ssize_t secret_size = sizeof(_Py_HashSecret_t);
    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(_Py_HashSecret_t) == sizeof(_Py_HashSecret.uc));

    if (_Py_HashSecret_Initialized)
        return;
    _Py_HashSecret_Initialized = 1;

    /*
      Hash randomization is enabled.  Generate a per-process secret,
      using PYTHONHASHSEED if provided.
    */

    env = Py_GETENV("PYTHONHASHSEED");
    if (env && *env != '\0' && strcmp(env, "random") != 0) {
        char *endptr = env;
        unsigned long seed;
        seed = strtoul(env, &endptr, 10);
        if (*endptr != '\0'
            || seed > 4294967295UL
            || (errno == ERANGE && seed == ULONG_MAX))
        {
            Py_FatalError("PYTHONHASHSEED must be \"random\" or an integer "
                          "in range [0; 4294967295]");
        }
        if (seed == 0) {
            /* disable the randomized hash */
            memset(secret, 0, secret_size);
        }
        else {
            lcg_urandom(seed, secret, secret_size);
        }
    }
    else {
        int res;

        /* _PyRandom_Init() is called very early in the Python initialization
           and so exceptions cannot be used (use raise=0).

           _PyRandom_Init() must not block Python initialization: call
           pyurandom() is non-blocking mode (blocking=0): see the PEP 524. */
        res = pyurandom(secret, secret_size, 0, 0);
        if (res < 0) {
            Py_FatalError("failed to get random numbers to initialize Python");
        }
    }
}

void
_PyRandom_Fini(void)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    if (hCryptProv) {
        CryptReleaseContext(hCryptProv, 0);
        hCryptProv = 0;
    }
#elif defined(PY_GETENTROPY)
    /* nothing to clean */
#else
    dev_urandom_close();
#endif
}