2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
****************************
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
What's New in Python 2.5
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
****************************
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:Author: A.M. Kuchling
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. |release| replace:: 1.01
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. $Id: whatsnew25.tex 56611 2007-07-29 08:26:10Z georg.brandl $
|
|
|
|
.. Fix XXX comments
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This article explains the new features in Python 2.5. The final release of
|
|
|
|
Python 2.5 is scheduled for August 2006; :pep:`356` describes the planned
|
|
|
|
release schedule.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The changes in Python 2.5 are an interesting mix of language and library
|
|
|
|
improvements. The library enhancements will be more important to Python's user
|
|
|
|
community, I think, because several widely-useful packages were added. New
|
2008-10-10 21:49:57 -03:00
|
|
|
modules include ElementTree for XML processing (:mod:`xml.etree`),
|
|
|
|
the SQLite database module (:mod:`sqlite`), and the :mod:`ctypes`
|
|
|
|
module for calling C functions.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The language changes are of middling significance. Some pleasant new features
|
|
|
|
were added, but most of them aren't features that you'll use every day.
|
|
|
|
Conditional expressions were finally added to the language using a novel syntax;
|
|
|
|
see section :ref:`pep-308`. The new ':keyword:`with`' statement will make
|
|
|
|
writing cleanup code easier (section :ref:`pep-343`). Values can now be passed
|
|
|
|
into generators (section :ref:`pep-342`). Imports are now visible as either
|
|
|
|
absolute or relative (section :ref:`pep-328`). Some corner cases of exception
|
|
|
|
handling are handled better (section :ref:`pep-341`). All these improvements
|
|
|
|
are worthwhile, but they're improvements to one specific language feature or
|
|
|
|
another; none of them are broad modifications to Python's semantics.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As well as the language and library additions, other improvements and bugfixes
|
|
|
|
were made throughout the source tree. A search through the SVN change logs
|
|
|
|
finds there were 353 patches applied and 458 bugs fixed between Python 2.4 and
|
|
|
|
2.5. (Both figures are likely to be underestimates.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This article doesn't try to be a complete specification of the new features;
|
|
|
|
instead changes are briefly introduced using helpful examples. For full
|
|
|
|
details, you should always refer to the documentation for Python 2.5 at
|
2014-10-29 04:36:35 -03:00
|
|
|
https://docs.python.org. If you want to understand the complete implementation
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
and design rationale, refer to the PEP for a particular new feature.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comments, suggestions, and error reports for this document are welcome; please
|
|
|
|
e-mail them to the author or open a bug in the Python bug tracker.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _pep-308:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
|
|
|
|
================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For a long time, people have been requesting a way to write conditional
|
|
|
|
expressions, which are expressions that return value A or value B depending on
|
|
|
|
whether a Boolean value is true or false. A conditional expression lets you
|
|
|
|
write a single assignment statement that has the same effect as the following::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if condition:
|
|
|
|
x = true_value
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
x = false_value
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
There have been endless tedious discussions of syntax on both python-dev and
|
|
|
|
comp.lang.python. A vote was even held that found the majority of voters wanted
|
|
|
|
conditional expressions in some form, but there was no syntax that was preferred
|
|
|
|
by a clear majority. Candidates included C's ``cond ? true_v : false_v``, ``if
|
|
|
|
cond then true_v else false_v``, and 16 other variations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guido van Rossum eventually chose a surprising syntax::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
x = true_value if condition else false_value
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Evaluation is still lazy as in existing Boolean expressions, so the order of
|
|
|
|
evaluation jumps around a bit. The *condition* expression in the middle is
|
|
|
|
evaluated first, and the *true_value* expression is evaluated only if the
|
|
|
|
condition was true. Similarly, the *false_value* expression is only evaluated
|
|
|
|
when the condition is false.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This syntax may seem strange and backwards; why does the condition go in the
|
|
|
|
*middle* of the expression, and not in the front as in C's ``c ? x : y``? The
|
|
|
|
decision was checked by applying the new syntax to the modules in the standard
|
|
|
|
library and seeing how the resulting code read. In many cases where a
|
|
|
|
conditional expression is used, one value seems to be the 'common case' and one
|
|
|
|
value is an 'exceptional case', used only on rarer occasions when the condition
|
|
|
|
isn't met. The conditional syntax makes this pattern a bit more obvious::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
contents = ((doc + '\n') if doc else '')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I read the above statement as meaning "here *contents* is usually assigned a
|
|
|
|
value of ``doc+'\n'``; sometimes *doc* is empty, in which special case an empty
|
|
|
|
string is returned." I doubt I will use conditional expressions very often
|
|
|
|
where there isn't a clear common and uncommon case.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
There was some discussion of whether the language should require surrounding
|
|
|
|
conditional expressions with parentheses. The decision was made to *not*
|
|
|
|
require parentheses in the Python language's grammar, but as a matter of style I
|
|
|
|
think you should always use them. Consider these two statements::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# First version -- no parens
|
|
|
|
level = 1 if logging else 0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Second version -- with parens
|
|
|
|
level = (1 if logging else 0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In the first version, I think a reader's eye might group the statement into
|
|
|
|
'level = 1', 'if logging', 'else 0', and think that the condition decides
|
|
|
|
whether the assignment to *level* is performed. The second version reads
|
|
|
|
better, in my opinion, because it makes it clear that the assignment is always
|
|
|
|
performed and the choice is being made between two values.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Another reason for including the brackets: a few odd combinations of list
|
|
|
|
comprehensions and lambdas could look like incorrect conditional expressions.
|
|
|
|
See :pep:`308` for some examples. If you put parentheses around your
|
|
|
|
conditional expressions, you won't run into this case.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`308` - Conditional Expressions
|
|
|
|
PEP written by Guido van Rossum and Raymond D. Hettinger; implemented by Thomas
|
|
|
|
Wouters.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _pep-309:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PEP 309: Partial Function Application
|
|
|
|
=====================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`functools` module is intended to contain tools for functional-style
|
|
|
|
programming.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
One useful tool in this module is the :func:`partial` function. For programs
|
|
|
|
written in a functional style, you'll sometimes want to construct variants of
|
|
|
|
existing functions that have some of the parameters filled in. Consider a
|
|
|
|
Python function ``f(a, b, c)``; you could create a new function ``g(b, c)`` that
|
|
|
|
was equivalent to ``f(1, b, c)``. This is called "partial function
|
|
|
|
application".
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:func:`partial` takes the arguments ``(function, arg1, arg2, ... kwarg1=value1,
|
|
|
|
kwarg2=value2)``. The resulting object is callable, so you can just call it to
|
|
|
|
invoke *function* with the filled-in arguments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Here's a small but realistic example::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import functools
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def log (message, subsystem):
|
|
|
|
"Write the contents of 'message' to the specified subsystem."
|
|
|
|
print '%s: %s' % (subsystem, message)
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
server_log = functools.partial(log, subsystem='server')
|
|
|
|
server_log('Unable to open socket')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Here's another example, from a program that uses PyGTK. Here a context-
|
|
|
|
sensitive pop-up menu is being constructed dynamically. The callback provided
|
|
|
|
for the menu option is a partially applied version of the :meth:`open_item`
|
|
|
|
method, where the first argument has been provided. ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
class Application:
|
|
|
|
def open_item(self, path):
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
def init (self):
|
|
|
|
open_func = functools.partial(self.open_item, item_path)
|
|
|
|
popup_menu.append( ("Open", open_func, 1) )
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Another function in the :mod:`functools` module is the
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
``update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped)`` function that helps you write well-
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
behaved decorators. :func:`update_wrapper` copies the name, module, and
|
|
|
|
docstring attribute to a wrapper function so that tracebacks inside the wrapped
|
|
|
|
function are easier to understand. For example, you might write::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def my_decorator(f):
|
|
|
|
def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
|
|
|
|
print 'Calling decorated function'
|
|
|
|
return f(*args, **kwds)
|
|
|
|
functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, f)
|
|
|
|
return wrapper
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:func:`wraps` is a decorator that can be used inside your own decorators to copy
|
|
|
|
the wrapped function's information. An alternate version of the previous
|
|
|
|
example would be::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def my_decorator(f):
|
|
|
|
@functools.wraps(f)
|
|
|
|
def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
|
|
|
|
print 'Calling decorated function'
|
|
|
|
return f(*args, **kwds)
|
|
|
|
return wrapper
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`309` - Partial Function Application
|
|
|
|
PEP proposed and written by Peter Harris; implemented by Hye-Shik Chang and Nick
|
|
|
|
Coghlan, with adaptations by Raymond Hettinger.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _pep-314:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
|
|
|
|
===================================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Some simple dependency support was added to Distutils. The :func:`setup`
|
|
|
|
function now has ``requires``, ``provides``, and ``obsoletes`` keyword
|
|
|
|
parameters. When you build a source distribution using the ``sdist`` command,
|
|
|
|
the dependency information will be recorded in the :file:`PKG-INFO` file.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Another new keyword parameter is ``download_url``, which should be set to a URL
|
|
|
|
for the package's source code. This means it's now possible to look up an entry
|
|
|
|
in the package index, determine the dependencies for a package, and download the
|
|
|
|
required packages. ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
VERSION = '1.0'
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
setup(name='PyPackage',
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
version=VERSION,
|
|
|
|
requires=['numarray', 'zlib (>=1.1.4)'],
|
|
|
|
obsoletes=['OldPackage']
|
|
|
|
download_url=('http://www.example.com/pypackage/dist/pkg-%s.tar.gz'
|
|
|
|
% VERSION),
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Another new enhancement to the Python package index at
|
2014-10-29 04:36:35 -03:00
|
|
|
https://pypi.python.org is storing source and binary archives for a
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
package. The new :command:`upload` Distutils command will upload a package to
|
|
|
|
the repository.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Before a package can be uploaded, you must be able to build a distribution using
|
|
|
|
the :command:`sdist` Distutils command. Once that works, you can run ``python
|
|
|
|
setup.py upload`` to add your package to the PyPI archive. Optionally you can
|
|
|
|
GPG-sign the package by supplying the :option:`--sign` and :option:`--identity`
|
|
|
|
options.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Package uploading was implemented by Martin von Löwis and Richard Jones.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`314` - Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
|
|
|
|
PEP proposed and written by A.M. Kuchling, Richard Jones, and Fred Drake;
|
|
|
|
implemented by Richard Jones and Fred Drake.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _pep-328:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
|
|
|
|
======================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The simpler part of PEP 328 was implemented in Python 2.4: parentheses could now
|
|
|
|
be used to enclose the names imported from a module using the ``from ... import
|
|
|
|
...`` statement, making it easier to import many different names.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The more complicated part has been implemented in Python 2.5: importing a module
|
|
|
|
can be specified to use absolute or package-relative imports. The plan is to
|
|
|
|
move toward making absolute imports the default in future versions of Python.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Let's say you have a package directory like this::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pkg/
|
|
|
|
pkg/__init__.py
|
|
|
|
pkg/main.py
|
|
|
|
pkg/string.py
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This defines a package named :mod:`pkg` containing the :mod:`pkg.main` and
|
|
|
|
:mod:`pkg.string` submodules.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Consider the code in the :file:`main.py` module. What happens if it executes
|
|
|
|
the statement ``import string``? In Python 2.4 and earlier, it will first look
|
|
|
|
in the package's directory to perform a relative import, finds
|
|
|
|
:file:`pkg/string.py`, imports the contents of that file as the
|
|
|
|
:mod:`pkg.string` module, and that module is bound to the name ``string`` in the
|
|
|
|
:mod:`pkg.main` module's namespace.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
That's fine if :mod:`pkg.string` was what you wanted. But what if you wanted
|
|
|
|
Python's standard :mod:`string` module? There's no clean way to ignore
|
|
|
|
:mod:`pkg.string` and look for the standard module; generally you had to look at
|
|
|
|
the contents of ``sys.modules``, which is slightly unclean. Holger Krekel's
|
|
|
|
:mod:`py.std` package provides a tidier way to perform imports from the standard
|
2013-12-24 05:04:36 -04:00
|
|
|
library, ``import py; py.std.string.join()``, but that package isn't available
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
on all Python installations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reading code which relies on relative imports is also less clear, because a
|
|
|
|
reader may be confused about which module, :mod:`string` or :mod:`pkg.string`,
|
|
|
|
is intended to be used. Python users soon learned not to duplicate the names of
|
|
|
|
standard library modules in the names of their packages' submodules, but you
|
|
|
|
can't protect against having your submodule's name being used for a new module
|
|
|
|
added in a future version of Python.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In Python 2.5, you can switch :keyword:`import`'s behaviour to absolute imports
|
|
|
|
using a ``from __future__ import absolute_import`` directive. This absolute-
|
|
|
|
import behaviour will become the default in a future version (probably Python
|
|
|
|
2.7). Once absolute imports are the default, ``import string`` will always
|
|
|
|
find the standard library's version. It's suggested that users should begin
|
|
|
|
using absolute imports as much as possible, so it's preferable to begin writing
|
|
|
|
``from pkg import string`` in your code.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Relative imports are still possible by adding a leading period to the module
|
|
|
|
name when using the ``from ... import`` form::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Import names from pkg.string
|
|
|
|
from .string import name1, name2
|
|
|
|
# Import pkg.string
|
|
|
|
from . import string
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This imports the :mod:`string` module relative to the current package, so in
|
|
|
|
:mod:`pkg.main` this will import *name1* and *name2* from :mod:`pkg.string`.
|
|
|
|
Additional leading periods perform the relative import starting from the parent
|
|
|
|
of the current package. For example, code in the :mod:`A.B.C` module can do::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
from . import D # Imports A.B.D
|
|
|
|
from .. import E # Imports A.E
|
|
|
|
from ..F import G # Imports A.F.G
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leading periods cannot be used with the ``import modname`` form of the import
|
|
|
|
statement, only the ``from ... import`` form.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`328` - Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative
|
|
|
|
PEP written by Aahz; implemented by Thomas Wouters.
|
|
|
|
|
2016-02-26 14:37:12 -04:00
|
|
|
https://pylib.readthedocs.org/
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
The py library by Holger Krekel, which contains the :mod:`py.std` package.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _pep-338:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
|
|
|
|
=====================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The :option:`-m` switch added in Python 2.4 to execute a module as a script
|
|
|
|
gained a few more abilities. Instead of being implemented in C code inside the
|
|
|
|
Python interpreter, the switch now uses an implementation in a new module,
|
|
|
|
:mod:`runpy`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`runpy` module implements a more sophisticated import mechanism so that
|
|
|
|
it's now possible to run modules in a package such as :mod:`pychecker.checker`.
|
|
|
|
The module also supports alternative import mechanisms such as the
|
|
|
|
:mod:`zipimport` module. This means you can add a .zip archive's path to
|
|
|
|
``sys.path`` and then use the :option:`-m` switch to execute code from the
|
|
|
|
archive.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`338` - Executing modules as scripts
|
|
|
|
PEP written and implemented by Nick Coghlan.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _pep-341:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
|
|
|
|
===================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Until Python 2.5, the :keyword:`try` statement came in two flavours. You could
|
|
|
|
use a :keyword:`finally` block to ensure that code is always executed, or one or
|
|
|
|
more :keyword:`except` blocks to catch specific exceptions. You couldn't
|
|
|
|
combine both :keyword:`except` blocks and a :keyword:`finally` block, because
|
|
|
|
generating the right bytecode for the combined version was complicated and it
|
|
|
|
wasn't clear what the semantics of the combined statement should be.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guido van Rossum spent some time working with Java, which does support the
|
|
|
|
equivalent of combining :keyword:`except` blocks and a :keyword:`finally` block,
|
|
|
|
and this clarified what the statement should mean. In Python 2.5, you can now
|
|
|
|
write::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
|
block-1 ...
|
|
|
|
except Exception1:
|
|
|
|
handler-1 ...
|
|
|
|
except Exception2:
|
|
|
|
handler-2 ...
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
else-block
|
|
|
|
finally:
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
final-block
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The code in *block-1* is executed. If the code raises an exception, the various
|
|
|
|
:keyword:`except` blocks are tested: if the exception is of class
|
|
|
|
:class:`Exception1`, *handler-1* is executed; otherwise if it's of class
|
|
|
|
:class:`Exception2`, *handler-2* is executed, and so forth. If no exception is
|
|
|
|
raised, the *else-block* is executed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No matter what happened previously, the *final-block* is executed once the code
|
|
|
|
block is complete and any raised exceptions handled. Even if there's an error in
|
|
|
|
an exception handler or the *else-block* and a new exception is raised, the code
|
|
|
|
in the *final-block* is still run.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`341` - Unifying try-except and try-finally
|
|
|
|
PEP written by Georg Brandl; implementation by Thomas Lee.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _pep-342:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PEP 342: New Generator Features
|
|
|
|
===============================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Python 2.5 adds a simple way to pass values *into* a generator. As introduced in
|
|
|
|
Python 2.3, generators only produce output; once a generator's code was invoked
|
|
|
|
to create an iterator, there was no way to pass any new information into the
|
|
|
|
function when its execution is resumed. Sometimes the ability to pass in some
|
|
|
|
information would be useful. Hackish solutions to this include making the
|
|
|
|
generator's code look at a global variable and then changing the global
|
|
|
|
variable's value, or passing in some mutable object that callers then modify.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To refresh your memory of basic generators, here's a simple example::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def counter (maximum):
|
|
|
|
i = 0
|
|
|
|
while i < maximum:
|
|
|
|
yield i
|
|
|
|
i += 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
When you call ``counter(10)``, the result is an iterator that returns the values
|
|
|
|
from 0 up to 9. On encountering the :keyword:`yield` statement, the iterator
|
|
|
|
returns the provided value and suspends the function's execution, preserving the
|
|
|
|
local variables. Execution resumes on the following call to the iterator's
|
|
|
|
:meth:`next` method, picking up after the :keyword:`yield` statement.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In Python 2.3, :keyword:`yield` was a statement; it didn't return any value. In
|
|
|
|
2.5, :keyword:`yield` is now an expression, returning a value that can be
|
|
|
|
assigned to a variable or otherwise operated on::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
val = (yield i)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I recommend that you always put parentheses around a :keyword:`yield` expression
|
|
|
|
when you're doing something with the returned value, as in the above example.
|
|
|
|
The parentheses aren't always necessary, but it's easier to always add them
|
|
|
|
instead of having to remember when they're needed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(:pep:`342` explains the exact rules, which are that a :keyword:`yield`\
|
|
|
|
-expression must always be parenthesized except when it occurs at the top-level
|
|
|
|
expression on the right-hand side of an assignment. This means you can write
|
|
|
|
``val = yield i`` but have to use parentheses when there's an operation, as in
|
|
|
|
``val = (yield i) + 12``.)
|
|
|
|
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
Values are sent into a generator by calling its ``send(value)`` method. The
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
generator's code is then resumed and the :keyword:`yield` expression returns the
|
|
|
|
specified *value*. If the regular :meth:`next` method is called, the
|
|
|
|
:keyword:`yield` returns :const:`None`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Here's the previous example, modified to allow changing the value of the
|
|
|
|
internal counter. ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def counter (maximum):
|
|
|
|
i = 0
|
|
|
|
while i < maximum:
|
|
|
|
val = (yield i)
|
|
|
|
# If value provided, change counter
|
|
|
|
if val is not None:
|
|
|
|
i = val
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
i += 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
And here's an example of changing the counter::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> it = counter(10)
|
|
|
|
>>> print it.next()
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
>>> print it.next()
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
>>> print it.send(8)
|
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
|
>>> print it.next()
|
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
|
>>> print it.next()
|
|
|
|
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
Merged revisions 68162,68166,68171,68176,68195-68196,68210,68232 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r68162 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 16:06:00 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 3 lines
Fix for issue 4472 is incompatible with Cygwin, this patch
should fix that.
........
r68166 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-02 19:26:23 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 1 line
document PyMemberDef
........
r68171 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-02 21:25:14 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 3 lines
#4811: fix markup glitches (mostly remains of the conversion),
found by Gabriel Genellina.
........
r68176 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-02 22:00:35 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 1 line
Add various items
........
r68195 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 14:45:15 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines
Remove useless string literal.
........
r68196 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 15:29:53 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines
Fix indentation.
........
r68210 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 20:10:12 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines
Set eol-style correctly for mp_distributing.py.
........
r68232 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 22:52:16 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines
Grammar fix.
........
2009-01-03 18:47:39 -04:00
|
|
|
File "t.py", line 15, in ?
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
print it.next()
|
|
|
|
StopIteration
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:keyword:`yield` will usually return :const:`None`, so you should always check
|
|
|
|
for this case. Don't just use its value in expressions unless you're sure that
|
|
|
|
the :meth:`send` method will be the only method used to resume your generator
|
|
|
|
function.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In addition to :meth:`send`, there are two other new methods on generators:
|
|
|
|
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
* ``throw(type, value=None, traceback=None)`` is used to raise an exception
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
inside the generator; the exception is raised by the :keyword:`yield` expression
|
|
|
|
where the generator's execution is paused.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* :meth:`close` raises a new :exc:`GeneratorExit` exception inside the generator
|
|
|
|
to terminate the iteration. On receiving this exception, the generator's code
|
|
|
|
must either raise :exc:`GeneratorExit` or :exc:`StopIteration`. Catching the
|
|
|
|
:exc:`GeneratorExit` exception and returning a value is illegal and will trigger
|
|
|
|
a :exc:`RuntimeError`; if the function raises some other exception, that
|
|
|
|
exception is propagated to the caller. :meth:`close` will also be called by
|
|
|
|
Python's garbage collector when the generator is garbage-collected.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you need to run cleanup code when a :exc:`GeneratorExit` occurs, I suggest
|
|
|
|
using a ``try: ... finally:`` suite instead of catching :exc:`GeneratorExit`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The cumulative effect of these changes is to turn generators from one-way
|
|
|
|
producers of information into both producers and consumers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Generators also become *coroutines*, a more generalized form of subroutines.
|
|
|
|
Subroutines are entered at one point and exited at another point (the top of the
|
|
|
|
function, and a :keyword:`return` statement), but coroutines can be entered,
|
|
|
|
exited, and resumed at many different points (the :keyword:`yield` statements).
|
|
|
|
We'll have to figure out patterns for using coroutines effectively in Python.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The addition of the :meth:`close` method has one side effect that isn't obvious.
|
|
|
|
:meth:`close` is called when a generator is garbage-collected, so this means the
|
|
|
|
generator's code gets one last chance to run before the generator is destroyed.
|
|
|
|
This last chance means that ``try...finally`` statements in generators can now
|
|
|
|
be guaranteed to work; the :keyword:`finally` clause will now always get a
|
|
|
|
chance to run. The syntactic restriction that you couldn't mix :keyword:`yield`
|
|
|
|
statements with a ``try...finally`` suite has therefore been removed. This
|
|
|
|
seems like a minor bit of language trivia, but using generators and
|
|
|
|
``try...finally`` is actually necessary in order to implement the
|
|
|
|
:keyword:`with` statement described by PEP 343. I'll look at this new statement
|
|
|
|
in the following section.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Another even more esoteric effect of this change: previously, the
|
|
|
|
:attr:`gi_frame` attribute of a generator was always a frame object. It's now
|
|
|
|
possible for :attr:`gi_frame` to be ``None`` once the generator has been
|
|
|
|
exhausted.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`342` - Coroutines via Enhanced Generators
|
|
|
|
PEP written by Guido van Rossum and Phillip J. Eby; implemented by Phillip J.
|
|
|
|
Eby. Includes examples of some fancier uses of generators as coroutines.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Earlier versions of these features were proposed in :pep:`288` by Raymond
|
|
|
|
Hettinger and :pep:`325` by Samuele Pedroni.
|
|
|
|
|
2016-02-26 14:37:12 -04:00
|
|
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroutine
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
The Wikipedia entry for coroutines.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
http://www.sidhe.org/~dan/blog/archives/000178.html
|
|
|
|
An explanation of coroutines from a Perl point of view, written by Dan Sugalski.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _pep-343:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PEP 343: The 'with' statement
|
|
|
|
=============================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The ':keyword:`with`' statement clarifies code that previously would use
|
|
|
|
``try...finally`` blocks to ensure that clean-up code is executed. In this
|
|
|
|
section, I'll discuss the statement as it will commonly be used. In the next
|
|
|
|
section, I'll examine the implementation details and show how to write objects
|
|
|
|
for use with this statement.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The ':keyword:`with`' statement is a new control-flow structure whose basic
|
|
|
|
structure is::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
with expression [as variable]:
|
|
|
|
with-block
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The expression is evaluated, and it should result in an object that supports the
|
|
|
|
context management protocol (that is, has :meth:`__enter__` and :meth:`__exit__`
|
|
|
|
methods.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The object's :meth:`__enter__` is called before *with-block* is executed and
|
|
|
|
therefore can run set-up code. It also may return a value that is bound to the
|
|
|
|
name *variable*, if given. (Note carefully that *variable* is *not* assigned
|
|
|
|
the result of *expression*.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
After execution of the *with-block* is finished, the object's :meth:`__exit__`
|
|
|
|
method is called, even if the block raised an exception, and can therefore run
|
|
|
|
clean-up code.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To enable the statement in Python 2.5, you need to add the following directive
|
|
|
|
to your module::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
from __future__ import with_statement
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The statement will always be enabled in Python 2.6.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Some standard Python objects now support the context management protocol and can
|
|
|
|
be used with the ':keyword:`with`' statement. File objects are one example::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
with open('/etc/passwd', 'r') as f:
|
|
|
|
for line in f:
|
|
|
|
print line
|
|
|
|
... more processing code ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
After this statement has executed, the file object in *f* will have been
|
|
|
|
automatically closed, even if the :keyword:`for` loop raised an exception part-
|
|
|
|
way through the block.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In this case, *f* is the same object created by :func:`open`, because
|
|
|
|
:meth:`file.__enter__` returns *self*.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`threading` module's locks and condition variables also support the
|
|
|
|
':keyword:`with`' statement::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
lock = threading.Lock()
|
|
|
|
with lock:
|
|
|
|
# Critical section of code
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The lock is acquired before the block is executed and always released once the
|
|
|
|
block is complete.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The new :func:`localcontext` function in the :mod:`decimal` module makes it easy
|
|
|
|
to save and restore the current decimal context, which encapsulates the desired
|
|
|
|
precision and rounding characteristics for computations::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
from decimal import Decimal, Context, localcontext
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Displays with default precision of 28 digits
|
|
|
|
v = Decimal('578')
|
|
|
|
print v.sqrt()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
with localcontext(Context(prec=16)):
|
|
|
|
# All code in this block uses a precision of 16 digits.
|
|
|
|
# The original context is restored on exiting the block.
|
|
|
|
print v.sqrt()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 58095-58132,58136-58148,58151-58197 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r58096 | brett.cannon | 2007-09-10 23:38:27 +0200 (Mon, 10 Sep 2007) | 4 lines
Fix a possible segfault from recursing too deep to get the repr of a list.
Closes issue #1096.
........
r58097 | bill.janssen | 2007-09-10 23:51:02 +0200 (Mon, 10 Sep 2007) | 33 lines
More work on SSL support.
* Much expanded test suite:
All protocols tested against all other protocols.
All protocols tested with all certificate options.
Tests for bad key and bad cert.
Test of STARTTLS functionality.
Test of RAND_* functions.
* Fixes for threading/malloc bug.
* Issue 1065 fixed:
sslsocket class renamed to SSLSocket.
sslerror class renamed to SSLError.
Function "wrap_socket" now used to wrap an existing socket.
* Issue 1583946 finally fixed:
Support for subjectAltName added.
Subject name now returned as proper DN list of RDNs.
* SSLError exported from socket as "sslerror".
* RAND_* functions properly exported from ssl.py.
* Documentation improved:
Example of how to create a self-signed certificate.
Better indexing.
........
r58098 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-09-11 00:02:25 +0200 (Tue, 11 Sep 2007) | 9 lines
Patch # 1140 (my code, approved by Effbot).
Make sure the type of the return value of re.sub(x, y, z) is the type
of y+x (i.e. unicode if either is unicode, str if they are both str)
even if there are no substitutions or if x==z (which triggered various
special cases in join_list()).
Could be backported to 2.5; no need to port to 3.0.
........
r58099 | guido.van.rossum | 2007-09-11 00:36:02 +0200 (Tue, 11 Sep 2007) | 8 lines
Patch # 1026 by Benjamin Aranguren (with Alex Martelli):
Backport abc.py and isinstance/issubclass overloading to 2.6.
I had to backport test_typechecks.py myself, and make one small change
to abc.py to avoid duplicate work when x.__class__ and type(x) are the
same.
........
r58100 | bill.janssen | 2007-09-11 01:41:24 +0200 (Tue, 11 Sep 2007) | 3 lines
A better way of finding an open port to test with.
........
r58101 | bill.janssen | 2007-09-11 03:09:19 +0200 (Tue, 11 Sep 2007) | 4 lines
Make sure test_ssl doesn't reference the ssl module in a
context where it can't be imported.
........
r58102 | bill.janssen | 2007-09-11 04:42:07 +0200 (Tue, 11 Sep 2007) | 3 lines
Fix some documentation bugs.
........
r58103 | nick.coghlan | 2007-09-11 16:01:18 +0200 (Tue, 11 Sep 2007) | 1 line
Always use the -E flag when spawning subprocesses in test_cmd_line (Issue 1056)
........
r58106 | thomas.heller | 2007-09-11 21:17:48 +0200 (Tue, 11 Sep 2007) | 3 lines
Disable some tests that fail on the 'ppc Debian unstable' buildbot to
find out if they cause the segfault on the 'alpha Debian' machine.
........
r58108 | brett.cannon | 2007-09-11 23:02:28 +0200 (Tue, 11 Sep 2007) | 6 lines
Generators had their throw() method allowing string exceptions. That's a
no-no.
Fixes issue #1147. Need to fix 2.5 to raise a proper warning if a string
exception is passed in.
........
r58112 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-12 20:03:51 +0200 (Wed, 12 Sep 2007) | 3 lines
New documentation page for the bdb module.
(This doesn't need to be merged to Py3k.)
........
r58114 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-12 20:05:57 +0200 (Wed, 12 Sep 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1152: use non-deprecated name in example.
........
r58115 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-12 20:08:33 +0200 (Wed, 12 Sep 2007) | 2 lines
Fix #1122: wrong return type documented for various _Size() functions.
........
r58117 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-12 20:10:56 +0200 (Wed, 12 Sep 2007) | 2 lines
Fix #1139: PyFile_Encoding really is PyFile_SetEncoding.
........
r58119 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-12 20:29:18 +0200 (Wed, 12 Sep 2007) | 2 lines
bug #1154: release memory allocated by "es" PyArg_ParseTuple format specifier.
........
r58121 | bill.janssen | 2007-09-12 20:52:05 +0200 (Wed, 12 Sep 2007) | 1 line
root certificate for https://svn.python.org/, used in test_ssl
........
r58122 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-12 21:00:07 +0200 (Wed, 12 Sep 2007) | 3 lines
Bug #1153: repr.repr() now doesn't require set and dictionary items
to be orderable to properly represent them.
........
r58125 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-12 21:29:28 +0200 (Wed, 12 Sep 2007) | 4 lines
#1120: put explicit version in the shebang lines of pydoc, idle
and smtpd.py scripts that are installed by setup.py. That way, they
work when only "make altinstall" is used.
........
r58139 | mark.summerfield | 2007-09-13 16:54:30 +0200 (Thu, 13 Sep 2007) | 9 lines
Replaced variable o with obj in operator.rst because o is easy to
confuse.
Added a note about Python 3's collections.Mapping etc., above section
that describes isMappingType() etc.
Added xrefs between os, os.path, fileinput, and open().
........
r58143 | facundo.batista | 2007-09-13 20:13:15 +0200 (Thu, 13 Sep 2007) | 7 lines
Merged the decimal-branch (revisions 54886 to 58140). Decimal is now
fully updated to the latests Decimal Specification (v1.66) and the
latests test cases (v2.56).
Thanks to Mark Dickinson for all his help during this process.
........
r58145 | facundo.batista | 2007-09-13 20:42:09 +0200 (Thu, 13 Sep 2007) | 7 lines
Put the parameter watchexp back in (changed watchexp from an int
to a bool). Also second argument to watchexp is now converted
to Decimal, just as with all the other two-argument operations.
Thanks Mark Dickinson.
........
r58147 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-09-14 00:49:34 +0200 (Fri, 14 Sep 2007) | 1 line
Add various items
........
r58148 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-09-14 00:50:10 +0200 (Fri, 14 Sep 2007) | 1 line
Make target unique
........
r58154 | facundo.batista | 2007-09-14 20:58:34 +0200 (Fri, 14 Sep 2007) | 3 lines
Included the new functions, and new descriptions.
........
r58155 | thomas.heller | 2007-09-14 21:40:35 +0200 (Fri, 14 Sep 2007) | 2 lines
ctypes.util.find_library uses dump(1) instead of objdump(1) on Solaris.
Fixes issue #1777530; will backport to release25-maint.
........
r58159 | facundo.batista | 2007-09-14 23:29:52 +0200 (Fri, 14 Sep 2007) | 3 lines
Some additions (examples and a bit on the tutorial).
........
r58160 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-15 18:53:36 +0200 (Sat, 15 Sep 2007) | 2 lines
Remove bdb from the "undocumented modules" list.
........
r58164 | bill.janssen | 2007-09-17 00:06:00 +0200 (Mon, 17 Sep 2007) | 15 lines
Add support for asyncore server-side SSL support. This requires
adding the 'makefile' method to ssl.SSLSocket, and importing the
requisite fakefile class from socket.py, and making the appropriate
changes to it to make it use the SSL connection.
Added sample HTTPS server to test_ssl.py, and test that uses it.
Change SSL tests to use https://svn.python.org/, instead of
www.sf.net and pop.gmail.com.
Added utility function to ssl module, get_server_certificate,
to wrap up the several things to be done to pull a certificate
from a remote server.
........
r58173 | bill.janssen | 2007-09-17 01:16:46 +0200 (Mon, 17 Sep 2007) | 1 line
use binary mode when reading files for testAsyncore to make Windows happy
........
r58175 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-09-17 02:55:00 +0200 (Mon, 17 Sep 2007) | 7 lines
Sync-up named tuples with the latest version of the ASPN recipe.
Allows optional commas in the field-name spec (help when named tuples are used in conjuction with sql queries).
Adds the __fields__ attribute for introspection and to support conversion to dictionary form.
Adds a __replace__() method similar to str.replace() but using a named field as a target.
Clean-up spelling and presentation in doc-strings.
........
r58176 | brett.cannon | 2007-09-17 05:28:34 +0200 (Mon, 17 Sep 2007) | 5 lines
Add a bunch of GIL release/acquire points in tp_print implementations and for
PyObject_Print().
Closes issue #1164.
........
r58177 | sean.reifschneider | 2007-09-17 07:45:04 +0200 (Mon, 17 Sep 2007) | 2 lines
issue1597011: Fix for bz2 module corner-case error due to error checking bug.
........
r58180 | facundo.batista | 2007-09-17 18:26:50 +0200 (Mon, 17 Sep 2007) | 3 lines
Decimal is updated, :)
........
r58181 | facundo.batista | 2007-09-17 19:30:13 +0200 (Mon, 17 Sep 2007) | 5 lines
The methods always return Decimal classes, even if they're
executed through a subclass (thanks Mark Dickinson).
Added a bit of testing for this.
........
r58183 | sean.reifschneider | 2007-09-17 22:53:21 +0200 (Mon, 17 Sep 2007) | 2 lines
issue1082: Fixing platform and system for Vista.
........
r58185 | andrew.kuchling | 2007-09-18 03:36:16 +0200 (Tue, 18 Sep 2007) | 1 line
Add item; sort properly
........
r58186 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-09-18 05:33:19 +0200 (Tue, 18 Sep 2007) | 1 line
Handle corner cased on 0-tuples and 1-tuples. Add verbose option so people can see how it works.
........
r58192 | georg.brandl | 2007-09-18 09:24:40 +0200 (Tue, 18 Sep 2007) | 2 lines
A bit of reordering, also show more subheadings in the lang ref index.
........
r58193 | facundo.batista | 2007-09-18 18:53:18 +0200 (Tue, 18 Sep 2007) | 4 lines
Speed up of the various division operations (remainder, divide,
divideint and divmod). Thanks Mark Dickinson.
........
r58197 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-09-19 00:18:02 +0200 (Wed, 19 Sep 2007) | 1 line
Cleanup docs for NamedTuple.
........
2007-09-19 00:06:30 -03:00
|
|
|
.. _new-25-context-managers:
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Writing Context Managers
|
|
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under the hood, the ':keyword:`with`' statement is fairly complicated. Most
|
|
|
|
people will only use ':keyword:`with`' in company with existing objects and
|
|
|
|
don't need to know these details, so you can skip the rest of this section if
|
|
|
|
you like. Authors of new objects will need to understand the details of the
|
|
|
|
underlying implementation and should keep reading.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A high-level explanation of the context management protocol is:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The expression is evaluated and should result in an object called a "context
|
|
|
|
manager". The context manager must have :meth:`__enter__` and :meth:`__exit__`
|
|
|
|
methods.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The context manager's :meth:`__enter__` method is called. The value returned
|
|
|
|
is assigned to *VAR*. If no ``'as VAR'`` clause is present, the value is simply
|
|
|
|
discarded.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The code in *BLOCK* is executed.
|
|
|
|
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
* If *BLOCK* raises an exception, the ``__exit__(type, value, traceback)``
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
is called with the exception details, the same values returned by
|
|
|
|
:func:`sys.exc_info`. The method's return value controls whether the exception
|
|
|
|
is re-raised: any false value re-raises the exception, and ``True`` will result
|
|
|
|
in suppressing it. You'll only rarely want to suppress the exception, because
|
|
|
|
if you do the author of the code containing the ':keyword:`with`' statement will
|
|
|
|
never realize anything went wrong.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* If *BLOCK* didn't raise an exception, the :meth:`__exit__` method is still
|
|
|
|
called, but *type*, *value*, and *traceback* are all ``None``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Let's think through an example. I won't present detailed code but will only
|
|
|
|
sketch the methods necessary for a database that supports transactions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(For people unfamiliar with database terminology: a set of changes to the
|
|
|
|
database are grouped into a transaction. Transactions can be either committed,
|
|
|
|
meaning that all the changes are written into the database, or rolled back,
|
|
|
|
meaning that the changes are all discarded and the database is unchanged. See
|
|
|
|
any database textbook for more information.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Let's assume there's an object representing a database connection. Our goal will
|
|
|
|
be to let the user write code like this::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
db_connection = DatabaseConnection()
|
|
|
|
with db_connection as cursor:
|
|
|
|
cursor.execute('insert into ...')
|
|
|
|
cursor.execute('delete from ...')
|
|
|
|
# ... more operations ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The transaction should be committed if the code in the block runs flawlessly or
|
|
|
|
rolled back if there's an exception. Here's the basic interface for
|
|
|
|
:class:`DatabaseConnection` that I'll assume::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class DatabaseConnection:
|
|
|
|
# Database interface
|
|
|
|
def cursor (self):
|
|
|
|
"Returns a cursor object and starts a new transaction"
|
|
|
|
def commit (self):
|
|
|
|
"Commits current transaction"
|
|
|
|
def rollback (self):
|
|
|
|
"Rolls back current transaction"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The :meth:`__enter__` method is pretty easy, having only to start a new
|
|
|
|
transaction. For this application the resulting cursor object would be a useful
|
|
|
|
result, so the method will return it. The user can then add ``as cursor`` to
|
|
|
|
their ':keyword:`with`' statement to bind the cursor to a variable name. ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class DatabaseConnection:
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
def __enter__ (self):
|
|
|
|
# Code to start a new transaction
|
|
|
|
cursor = self.cursor()
|
|
|
|
return cursor
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The :meth:`__exit__` method is the most complicated because it's where most of
|
|
|
|
the work has to be done. The method has to check if an exception occurred. If
|
|
|
|
there was no exception, the transaction is committed. The transaction is rolled
|
|
|
|
back if there was an exception.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In the code below, execution will just fall off the end of the function,
|
|
|
|
returning the default value of ``None``. ``None`` is false, so the exception
|
|
|
|
will be re-raised automatically. If you wished, you could be more explicit and
|
|
|
|
add a :keyword:`return` statement at the marked location. ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class DatabaseConnection:
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
def __exit__ (self, type, value, tb):
|
|
|
|
if tb is None:
|
|
|
|
# No exception, so commit
|
|
|
|
self.commit()
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
# Exception occurred, so rollback.
|
|
|
|
self.rollback()
|
|
|
|
# return False
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008-10-10 21:49:57 -03:00
|
|
|
.. _contextlibmod:
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The contextlib module
|
|
|
|
---------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The new :mod:`contextlib` module provides some functions and a decorator that
|
|
|
|
are useful for writing objects for use with the ':keyword:`with`' statement.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The decorator is called :func:`contextmanager`, and lets you write a single
|
|
|
|
generator function instead of defining a new class. The generator should yield
|
|
|
|
exactly one value. The code up to the :keyword:`yield` will be executed as the
|
|
|
|
:meth:`__enter__` method, and the value yielded will be the method's return
|
|
|
|
value that will get bound to the variable in the ':keyword:`with`' statement's
|
|
|
|
:keyword:`as` clause, if any. The code after the :keyword:`yield` will be
|
|
|
|
executed in the :meth:`__exit__` method. Any exception raised in the block will
|
|
|
|
be raised by the :keyword:`yield` statement.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Our database example from the previous section could be written using this
|
|
|
|
decorator as::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
from contextlib import contextmanager
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@contextmanager
|
|
|
|
def db_transaction (connection):
|
|
|
|
cursor = connection.cursor()
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
|
yield cursor
|
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
|
connection.rollback()
|
|
|
|
raise
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
connection.commit()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
db = DatabaseConnection()
|
|
|
|
with db_transaction(db) as cursor:
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
The :mod:`contextlib` module also has a ``nested(mgr1, mgr2, ...)`` function
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
that combines a number of context managers so you don't need to write nested
|
|
|
|
':keyword:`with`' statements. In this example, the single ':keyword:`with`'
|
|
|
|
statement both starts a database transaction and acquires a thread lock::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
lock = threading.Lock()
|
|
|
|
with nested (db_transaction(db), lock) as (cursor, locked):
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
Finally, the ``closing(object)`` function returns *object* so that it can be
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
bound to a variable, and calls ``object.close`` at the end of the block. ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import urllib, sys
|
|
|
|
from contextlib import closing
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
with closing(urllib.urlopen('http://www.yahoo.com')) as f:
|
|
|
|
for line in f:
|
|
|
|
sys.stdout.write(line)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`343` - The "with" statement
|
|
|
|
PEP written by Guido van Rossum and Nick Coghlan; implemented by Mike Bland,
|
|
|
|
Guido van Rossum, and Neal Norwitz. The PEP shows the code generated for a
|
|
|
|
':keyword:`with`' statement, which can be helpful in learning how the statement
|
|
|
|
works.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The documentation for the :mod:`contextlib` module.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _pep-352:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
|
|
|
|
========================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exception classes can now be new-style classes, not just classic classes, and
|
|
|
|
the built-in :exc:`Exception` class and all the standard built-in exceptions
|
|
|
|
(:exc:`NameError`, :exc:`ValueError`, etc.) are now new-style classes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The inheritance hierarchy for exceptions has been rearranged a bit. In 2.5, the
|
|
|
|
inheritance relationships are::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BaseException # New in Python 2.5
|
|
|
|
|- KeyboardInterrupt
|
|
|
|
|- SystemExit
|
|
|
|
|- Exception
|
|
|
|
|- (all other current built-in exceptions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This rearrangement was done because people often want to catch all exceptions
|
|
|
|
that indicate program errors. :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` and :exc:`SystemExit`
|
|
|
|
aren't errors, though, and usually represent an explicit action such as the user
|
2015-09-12 11:45:25 -03:00
|
|
|
hitting :kbd:`Control-C` or code calling :func:`sys.exit`. A bare ``except:`` will
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
catch all exceptions, so you commonly need to list :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` and
|
|
|
|
:exc:`SystemExit` in order to re-raise them. The usual pattern is::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
|
|
|
|
raise
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
|
# Log error...
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
# Continue running program...
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In Python 2.5, you can now write ``except Exception`` to achieve the same
|
|
|
|
result, catching all the exceptions that usually indicate errors but leaving
|
|
|
|
:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` and :exc:`SystemExit` alone. As in previous versions,
|
|
|
|
a bare ``except:`` still catches all exceptions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The goal for Python 3.0 is to require any class raised as an exception to derive
|
|
|
|
from :exc:`BaseException` or some descendant of :exc:`BaseException`, and future
|
|
|
|
releases in the Python 2.x series may begin to enforce this constraint.
|
|
|
|
Therefore, I suggest you begin making all your exception classes derive from
|
|
|
|
:exc:`Exception` now. It's been suggested that the bare ``except:`` form should
|
|
|
|
be removed in Python 3.0, but Guido van Rossum hasn't decided whether to do this
|
|
|
|
or not.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Raising of strings as exceptions, as in the statement ``raise "Error
|
|
|
|
occurred"``, is deprecated in Python 2.5 and will trigger a warning. The aim is
|
|
|
|
to be able to remove the string-exception feature in a few releases.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`352` - Required Superclass for Exceptions
|
|
|
|
PEP written by Brett Cannon and Guido van Rossum; implemented by Brett Cannon.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _pep-353:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
|
|
|
|
========================================
|
|
|
|
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
A wide-ranging change to Python's C API, using a new :c:type:`Py_ssize_t` type
|
|
|
|
definition instead of :c:type:`int`, will permit the interpreter to handle more
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
data on 64-bit platforms. This change doesn't affect Python's capacity on 32-bit
|
|
|
|
platforms.
|
|
|
|
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
Various pieces of the Python interpreter used C's :c:type:`int` type to store
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
sizes or counts; for example, the number of items in a list or tuple were stored
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
in an :c:type:`int`. The C compilers for most 64-bit platforms still define
|
|
|
|
:c:type:`int` as a 32-bit type, so that meant that lists could only hold up to
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
``2**31 - 1`` = 2147483647 items. (There are actually a few different
|
|
|
|
programming models that 64-bit C compilers can use -- see
|
|
|
|
http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lp64_wp.html for a discussion -- but the
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
most commonly available model leaves :c:type:`int` as 32 bits.)
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A limit of 2147483647 items doesn't really matter on a 32-bit platform because
|
|
|
|
you'll run out of memory before hitting the length limit. Each list item
|
|
|
|
requires space for a pointer, which is 4 bytes, plus space for a
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
:c:type:`PyObject` representing the item. 2147483647\*4 is already more bytes
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
than a 32-bit address space can contain.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
It's possible to address that much memory on a 64-bit platform, however. The
|
|
|
|
pointers for a list that size would only require 16 GiB of space, so it's not
|
|
|
|
unreasonable that Python programmers might construct lists that large.
|
|
|
|
Therefore, the Python interpreter had to be changed to use some type other than
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
:c:type:`int`, and this will be a 64-bit type on 64-bit platforms. The change
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
will cause incompatibilities on 64-bit machines, so it was deemed worth making
|
|
|
|
the transition now, while the number of 64-bit users is still relatively small.
|
|
|
|
(In 5 or 10 years, we may *all* be on 64-bit machines, and the transition would
|
|
|
|
be more painful then.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This change most strongly affects authors of C extension modules. Python
|
|
|
|
strings and container types such as lists and tuples now use
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
:c:type:`Py_ssize_t` to store their size. Functions such as
|
|
|
|
:c:func:`PyList_Size` now return :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`. Code in extension modules
|
|
|
|
may therefore need to have some variables changed to :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
The :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple` and :c:func:`Py_BuildValue` functions have a new
|
|
|
|
conversion code, ``n``, for :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`. :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple`'s
|
|
|
|
``s#`` and ``t#`` still output :c:type:`int` by default, but you can define the
|
|
|
|
macro :c:macro:`PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN` before including :file:`Python.h` to make
|
|
|
|
them return :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`353` has a section on conversion guidelines that extension authors should
|
|
|
|
read to learn about supporting 64-bit platforms.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`353` - Using ssize_t as the index type
|
|
|
|
PEP written and implemented by Martin von Löwis.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _pep-357:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PEP 357: The '__index__' method
|
|
|
|
===============================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The NumPy developers had a problem that could only be solved by adding a new
|
|
|
|
special method, :meth:`__index__`. When using slice notation, as in
|
|
|
|
``[start:stop:step]``, the values of the *start*, *stop*, and *step* indexes
|
|
|
|
must all be either integers or long integers. NumPy defines a variety of
|
|
|
|
specialized integer types corresponding to unsigned and signed integers of 8,
|
|
|
|
16, 32, and 64 bits, but there was no way to signal that these types could be
|
|
|
|
used as slice indexes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Slicing can't just use the existing :meth:`__int__` method because that method
|
|
|
|
is also used to implement coercion to integers. If slicing used
|
|
|
|
:meth:`__int__`, floating-point numbers would also become legal slice indexes
|
|
|
|
and that's clearly an undesirable behaviour.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Instead, a new special method called :meth:`__index__` was added. It takes no
|
|
|
|
arguments and returns an integer giving the slice index to use. For example::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class C:
|
|
|
|
def __index__ (self):
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
return self.value
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The return value must be either a Python integer or long integer. The
|
|
|
|
interpreter will check that the type returned is correct, and raises a
|
|
|
|
:exc:`TypeError` if this requirement isn't met.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A corresponding :attr:`nb_index` slot was added to the C-level
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
:c:type:`PyNumberMethods` structure to let C extensions implement this protocol.
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
``PyNumber_Index(obj)`` can be used in extension code to call the
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
:meth:`__index__` function and retrieve its result.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`357` - Allowing Any Object to be Used for Slicing
|
|
|
|
PEP written and implemented by Travis Oliphant.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _other-lang:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other Language Changes
|
|
|
|
======================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Here are all of the changes that Python 2.5 makes to the core Python language.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :class:`dict` type has a new hook for letting subclasses provide a default
|
|
|
|
value when a key isn't contained in the dictionary. When a key isn't found, the
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
dictionary's ``__missing__(key)`` method will be called. This hook is used
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
to implement the new :class:`defaultdict` class in the :mod:`collections`
|
|
|
|
module. The following example defines a dictionary that returns zero for any
|
|
|
|
missing key::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class zerodict (dict):
|
|
|
|
def __missing__ (self, key):
|
|
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
d = zerodict({1:1, 2:2})
|
|
|
|
print d[1], d[2] # Prints 1, 2
|
|
|
|
print d[3], d[4] # Prints 0, 0
|
|
|
|
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
* Both 8-bit and Unicode strings have new ``partition(sep)`` and
|
|
|
|
``rpartition(sep)`` methods that simplify a common use case.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
The ``find(S)`` method is often used to get an index which is then used to
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
slice the string and obtain the pieces that are before and after the separator.
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
``partition(sep)`` condenses this pattern into a single method call that
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
returns a 3-tuple containing the substring before the separator, the separator
|
|
|
|
itself, and the substring after the separator. If the separator isn't found,
|
|
|
|
the first element of the tuple is the entire string and the other two elements
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
are empty. ``rpartition(sep)`` also returns a 3-tuple but starts searching
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
from the end of the string; the ``r`` stands for 'reverse'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Some examples::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> ('http://www.python.org').partition('://')
|
|
|
|
('http', '://', 'www.python.org')
|
|
|
|
>>> ('file:/usr/share/doc/index.html').partition('://')
|
|
|
|
('file:/usr/share/doc/index.html', '', '')
|
|
|
|
>>> (u'Subject: a quick question').partition(':')
|
|
|
|
(u'Subject', u':', u' a quick question')
|
|
|
|
>>> 'www.python.org'.rpartition('.')
|
|
|
|
('www.python', '.', 'org')
|
|
|
|
>>> 'www.python.org'.rpartition(':')
|
|
|
|
('', '', 'www.python.org')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Implemented by Fredrik Lundh following a suggestion by Raymond Hettinger.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :meth:`startswith` and :meth:`endswith` methods of string types now accept
|
|
|
|
tuples of strings to check for. ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def is_image_file (filename):
|
|
|
|
return filename.endswith(('.gif', '.jpg', '.tiff'))
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Implemented by Georg Brandl following a suggestion by Tom Lynn.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. RFE #1491485
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :func:`min` and :func:`max` built-in functions gained a ``key`` keyword
|
|
|
|
parameter analogous to the ``key`` argument for :meth:`sort`. This parameter
|
|
|
|
supplies a function that takes a single argument and is called for every value
|
|
|
|
in the list; :func:`min`/:func:`max` will return the element with the
|
|
|
|
smallest/largest return value from this function. For example, to find the
|
|
|
|
longest string in a list, you can do::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L = ['medium', 'longest', 'short']
|
|
|
|
# Prints 'longest'
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
print max(L, key=len)
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
# Prints 'short', because lexicographically 'short' has the largest value
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
print max(L)
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Steven Bethard and Raymond Hettinger.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Two new built-in functions, :func:`any` and :func:`all`, evaluate whether an
|
|
|
|
iterator contains any true or false values. :func:`any` returns :const:`True`
|
|
|
|
if any value returned by the iterator is true; otherwise it will return
|
|
|
|
:const:`False`. :func:`all` returns :const:`True` only if all of the values
|
|
|
|
returned by the iterator evaluate as true. (Suggested by Guido van Rossum, and
|
|
|
|
implemented by Raymond Hettinger.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The result of a class's :meth:`__hash__` method can now be either a long
|
|
|
|
integer or a regular integer. If a long integer is returned, the hash of that
|
|
|
|
value is taken. In earlier versions the hash value was required to be a
|
|
|
|
regular integer, but in 2.5 the :func:`id` built-in was changed to always
|
|
|
|
return non-negative numbers, and users often seem to use ``id(self)`` in
|
|
|
|
:meth:`__hash__` methods (though this is discouraged).
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Bug #1536021
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ASCII is now the default encoding for modules. It's now a syntax error if a
|
|
|
|
module contains string literals with 8-bit characters but doesn't have an
|
|
|
|
encoding declaration. In Python 2.4 this triggered a warning, not a syntax
|
|
|
|
error. See :pep:`263` for how to declare a module's encoding; for example, you
|
|
|
|
might add a line like this near the top of the source file::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# -*- coding: latin1 -*-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* A new warning, :class:`UnicodeWarning`, is triggered when you attempt to
|
|
|
|
compare a Unicode string and an 8-bit string that can't be converted to Unicode
|
|
|
|
using the default ASCII encoding. The result of the comparison is false::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> chr(128) == unichr(128) # Can't convert chr(128) to Unicode
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
__main__:1: UnicodeWarning: Unicode equal comparison failed
|
|
|
|
to convert both arguments to Unicode - interpreting them
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
as being unequal
|
|
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
>>> chr(127) == unichr(127) # chr(127) can be converted
|
|
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Previously this would raise a :class:`UnicodeDecodeError` exception, but in 2.5
|
|
|
|
this could result in puzzling problems when accessing a dictionary. If you
|
|
|
|
looked up ``unichr(128)`` and ``chr(128)`` was being used as a key, you'd get a
|
|
|
|
:class:`UnicodeDecodeError` exception. Other changes in 2.5 resulted in this
|
|
|
|
exception being raised instead of suppressed by the code in :file:`dictobject.c`
|
|
|
|
that implements dictionaries.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Raising an exception for such a comparison is strictly correct, but the change
|
|
|
|
might have broken code, so instead :class:`UnicodeWarning` was introduced.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Implemented by Marc-André Lemburg.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* One error that Python programmers sometimes make is forgetting to include an
|
|
|
|
:file:`__init__.py` module in a package directory. Debugging this mistake can be
|
|
|
|
confusing, and usually requires running Python with the :option:`-v` switch to
|
|
|
|
log all the paths searched. In Python 2.5, a new :exc:`ImportWarning` warning is
|
|
|
|
triggered when an import would have picked up a directory as a package but no
|
|
|
|
:file:`__init__.py` was found. This warning is silently ignored by default;
|
|
|
|
provide the :option:`-Wd` option when running the Python executable to display
|
|
|
|
the warning message. (Implemented by Thomas Wouters.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The list of base classes in a class definition can now be empty. As an
|
|
|
|
example, this is now legal::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class C():
|
|
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Implemented by Brett Cannon.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008-10-10 21:49:57 -03:00
|
|
|
.. _25interactive:
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interactive Interpreter Changes
|
|
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In the interactive interpreter, ``quit`` and ``exit`` have long been strings so
|
|
|
|
that new users get a somewhat helpful message when they try to quit::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> quit
|
|
|
|
'Use Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit.'
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In Python 2.5, ``quit`` and ``exit`` are now objects that still produce string
|
|
|
|
representations of themselves, but are also callable. Newbies who try ``quit()``
|
|
|
|
or ``exit()`` will now exit the interpreter as they expect. (Implemented by
|
|
|
|
Georg Brandl.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Python executable now accepts the standard long options :option:`--help`
|
|
|
|
and :option:`--version`; on Windows, it also accepts the :option:`/?` option
|
|
|
|
for displaying a help message. (Implemented by Georg Brandl.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _opts:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Optimizations
|
|
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Several of the optimizations were developed at the NeedForSpeed sprint, an event
|
|
|
|
held in Reykjavik, Iceland, from May 21--28 2006. The sprint focused on speed
|
|
|
|
enhancements to the CPython implementation and was funded by EWT LLC with local
|
|
|
|
support from CCP Games. Those optimizations added at this sprint are specially
|
|
|
|
marked in the following list.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* When they were introduced in Python 2.4, the built-in :class:`set` and
|
|
|
|
:class:`frozenset` types were built on top of Python's dictionary type. In 2.5
|
|
|
|
the internal data structure has been customized for implementing sets, and as a
|
|
|
|
result sets will use a third less memory and are somewhat faster. (Implemented
|
|
|
|
by Raymond Hettinger.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The speed of some Unicode operations, such as finding substrings, string
|
|
|
|
splitting, and character map encoding and decoding, has been improved.
|
|
|
|
(Substring search and splitting improvements were added by Fredrik Lundh and
|
|
|
|
Andrew Dalke at the NeedForSpeed sprint. Character maps were improved by Walter
|
|
|
|
Dörwald and Martin von Löwis.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 1313939, 1359618
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
* The ``long(str, base)`` function is now faster on long digit strings
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
because fewer intermediate results are calculated. The peak is for strings of
|
|
|
|
around 800--1000 digits where the function is 6 times faster. (Contributed by
|
|
|
|
Alan McIntyre and committed at the NeedForSpeed sprint.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 1442927
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* It's now illegal to mix iterating over a file with ``for line in file`` and
|
|
|
|
calling the file object's :meth:`read`/:meth:`readline`/:meth:`readlines`
|
|
|
|
methods. Iteration uses an internal buffer and the :meth:`read\*` methods
|
|
|
|
don't use that buffer. Instead they would return the data following the
|
|
|
|
buffer, causing the data to appear out of order. Mixing iteration and these
|
|
|
|
methods will now trigger a :exc:`ValueError` from the :meth:`read\*` method.
|
|
|
|
(Implemented by Thomas Wouters.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 1397960
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`struct` module now compiles structure format strings into an
|
|
|
|
internal representation and caches this representation, yielding a 20% speedup.
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Bob Ippolito at the NeedForSpeed sprint.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`re` module got a 1 or 2% speedup by switching to Python's allocator
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
functions instead of the system's :c:func:`malloc` and :c:func:`free`.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
(Contributed by Jack Diederich at the NeedForSpeed sprint.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The code generator's peephole optimizer now performs simple constant folding
|
|
|
|
in expressions. If you write something like ``a = 2+3``, the code generator
|
|
|
|
will do the arithmetic and produce code corresponding to ``a = 5``. (Proposed
|
|
|
|
and implemented by Raymond Hettinger.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Function calls are now faster because code objects now keep the most recently
|
|
|
|
finished frame (a "zombie frame") in an internal field of the code object,
|
|
|
|
reusing it the next time the code object is invoked. (Original patch by Michael
|
|
|
|
Hudson, modified by Armin Rigo and Richard Jones; committed at the NeedForSpeed
|
|
|
|
sprint.) Frame objects are also slightly smaller, which may improve cache
|
|
|
|
locality and reduce memory usage a bit. (Contributed by Neal Norwitz.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 876206
|
|
|
|
.. Patch 1337051
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Python's built-in exceptions are now new-style classes, a change that speeds
|
|
|
|
up instantiation considerably. Exception handling in Python 2.5 is therefore
|
|
|
|
about 30% faster than in 2.4. (Contributed by Richard Jones, Georg Brandl and
|
|
|
|
Sean Reifschneider at the NeedForSpeed sprint.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Importing now caches the paths tried, recording whether they exist or not so
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
that the interpreter makes fewer :c:func:`open` and :c:func:`stat` calls on
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
startup. (Contributed by Martin von Löwis and Georg Brandl.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 921466
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008-10-10 21:49:57 -03:00
|
|
|
.. _25modules:
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
New, Improved, and Removed Modules
|
|
|
|
==================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The standard library received many enhancements and bug fixes in Python 2.5.
|
|
|
|
Here's a partial list of the most notable changes, sorted alphabetically by
|
|
|
|
module name. Consult the :file:`Misc/NEWS` file in the source tree for a more
|
|
|
|
complete list of changes, or look through the SVN logs for all the details.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`audioop` module now supports the a-LAW encoding, and the code for
|
|
|
|
u-LAW encoding has been improved. (Contributed by Lars Immisch.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`codecs` module gained support for incremental codecs. The
|
|
|
|
:func:`codec.lookup` function now returns a :class:`CodecInfo` instance instead
|
|
|
|
of a tuple. :class:`CodecInfo` instances behave like a 4-tuple to preserve
|
|
|
|
backward compatibility but also have the attributes :attr:`encode`,
|
|
|
|
:attr:`decode`, :attr:`incrementalencoder`, :attr:`incrementaldecoder`,
|
|
|
|
:attr:`streamwriter`, and :attr:`streamreader`. Incremental codecs can receive
|
|
|
|
input and produce output in multiple chunks; the output is the same as if the
|
|
|
|
entire input was fed to the non-incremental codec. See the :mod:`codecs` module
|
|
|
|
documentation for details. (Designed and implemented by Walter Dörwald.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 1436130
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`collections` module gained a new type, :class:`defaultdict`, that
|
|
|
|
subclasses the standard :class:`dict` type. The new type mostly behaves like a
|
|
|
|
dictionary but constructs a default value when a key isn't present,
|
|
|
|
automatically adding it to the dictionary for the requested key value.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The first argument to :class:`defaultdict`'s constructor is a factory function
|
|
|
|
that gets called whenever a key is requested but not found. This factory
|
|
|
|
function receives no arguments, so you can use built-in type constructors such
|
|
|
|
as :func:`list` or :func:`int`. For example, you can make an index of words
|
|
|
|
based on their initial letter like this::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
words = """Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita
|
|
|
|
mi ritrovai per una selva oscura
|
|
|
|
che la diritta via era smarrita""".lower().split()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
index = defaultdict(list)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for w in words:
|
|
|
|
init_letter = w[0]
|
|
|
|
index[init_letter].append(w)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Printing ``index`` results in the following output::
|
|
|
|
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
defaultdict(<type 'list'>, {'c': ['cammin', 'che'], 'e': ['era'],
|
|
|
|
'd': ['del', 'di', 'diritta'], 'm': ['mezzo', 'mi'],
|
|
|
|
'l': ['la'], 'o': ['oscura'], 'n': ['nel', 'nostra'],
|
|
|
|
'p': ['per'], 's': ['selva', 'smarrita'],
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
'r': ['ritrovai'], 'u': ['una'], 'v': ['vita', 'via']}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Guido van Rossum.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :class:`deque` double-ended queue type supplied by the :mod:`collections`
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
module now has a ``remove(value)`` method that removes the first occurrence
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
of *value* in the queue, raising :exc:`ValueError` if the value isn't found.
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* New module: The :mod:`contextlib` module contains helper functions for use
|
2008-10-10 21:49:57 -03:00
|
|
|
with the new ':keyword:`with`' statement. See section :ref:`contextlibmod`
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
for more about this module.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* New module: The :mod:`cProfile` module is a C implementation of the existing
|
|
|
|
:mod:`profile` module that has much lower overhead. The module's interface is
|
|
|
|
the same as :mod:`profile`: you run ``cProfile.run('main()')`` to profile a
|
|
|
|
function, can save profile data to a file, etc. It's not yet known if the
|
|
|
|
Hotshot profiler, which is also written in C but doesn't match the
|
|
|
|
:mod:`profile` module's interface, will continue to be maintained in future
|
|
|
|
versions of Python. (Contributed by Armin Rigo.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Also, the :mod:`pstats` module for analyzing the data measured by the profiler
|
|
|
|
now supports directing the output to any file object by supplying a *stream*
|
|
|
|
argument to the :class:`Stats` constructor. (Contributed by Skip Montanaro.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`csv` module, which parses files in comma-separated value format,
|
|
|
|
received several enhancements and a number of bugfixes. You can now set the
|
|
|
|
maximum size in bytes of a field by calling the
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
``csv.field_size_limit(new_limit)`` function; omitting the *new_limit*
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
argument will return the currently-set limit. The :class:`reader` class now has
|
|
|
|
a :attr:`line_num` attribute that counts the number of physical lines read from
|
|
|
|
the source; records can span multiple physical lines, so :attr:`line_num` is not
|
|
|
|
the same as the number of records read.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The CSV parser is now stricter about multi-line quoted fields. Previously, if a
|
|
|
|
line ended within a quoted field without a terminating newline character, a
|
|
|
|
newline would be inserted into the returned field. This behavior caused problems
|
|
|
|
when reading files that contained carriage return characters within fields, so
|
|
|
|
the code was changed to return the field without inserting newlines. As a
|
|
|
|
consequence, if newlines embedded within fields are important, the input should
|
|
|
|
be split into lines in a manner that preserves the newline characters.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Skip Montanaro and Andrew McNamara.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :class:`datetime` class in the :mod:`datetime` module now has a
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
``strptime(string, format)`` method for parsing date strings, contributed
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
by Josh Spoerri. It uses the same format characters as :func:`time.strptime` and
|
|
|
|
:func:`time.strftime`::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
from datetime import datetime
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ts = datetime.strptime('10:13:15 2006-03-07',
|
|
|
|
'%H:%M:%S %Y-%m-%d')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :meth:`SequenceMatcher.get_matching_blocks` method in the :mod:`difflib`
|
|
|
|
module now guarantees to return a minimal list of blocks describing matching
|
|
|
|
subsequences. Previously, the algorithm would occasionally break a block of
|
|
|
|
matching elements into two list entries. (Enhancement by Tim Peters.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`doctest` module gained a ``SKIP`` option that keeps an example from
|
|
|
|
being executed at all. This is intended for code snippets that are usage
|
|
|
|
examples intended for the reader and aren't actually test cases.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
An *encoding* parameter was added to the :func:`testfile` function and the
|
|
|
|
:class:`DocFileSuite` class to specify the file's encoding. This makes it
|
|
|
|
easier to use non-ASCII characters in tests contained within a docstring.
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Bjorn Tillenius.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 1080727
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`email` package has been updated to version 4.0. (Contributed by
|
|
|
|
Barry Warsaw.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. XXX need to provide some more detail here
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2012-08-15 11:43:58 -03:00
|
|
|
.. index::
|
|
|
|
single: universal newlines; What's new
|
|
|
|
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
* The :mod:`fileinput` module was made more flexible. Unicode filenames are now
|
|
|
|
supported, and a *mode* parameter that defaults to ``"r"`` was added to the
|
2012-08-15 12:05:36 -03:00
|
|
|
:func:`input` function to allow opening files in binary or :term:`universal
|
|
|
|
newlines` mode. Another new parameter, *openhook*, lets you use a function
|
|
|
|
other than :func:`open` to open the input files. Once you're iterating over
|
|
|
|
the set of files, the :class:`FileInput` object's new :meth:`fileno` returns
|
|
|
|
the file descriptor for the currently opened file. (Contributed by Georg
|
|
|
|
Brandl.)
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* In the :mod:`gc` module, the new :func:`get_count` function returns a 3-tuple
|
|
|
|
containing the current collection counts for the three GC generations. This is
|
|
|
|
accounting information for the garbage collector; when these counts reach a
|
|
|
|
specified threshold, a garbage collection sweep will be made. The existing
|
|
|
|
:func:`gc.collect` function now takes an optional *generation* argument of 0, 1,
|
|
|
|
or 2 to specify which generation to collect. (Contributed by Barry Warsaw.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :func:`nsmallest` and :func:`nlargest` functions in the :mod:`heapq`
|
|
|
|
module now support a ``key`` keyword parameter similar to the one provided by
|
|
|
|
the :func:`min`/:func:`max` functions and the :meth:`sort` methods. For
|
|
|
|
example::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import heapq
|
|
|
|
>>> L = ["short", 'medium', 'longest', 'longer still']
|
|
|
|
>>> heapq.nsmallest(2, L) # Return two lowest elements, lexicographically
|
|
|
|
['longer still', 'longest']
|
|
|
|
>>> heapq.nsmallest(2, L, key=len) # Return two shortest elements
|
|
|
|
['short', 'medium']
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :func:`itertools.islice` function now accepts ``None`` for the start and
|
|
|
|
step arguments. This makes it more compatible with the attributes of slice
|
|
|
|
objects, so that you can now write the following::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s = slice(5) # Create slice object
|
|
|
|
itertools.islice(iterable, s.start, s.stop, s.step)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :func:`format` function in the :mod:`locale` module has been modified and
|
|
|
|
two new functions were added, :func:`format_string` and :func:`currency`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The :func:`format` function's *val* parameter could previously be a string as
|
|
|
|
long as no more than one %char specifier appeared; now the parameter must be
|
|
|
|
exactly one %char specifier with no surrounding text. An optional *monetary*
|
|
|
|
parameter was also added which, if ``True``, will use the locale's rules for
|
|
|
|
formatting currency in placing a separator between groups of three digits.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To format strings with multiple %char specifiers, use the new
|
|
|
|
:func:`format_string` function that works like :func:`format` but also supports
|
|
|
|
mixing %char specifiers with arbitrary text.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A new :func:`currency` function was also added that formats a number according
|
|
|
|
to the current locale's settings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Georg Brandl.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 1180296
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`mailbox` module underwent a massive rewrite to add the capability to
|
|
|
|
modify mailboxes in addition to reading them. A new set of classes that include
|
|
|
|
:class:`mbox`, :class:`MH`, and :class:`Maildir` are used to read mailboxes, and
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
have an ``add(message)`` method to add messages, ``remove(key)`` to
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
remove messages, and :meth:`lock`/:meth:`unlock` to lock/unlock the mailbox.
|
|
|
|
The following example converts a maildir-format mailbox into an mbox-format
|
|
|
|
one::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import mailbox
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 'factory=None' uses email.Message.Message as the class representing
|
|
|
|
# individual messages.
|
|
|
|
src = mailbox.Maildir('maildir', factory=None)
|
|
|
|
dest = mailbox.mbox('/tmp/mbox')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for msg in src:
|
|
|
|
dest.add(msg)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Gregory K. Johnson. Funding was provided by Google's 2005
|
|
|
|
Summer of Code.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* New module: the :mod:`msilib` module allows creating Microsoft Installer
|
|
|
|
:file:`.msi` files and CAB files. Some support for reading the :file:`.msi`
|
|
|
|
database is also included. (Contributed by Martin von Löwis.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`nis` module now supports accessing domains other than the system
|
|
|
|
default domain by supplying a *domain* argument to the :func:`nis.match` and
|
|
|
|
:func:`nis.maps` functions. (Contributed by Ben Bell.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`operator` module's :func:`itemgetter` and :func:`attrgetter`
|
|
|
|
functions now support multiple fields. A call such as
|
|
|
|
``operator.attrgetter('a', 'b')`` will return a function that retrieves the
|
|
|
|
:attr:`a` and :attr:`b` attributes. Combining this new feature with the
|
|
|
|
:meth:`sort` method's ``key`` parameter lets you easily sort lists using
|
|
|
|
multiple fields. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`optparse` module was updated to version 1.5.1 of the Optik library.
|
|
|
|
The :class:`OptionParser` class gained an :attr:`epilog` attribute, a string
|
|
|
|
that will be printed after the help message, and a :meth:`destroy` method to
|
|
|
|
break reference cycles created by the object. (Contributed by Greg Ward.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`os` module underwent several changes. The :attr:`stat_float_times`
|
|
|
|
variable now defaults to true, meaning that :func:`os.stat` will now return time
|
|
|
|
values as floats. (This doesn't necessarily mean that :func:`os.stat` will
|
|
|
|
return times that are precise to fractions of a second; not all systems support
|
|
|
|
such precision.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constants named :attr:`os.SEEK_SET`, :attr:`os.SEEK_CUR`, and
|
|
|
|
:attr:`os.SEEK_END` have been added; these are the parameters to the
|
|
|
|
:func:`os.lseek` function. Two new constants for locking are
|
|
|
|
:attr:`os.O_SHLOCK` and :attr:`os.O_EXLOCK`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Two new functions, :func:`wait3` and :func:`wait4`, were added. They're similar
|
|
|
|
the :func:`waitpid` function which waits for a child process to exit and returns
|
|
|
|
a tuple of the process ID and its exit status, but :func:`wait3` and
|
|
|
|
:func:`wait4` return additional information. :func:`wait3` doesn't take a
|
|
|
|
process ID as input, so it waits for any child process to exit and returns a
|
|
|
|
3-tuple of *process-id*, *exit-status*, *resource-usage* as returned from the
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
:func:`resource.getrusage` function. ``wait4(pid)`` does take a process ID.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
(Contributed by Chad J. Schroeder.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
On FreeBSD, the :func:`os.stat` function now returns times with nanosecond
|
|
|
|
resolution, and the returned object now has :attr:`st_gen` and
|
2011-07-04 15:28:30 -03:00
|
|
|
:attr:`st_birthtime`. The :attr:`st_flags` attribute is also available, if the
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
platform supports it. (Contributed by Antti Louko and Diego Pettenò.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. (Patch 1180695, 1212117)
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The Python debugger provided by the :mod:`pdb` module can now store lists of
|
|
|
|
commands to execute when a breakpoint is reached and execution stops. Once
|
|
|
|
breakpoint #1 has been created, enter ``commands 1`` and enter a series of
|
|
|
|
commands to be executed, finishing the list with ``end``. The command list can
|
|
|
|
include commands that resume execution, such as ``continue`` or ``next``.
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Grégoire Dooms.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 790710
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`pickle` and :mod:`cPickle` modules no longer accept a return value
|
|
|
|
of ``None`` from the :meth:`__reduce__` method; the method must return a tuple
|
|
|
|
of arguments instead. The ability to return ``None`` was deprecated in Python
|
|
|
|
2.4, so this completes the removal of the feature.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`pkgutil` module, containing various utility functions for finding
|
|
|
|
packages, was enhanced to support PEP 302's import hooks and now also works for
|
|
|
|
packages stored in ZIP-format archives. (Contributed by Phillip J. Eby.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The pybench benchmark suite by Marc-André Lemburg is now included in the
|
|
|
|
:file:`Tools/pybench` directory. The pybench suite is an improvement on the
|
|
|
|
commonly used :file:`pystone.py` program because pybench provides a more
|
|
|
|
detailed measurement of the interpreter's speed. It times particular operations
|
|
|
|
such as function calls, tuple slicing, method lookups, and numeric operations,
|
|
|
|
instead of performing many different operations and reducing the result to a
|
|
|
|
single number as :file:`pystone.py` does.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`pyexpat` module now uses version 2.0 of the Expat parser.
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Trent Mick.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :class:`Queue` class provided by the :mod:`Queue` module gained two new
|
|
|
|
methods. :meth:`join` blocks until all items in the queue have been retrieved
|
|
|
|
and all processing work on the items have been completed. Worker threads call
|
|
|
|
the other new method, :meth:`task_done`, to signal that processing for an item
|
|
|
|
has been completed. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The old :mod:`regex` and :mod:`regsub` modules, which have been deprecated
|
|
|
|
ever since Python 2.0, have finally been deleted. Other deleted modules:
|
|
|
|
:mod:`statcache`, :mod:`tzparse`, :mod:`whrandom`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Also deleted: the :file:`lib-old` directory, which includes ancient modules
|
|
|
|
such as :mod:`dircmp` and :mod:`ni`, was removed. :file:`lib-old` wasn't on the
|
|
|
|
default ``sys.path``, so unless your programs explicitly added the directory to
|
|
|
|
``sys.path``, this removal shouldn't affect your code.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`rlcompleter` module is no longer dependent on importing the
|
|
|
|
:mod:`readline` module and therefore now works on non-Unix platforms. (Patch
|
|
|
|
from Robert Kiendl.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch #1472854
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`SimpleXMLRPCServer` and :mod:`DocXMLRPCServer` classes now have a
|
|
|
|
:attr:`rpc_paths` attribute that constrains XML-RPC operations to a limited set
|
|
|
|
of URL paths; the default is to allow only ``'/'`` and ``'/RPC2'``. Setting
|
|
|
|
:attr:`rpc_paths` to ``None`` or an empty tuple disables this path checking.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Bug #1473048
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`socket` module now supports :const:`AF_NETLINK` sockets on Linux,
|
|
|
|
thanks to a patch from Philippe Biondi. Netlink sockets are a Linux-specific
|
|
|
|
mechanism for communications between a user-space process and kernel code; an
|
|
|
|
introductory article about them is at http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7356.
|
|
|
|
In Python code, netlink addresses are represented as a tuple of 2 integers,
|
|
|
|
``(pid, group_mask)``.
|
|
|
|
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
Two new methods on socket objects, ``recv_into(buffer)`` and
|
|
|
|
``recvfrom_into(buffer)``, store the received data in an object that
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
supports the buffer protocol instead of returning the data as a string. This
|
|
|
|
means you can put the data directly into an array or a memory-mapped file.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Socket objects also gained :meth:`getfamily`, :meth:`gettype`, and
|
|
|
|
:meth:`getproto` accessor methods to retrieve the family, type, and protocol
|
|
|
|
values for the socket.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* New module: the :mod:`spwd` module provides functions for accessing the shadow
|
|
|
|
password database on systems that support shadow passwords.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`struct` is now faster because it compiles format strings into
|
|
|
|
:class:`Struct` objects with :meth:`pack` and :meth:`unpack` methods. This is
|
|
|
|
similar to how the :mod:`re` module lets you create compiled regular expression
|
|
|
|
objects. You can still use the module-level :func:`pack` and :func:`unpack`
|
|
|
|
functions; they'll create :class:`Struct` objects and cache them. Or you can
|
|
|
|
use :class:`Struct` instances directly::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s = struct.Struct('ih3s')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
data = s.pack(1972, 187, 'abc')
|
|
|
|
year, number, name = s.unpack(data)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can also pack and unpack data to and from buffer objects directly using the
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
``pack_into(buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)`` and ``unpack_from(buffer,
|
|
|
|
offset)`` methods. This lets you store data directly into an array or a memory-
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
mapped file.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(:class:`Struct` objects were implemented by Bob Ippolito at the NeedForSpeed
|
|
|
|
sprint. Support for buffer objects was added by Martin Blais, also at the
|
|
|
|
NeedForSpeed sprint.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The Python developers switched from CVS to Subversion during the 2.5
|
|
|
|
development process. Information about the exact build version is available as
|
|
|
|
the ``sys.subversion`` variable, a 3-tuple of ``(interpreter-name, branch-name,
|
|
|
|
revision-range)``. For example, at the time of writing my copy of 2.5 was
|
|
|
|
reporting ``('CPython', 'trunk', '45313:45315')``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This information is also available to C extensions via the
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
:c:func:`Py_GetBuildInfo` function that returns a string of build information
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
like this: ``"trunk:45355:45356M, Apr 13 2006, 07:42:19"``. (Contributed by
|
|
|
|
Barry Warsaw.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Another new function, :func:`sys._current_frames`, returns the current stack
|
|
|
|
frames for all running threads as a dictionary mapping thread identifiers to the
|
|
|
|
topmost stack frame currently active in that thread at the time the function is
|
|
|
|
called. (Contributed by Tim Peters.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :class:`TarFile` class in the :mod:`tarfile` module now has an
|
|
|
|
:meth:`extractall` method that extracts all members from the archive into the
|
|
|
|
current working directory. It's also possible to set a different directory as
|
|
|
|
the extraction target, and to unpack only a subset of the archive's members.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The compression used for a tarfile opened in stream mode can now be autodetected
|
|
|
|
using the mode ``'r|*'``. (Contributed by Lars Gustäbel.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. patch 918101
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`threading` module now lets you set the stack size used when new
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
threads are created. The ``stack_size([*size*])`` function returns the
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
currently configured stack size, and supplying the optional *size* parameter
|
|
|
|
sets a new value. Not all platforms support changing the stack size, but
|
|
|
|
Windows, POSIX threading, and OS/2 all do. (Contributed by Andrew MacIntyre.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 1454481
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`unicodedata` module has been updated to use version 4.1.0 of the
|
|
|
|
Unicode character database. Version 3.2.0 is required by some specifications,
|
|
|
|
so it's still available as :attr:`unicodedata.ucd_3_2_0`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* New module: the :mod:`uuid` module generates universally unique identifiers
|
|
|
|
(UUIDs) according to :rfc:`4122`. The RFC defines several different UUID
|
|
|
|
versions that are generated from a starting string, from system properties, or
|
|
|
|
purely randomly. This module contains a :class:`UUID` class and functions
|
|
|
|
named :func:`uuid1`, :func:`uuid3`, :func:`uuid4`, and :func:`uuid5` to
|
|
|
|
generate different versions of UUID. (Version 2 UUIDs are not specified in
|
|
|
|
:rfc:`4122` and are not supported by this module.) ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import uuid
|
|
|
|
>>> # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time
|
|
|
|
>>> uuid.uuid1()
|
|
|
|
UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
|
|
|
|
>>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
|
|
|
|
UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> # make a random UUID
|
|
|
|
>>> uuid.uuid4()
|
|
|
|
UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
|
|
|
|
>>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
|
|
|
|
UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Ka-Ping Yee.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`weakref` module's :class:`WeakKeyDictionary` and
|
|
|
|
:class:`WeakValueDictionary` types gained new methods for iterating over the
|
|
|
|
weak references contained in the dictionary. :meth:`iterkeyrefs` and
|
|
|
|
:meth:`keyrefs` methods were added to :class:`WeakKeyDictionary`, and
|
|
|
|
:meth:`itervaluerefs` and :meth:`valuerefs` were added to
|
|
|
|
:class:`WeakValueDictionary`. (Contributed by Fred L. Drake, Jr.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`webbrowser` module received a number of enhancements. It's now
|
|
|
|
usable as a script with ``python -m webbrowser``, taking a URL as the argument;
|
|
|
|
there are a number of switches to control the behaviour (:option:`-n` for a new
|
|
|
|
browser window, :option:`-t` for a new tab). New module-level functions,
|
|
|
|
:func:`open_new` and :func:`open_new_tab`, were added to support this. The
|
|
|
|
module's :func:`open` function supports an additional feature, an *autoraise*
|
|
|
|
parameter that signals whether to raise the open window when possible. A number
|
|
|
|
of additional browsers were added to the supported list such as Firefox, Opera,
|
|
|
|
Konqueror, and elinks. (Contributed by Oleg Broytmann and Georg Brandl.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch #754022
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`xmlrpclib` module now supports returning :class:`datetime` objects
|
|
|
|
for the XML-RPC date type. Supply ``use_datetime=True`` to the :func:`loads`
|
|
|
|
function or the :class:`Unmarshaller` class to enable this feature. (Contributed
|
|
|
|
by Skip Montanaro.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 1120353
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`zipfile` module now supports the ZIP64 version of the format,
|
|
|
|
meaning that a .zip archive can now be larger than 4 GiB and can contain
|
|
|
|
individual files larger than 4 GiB. (Contributed by Ronald Oussoren.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 1446489
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`zlib` module's :class:`Compress` and :class:`Decompress` objects now
|
|
|
|
support a :meth:`copy` method that makes a copy of the object's internal state
|
|
|
|
and returns a new :class:`Compress` or :class:`Decompress` object.
|
|
|
|
(Contributed by Chris AtLee.)
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. Patch 1435422
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _module-ctypes:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The ctypes package
|
|
|
|
------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`ctypes` package, written by Thomas Heller, has been added to the
|
|
|
|
standard library. :mod:`ctypes` lets you call arbitrary functions in shared
|
|
|
|
libraries or DLLs. Long-time users may remember the :mod:`dl` module, which
|
|
|
|
provides functions for loading shared libraries and calling functions in them.
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`ctypes` package is much fancier.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To load a shared library or DLL, you must create an instance of the
|
|
|
|
:class:`CDLL` class and provide the name or path of the shared library or DLL.
|
|
|
|
Once that's done, you can call arbitrary functions by accessing them as
|
|
|
|
attributes of the :class:`CDLL` object. ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import ctypes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
libc = ctypes.CDLL('libc.so.6')
|
|
|
|
result = libc.printf("Line of output\n")
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Type constructors for the various C types are provided: :func:`c_int`,
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
:func:`c_float`, :func:`c_double`, :func:`c_char_p` (equivalent to :c:type:`char
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
\*`), and so forth. Unlike Python's types, the C versions are all mutable; you
|
|
|
|
can assign to their :attr:`value` attribute to change the wrapped value. Python
|
|
|
|
integers and strings will be automatically converted to the corresponding C
|
|
|
|
types, but for other types you must call the correct type constructor. (And I
|
|
|
|
mean *must*; getting it wrong will often result in the interpreter crashing
|
|
|
|
with a segmentation fault.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You shouldn't use :func:`c_char_p` with a Python string when the C function will
|
|
|
|
be modifying the memory area, because Python strings are supposed to be
|
|
|
|
immutable; breaking this rule will cause puzzling bugs. When you need a
|
|
|
|
modifiable memory area, use :func:`create_string_buffer`::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s = "this is a string"
|
|
|
|
buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(s)
|
|
|
|
libc.strfry(buf)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C functions are assumed to return integers, but you can set the :attr:`restype`
|
|
|
|
attribute of the function object to change this::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> libc.atof('2.71828')
|
|
|
|
-1783957616
|
|
|
|
>>> libc.atof.restype = ctypes.c_double
|
|
|
|
>>> libc.atof('2.71828')
|
|
|
|
2.71828
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:mod:`ctypes` also provides a wrapper for Python's C API as the
|
|
|
|
``ctypes.pythonapi`` object. This object does *not* release the global
|
|
|
|
interpreter lock before calling a function, because the lock must be held when
|
|
|
|
calling into the interpreter's code. There's a :class:`py_object()` type
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
constructor that will create a :c:type:`PyObject \*` pointer. A simple usage::
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import ctypes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
d = {}
|
|
|
|
ctypes.pythonapi.PyObject_SetItem(ctypes.py_object(d),
|
|
|
|
ctypes.py_object("abc"), ctypes.py_object(1))
|
|
|
|
# d is now {'abc', 1}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Don't forget to use :class:`py_object()`; if it's omitted you end up with a
|
|
|
|
segmentation fault.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:mod:`ctypes` has been around for a while, but people still write and
|
|
|
|
distribution hand-coded extension modules because you can't rely on
|
|
|
|
:mod:`ctypes` being present. Perhaps developers will begin to write Python
|
|
|
|
wrappers atop a library accessed through :mod:`ctypes` instead of extension
|
|
|
|
modules, now that :mod:`ctypes` is included with core Python.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
http://starship.python.net/crew/theller/ctypes/
|
|
|
|
The ctypes web page, with a tutorial, reference, and FAQ.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The documentation for the :mod:`ctypes` module.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _module-etree:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The ElementTree package
|
|
|
|
-----------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A subset of Fredrik Lundh's ElementTree library for processing XML has been
|
|
|
|
added to the standard library as :mod:`xml.etree`. The available modules are
|
|
|
|
:mod:`ElementTree`, :mod:`ElementPath`, and :mod:`ElementInclude` from
|
|
|
|
ElementTree 1.2.6. The :mod:`cElementTree` accelerator module is also
|
|
|
|
included.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The rest of this section will provide a brief overview of using ElementTree.
|
Merged revisions 69803-69805,69840,69901,69905,69907,69924,69927,69987 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r69803 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-20 01:48:21 -0600 (Fri, 20 Feb 2009) | 1 line
#5327: fix a broken link by joining it.
........
r69804 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-20 02:22:21 -0600 (Fri, 20 Feb 2009) | 1 line
At least separate imports from other statements.
........
r69805 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-20 02:45:47 -0600 (Fri, 20 Feb 2009) | 2 lines
Fix punctuation.
........
r69840 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-21 13:09:40 -0600 (Sat, 21 Feb 2009) | 1 line
#5338, #5339: two types in the API manual.
........
r69901 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-23 05:24:46 -0600 (Mon, 23 Feb 2009) | 2 lines
#5349: C++ pure virtuals can also have an implementation.
........
r69905 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-23 09:51:27 -0600 (Mon, 23 Feb 2009) | 2 lines
#5352: str.count() counts non-overlapping instances.
........
r69907 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-23 12:33:48 -0600 (Mon, 23 Feb 2009) | 1 line
Fix grammar.
........
r69924 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-02-23 20:45:35 -0600 (Mon, 23 Feb 2009) | 1 line
update README on running tests
........
r69927 | neil.schemenauer | 2009-02-23 22:23:25 -0600 (Mon, 23 Feb 2009) | 1 line
Fix call to os.waitpid, it does not take keyword args.
........
r69987 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-02-25 18:30:11 -0600 (Wed, 25 Feb 2009) | 1 line
fix str.format()'s first arg #5371
........
2009-02-25 23:38:59 -04:00
|
|
|
Full documentation for ElementTree is available at
|
|
|
|
http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ElementTree represents an XML document as a tree of element nodes. The text
|
2010-07-23 13:55:26 -03:00
|
|
|
content of the document is stored as the :attr:`text` and :attr:`tail`
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
attributes of (This is one of the major differences between ElementTree and
|
|
|
|
the Document Object Model; in the DOM there are many different types of node,
|
|
|
|
including :class:`TextNode`.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The most commonly used parsing function is :func:`parse`, that takes either a
|
|
|
|
string (assumed to contain a filename) or a file-like object and returns an
|
|
|
|
:class:`ElementTree` instance::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tree = ET.parse('ex-1.xml')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
feed = urllib.urlopen(
|
|
|
|
'http://planet.python.org/rss10.xml')
|
|
|
|
tree = ET.parse(feed)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Once you have an :class:`ElementTree` instance, you can call its :meth:`getroot`
|
|
|
|
method to get the root :class:`Element` node.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
There's also an :func:`XML` function that takes a string literal and returns an
|
|
|
|
:class:`Element` node (not an :class:`ElementTree`). This function provides a
|
|
|
|
tidy way to incorporate XML fragments, approaching the convenience of an XML
|
|
|
|
literal::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
svg = ET.XML("""<svg width="10px" version="1.0">
|
|
|
|
</svg>""")
|
|
|
|
svg.set('height', '320px')
|
|
|
|
svg.append(elem1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Each XML element supports some dictionary-like and some list-like access
|
|
|
|
methods. Dictionary-like operations are used to access attribute values, and
|
|
|
|
list-like operations are used to access child nodes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| Operation | Result |
|
|
|
|
+===============================+============================================+
|
|
|
|
| ``elem[n]`` | Returns n'th child element. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| ``elem[m:n]`` | Returns list of m'th through n'th child |
|
|
|
|
| | elements. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| ``len(elem)`` | Returns number of child elements. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| ``list(elem)`` | Returns list of child elements. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| ``elem.append(elem2)`` | Adds *elem2* as a child. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| ``elem.insert(index, elem2)`` | Inserts *elem2* at the specified location. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| ``del elem[n]`` | Deletes n'th child element. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| ``elem.keys()`` | Returns list of attribute names. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| ``elem.get(name)`` | Returns value of attribute *name*. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| ``elem.set(name, value)`` | Sets new value for attribute *name*. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| ``elem.attrib`` | Retrieves the dictionary containing |
|
|
|
|
| | attributes. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
| ``del elem.attrib[name]`` | Deletes attribute *name*. |
|
|
|
|
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comments and processing instructions are also represented as :class:`Element`
|
|
|
|
nodes. To check if a node is a comment or processing instructions::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if elem.tag is ET.Comment:
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
elif elem.tag is ET.ProcessingInstruction:
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To generate XML output, you should call the :meth:`ElementTree.write` method.
|
|
|
|
Like :func:`parse`, it can take either a string or a file-like object::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Encoding is US-ASCII
|
|
|
|
tree.write('output.xml')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Encoding is UTF-8
|
|
|
|
f = open('output.xml', 'w')
|
|
|
|
tree.write(f, encoding='utf-8')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Caution: the default encoding used for output is ASCII. For general XML work,
|
|
|
|
where an element's name may contain arbitrary Unicode characters, ASCII isn't a
|
|
|
|
very useful encoding because it will raise an exception if an element's name
|
|
|
|
contains any characters with values greater than 127. Therefore, it's best to
|
|
|
|
specify a different encoding such as UTF-8 that can handle any Unicode
|
|
|
|
character.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This section is only a partial description of the ElementTree interfaces. Please
|
|
|
|
read the package's official documentation for more details.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm
|
|
|
|
Official documentation for ElementTree.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _module-hashlib:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The hashlib package
|
|
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A new :mod:`hashlib` module, written by Gregory P. Smith, has been added to
|
|
|
|
replace the :mod:`md5` and :mod:`sha` modules. :mod:`hashlib` adds support for
|
|
|
|
additional secure hashes (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512). When
|
|
|
|
available, the module uses OpenSSL for fast platform optimized implementations
|
|
|
|
of algorithms.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The old :mod:`md5` and :mod:`sha` modules still exist as wrappers around hashlib
|
|
|
|
to preserve backwards compatibility. The new module's interface is very close
|
|
|
|
to that of the old modules, but not identical. The most significant difference
|
|
|
|
is that the constructor functions for creating new hashing objects are named
|
|
|
|
differently. ::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Old versions
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
h = md5.md5()
|
|
|
|
h = md5.new()
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
# New version
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
h = hashlib.md5()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Old versions
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
h = sha.sha()
|
|
|
|
h = sha.new()
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
# New version
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
h = hashlib.sha1()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Hash that weren't previously available
|
|
|
|
h = hashlib.sha224()
|
|
|
|
h = hashlib.sha256()
|
|
|
|
h = hashlib.sha384()
|
|
|
|
h = hashlib.sha512()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Alternative form
|
|
|
|
h = hashlib.new('md5') # Provide algorithm as a string
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Once a hash object has been created, its methods are the same as before:
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
``update(string)`` hashes the specified string into the current digest
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
state, :meth:`digest` and :meth:`hexdigest` return the digest value as a binary
|
|
|
|
string or a string of hex digits, and :meth:`copy` returns a new hashing object
|
|
|
|
with the same digest state.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The documentation for the :mod:`hashlib` module.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _module-sqlite:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The sqlite3 package
|
|
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The pysqlite module (http://www.pysqlite.org), a wrapper for the SQLite embedded
|
|
|
|
database, has been added to the standard library under the package name
|
|
|
|
:mod:`sqlite3`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SQLite is a C library that provides a lightweight disk-based database that
|
|
|
|
doesn't require a separate server process and allows accessing the database
|
|
|
|
using a nonstandard variant of the SQL query language. Some applications can use
|
|
|
|
SQLite for internal data storage. It's also possible to prototype an
|
|
|
|
application using SQLite and then port the code to a larger database such as
|
|
|
|
PostgreSQL or Oracle.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pysqlite was written by Gerhard Häring and provides a SQL interface compliant
|
|
|
|
with the DB-API 2.0 specification described by :pep:`249`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you're compiling the Python source yourself, note that the source tree
|
|
|
|
doesn't include the SQLite code, only the wrapper module. You'll need to have
|
|
|
|
the SQLite libraries and headers installed before compiling Python, and the
|
|
|
|
build process will compile the module when the necessary headers are available.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To use the module, you must first create a :class:`Connection` object that
|
|
|
|
represents the database. Here the data will be stored in the
|
|
|
|
:file:`/tmp/example` file::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
conn = sqlite3.connect('/tmp/example')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can also supply the special name ``:memory:`` to create a database in RAM.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Once you have a :class:`Connection`, you can create a :class:`Cursor` object
|
|
|
|
and call its :meth:`execute` method to perform SQL commands::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
c = conn.cursor()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Create table
|
|
|
|
c.execute('''create table stocks
|
|
|
|
(date text, trans text, symbol text,
|
|
|
|
qty real, price real)''')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Insert a row of data
|
|
|
|
c.execute("""insert into stocks
|
|
|
|
values ('2006-01-05','BUY','RHAT',100,35.14)""")
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Usually your SQL operations will need to use values from Python variables. You
|
|
|
|
shouldn't assemble your query using Python's string operations because doing so
|
|
|
|
is insecure; it makes your program vulnerable to an SQL injection attack.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Instead, use the DB-API's parameter substitution. Put ``?`` as a placeholder
|
|
|
|
wherever you want to use a value, and then provide a tuple of values as the
|
|
|
|
second argument to the cursor's :meth:`execute` method. (Other database modules
|
|
|
|
may use a different placeholder, such as ``%s`` or ``:1``.) For example::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Never do this -- insecure!
|
|
|
|
symbol = 'IBM'
|
|
|
|
c.execute("... where symbol = '%s'" % symbol)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Do this instead
|
|
|
|
t = (symbol,)
|
|
|
|
c.execute('select * from stocks where symbol=?', t)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Larger example
|
|
|
|
for t in (('2006-03-28', 'BUY', 'IBM', 1000, 45.00),
|
|
|
|
('2006-04-05', 'BUY', 'MSOFT', 1000, 72.00),
|
|
|
|
('2006-04-06', 'SELL', 'IBM', 500, 53.00),
|
|
|
|
):
|
|
|
|
c.execute('insert into stocks values (?,?,?,?,?)', t)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To retrieve data after executing a SELECT statement, you can either treat the
|
|
|
|
cursor as an iterator, call the cursor's :meth:`fetchone` method to retrieve a
|
|
|
|
single matching row, or call :meth:`fetchall` to get a list of the matching
|
|
|
|
rows.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This example uses the iterator form::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> c = conn.cursor()
|
|
|
|
>>> c.execute('select * from stocks order by price')
|
|
|
|
>>> for row in c:
|
|
|
|
... print row
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
(u'2006-01-05', u'BUY', u'RHAT', 100, 35.140000000000001)
|
|
|
|
(u'2006-03-28', u'BUY', u'IBM', 1000, 45.0)
|
|
|
|
(u'2006-04-06', u'SELL', u'IBM', 500, 53.0)
|
|
|
|
(u'2006-04-05', u'BUY', u'MSOFT', 1000, 72.0)
|
|
|
|
>>>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For more information about the SQL dialect supported by SQLite, see
|
|
|
|
http://www.sqlite.org.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
http://www.pysqlite.org
|
|
|
|
The pysqlite web page.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
http://www.sqlite.org
|
|
|
|
The SQLite web page; the documentation describes the syntax and the available
|
|
|
|
data types for the supported SQL dialect.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The documentation for the :mod:`sqlite3` module.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`249` - Database API Specification 2.0
|
|
|
|
PEP written by Marc-André Lemburg.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _module-wsgiref:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The wsgiref package
|
|
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) v1.0 defines a standard interface
|
|
|
|
between web servers and Python web applications and is described in :pep:`333`.
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`wsgiref` package is a reference implementation of the WSGI
|
|
|
|
specification.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. XXX should this be in a PEP 333 section instead?
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The package includes a basic HTTP server that will run a WSGI application; this
|
|
|
|
server is useful for debugging but isn't intended for production use. Setting
|
|
|
|
up a server takes only a few lines of code::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
from wsgiref import simple_server
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
wsgi_app = ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
host = ''
|
|
|
|
port = 8000
|
|
|
|
httpd = simple_server.make_server(host, port, wsgi_app)
|
|
|
|
httpd.serve_forever()
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. XXX discuss structure of WSGI applications?
|
|
|
|
.. XXX provide an example using Django or some other framework?
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
http://www.wsgi.org
|
|
|
|
A central web site for WSGI-related resources.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:pep:`333` - Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0
|
|
|
|
PEP written by Phillip J. Eby.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _build-api:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Build and C API Changes
|
|
|
|
=======================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The Python source tree was converted from CVS to Subversion, in a complex
|
|
|
|
migration procedure that was supervised and flawlessly carried out by Martin von
|
|
|
|
Löwis. The procedure was developed as :pep:`347`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Coverity, a company that markets a source code analysis tool called Prevent,
|
|
|
|
provided the results of their examination of the Python source code. The
|
|
|
|
analysis found about 60 bugs that were quickly fixed. Many of the bugs were
|
|
|
|
refcounting problems, often occurring in error-handling code. See
|
2016-02-26 14:37:12 -04:00
|
|
|
https://scan.coverity.com for the statistics.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The largest change to the C API came from :pep:`353`, which modifies the
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
interpreter to use a :c:type:`Py_ssize_t` type definition instead of
|
|
|
|
:c:type:`int`. See the earlier section :ref:`pep-353` for a discussion of this
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
change.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The design of the bytecode compiler has changed a great deal, no longer
|
|
|
|
generating bytecode by traversing the parse tree. Instead the parse tree is
|
|
|
|
converted to an abstract syntax tree (or AST), and it is the abstract syntax
|
|
|
|
tree that's traversed to produce the bytecode.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
It's possible for Python code to obtain AST objects by using the
|
|
|
|
:func:`compile` built-in and specifying ``_ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST`` as the value of
|
|
|
|
the *flags* parameter::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
from _ast import PyCF_ONLY_AST
|
|
|
|
ast = compile("""a=0
|
|
|
|
for i in range(10):
|
|
|
|
a += i
|
|
|
|
""", "<string>", 'exec', PyCF_ONLY_AST)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
assignment = ast.body[0]
|
|
|
|
for_loop = ast.body[1]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No official documentation has been written for the AST code yet, but :pep:`339`
|
|
|
|
discusses the design. To start learning about the code, read the definition of
|
|
|
|
the various AST nodes in :file:`Parser/Python.asdl`. A Python script reads this
|
|
|
|
file and generates a set of C structure definitions in
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
:file:`Include/Python-ast.h`. The :c:func:`PyParser_ASTFromString` and
|
|
|
|
:c:func:`PyParser_ASTFromFile`, defined in :file:`Include/pythonrun.h`, take
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
Python source as input and return the root of an AST representing the contents.
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
This AST can then be turned into a code object by :c:func:`PyAST_Compile`. For
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
more information, read the source code, and then ask questions on python-dev.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The AST code was developed under Jeremy Hylton's management, and implemented by
|
|
|
|
(in alphabetical order) Brett Cannon, Nick Coghlan, Grant Edwards, John
|
|
|
|
Ehresman, Kurt Kaiser, Neal Norwitz, Tim Peters, Armin Rigo, and Neil
|
|
|
|
Schemenauer, plus the participants in a number of AST sprints at conferences
|
|
|
|
such as PyCon.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. List of names taken from Jeremy's python-dev post at
|
2014-10-29 04:36:35 -03:00
|
|
|
.. https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-October/057500.html
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Evan Jones's patch to obmalloc, first described in a talk at PyCon DC 2005,
|
|
|
|
was applied. Python 2.4 allocated small objects in 256K-sized arenas, but never
|
|
|
|
freed arenas. With this patch, Python will free arenas when they're empty. The
|
|
|
|
net effect is that on some platforms, when you allocate many objects, Python's
|
|
|
|
memory usage may actually drop when you delete them and the memory may be
|
|
|
|
returned to the operating system. (Implemented by Evan Jones, and reworked by
|
|
|
|
Tim Peters.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that this change means extension modules must be more careful when
|
|
|
|
allocating memory. Python's API has many different functions for allocating
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
memory that are grouped into families. For example, :c:func:`PyMem_Malloc`,
|
|
|
|
:c:func:`PyMem_Realloc`, and :c:func:`PyMem_Free` are one family that allocates
|
|
|
|
raw memory, while :c:func:`PyObject_Malloc`, :c:func:`PyObject_Realloc`, and
|
|
|
|
:c:func:`PyObject_Free` are another family that's supposed to be used for
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
creating Python objects.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Previously these different families all reduced to the platform's
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
:c:func:`malloc` and :c:func:`free` functions. This meant it didn't matter if
|
|
|
|
you got things wrong and allocated memory with the :c:func:`PyMem` function but
|
|
|
|
freed it with the :c:func:`PyObject` function. With 2.5's changes to obmalloc,
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
these families now do different things and mismatches will probably result in a
|
|
|
|
segfault. You should carefully test your C extension modules with Python 2.5.
|
|
|
|
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
* The built-in set types now have an official C API. Call :c:func:`PySet_New`
|
|
|
|
and :c:func:`PyFrozenSet_New` to create a new set, :c:func:`PySet_Add` and
|
|
|
|
:c:func:`PySet_Discard` to add and remove elements, and :c:func:`PySet_Contains`
|
|
|
|
and :c:func:`PySet_Size` to examine the set's state. (Contributed by Raymond
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
Hettinger.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* C code can now obtain information about the exact revision of the Python
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
interpreter by calling the :c:func:`Py_GetBuildInfo` function that returns a
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
string of build information like this: ``"trunk:45355:45356M, Apr 13 2006,
|
|
|
|
07:42:19"``. (Contributed by Barry Warsaw.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Two new macros can be used to indicate C functions that are local to the
|
|
|
|
current file so that a faster calling convention can be used.
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
``Py_LOCAL(type)`` declares the function as returning a value of the
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
specified *type* and uses a fast-calling qualifier.
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
``Py_LOCAL_INLINE(type)`` does the same thing and also requests the
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
function be inlined. If :c:func:`PY_LOCAL_AGGRESSIVE` is defined before
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
:file:`python.h` is included, a set of more aggressive optimizations are enabled
|
|
|
|
for the module; you should benchmark the results to find out if these
|
|
|
|
optimizations actually make the code faster. (Contributed by Fredrik Lundh at
|
|
|
|
the NeedForSpeed sprint.)
|
|
|
|
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
* ``PyErr_NewException(name, base, dict)`` can now accept a tuple of base
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
classes as its *base* argument. (Contributed by Georg Brandl.)
|
|
|
|
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
* The :c:func:`PyErr_Warn` function for issuing warnings is now deprecated in
|
2012-08-11 15:14:08 -03:00
|
|
|
favour of ``PyErr_WarnEx(category, message, stacklevel)`` which lets you
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
specify the number of stack frames separating this function and the caller. A
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
*stacklevel* of 1 is the function calling :c:func:`PyErr_WarnEx`, 2 is the
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
function above that, and so forth. (Added by Neal Norwitz.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The CPython interpreter is still written in C, but the code can now be
|
|
|
|
compiled with a C++ compiler without errors. (Implemented by Anthony Baxter,
|
|
|
|
Martin von Löwis, Skip Montanaro.)
|
|
|
|
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
* The :c:func:`PyRange_New` function was removed. It was never documented, never
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
used in the core code, and had dangerously lax error checking. In the unlikely
|
|
|
|
case that your extensions were using it, you can replace it by something like
|
|
|
|
the following::
|
|
|
|
|
2009-01-03 17:18:54 -04:00
|
|
|
range = PyObject_CallFunction((PyObject*) &PyRange_Type, "lll",
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
start, stop, step);
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _ports:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Port-Specific Changes
|
|
|
|
---------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* MacOS X (10.3 and higher): dynamic loading of modules now uses the
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
:c:func:`dlopen` function instead of MacOS-specific functions.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 63829-63831,63858,63865,63879,63882,63948,63970-63972,63976,63989,64014-64015,64021-64022,64063-64065,64067 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r63829 | mark.summerfield | 2008-05-31 15:05:34 +0200 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 4 lines
Added a note to [] that special forms & special chars lose their meaning
and backrefs can't be used inside []
........
r63830 | georg.brandl | 2008-05-31 16:40:09 +0200 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 2 lines
#3010: clarification about stdin/use_rawinput.
........
r63831 | georg.brandl | 2008-05-31 16:45:55 +0200 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 2 lines
#3005: add explaining sentence to easydialogs docs.
........
r63858 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-01 18:41:31 +0200 (Sun, 01 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Add plain text make target.
........
r63865 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-01 21:24:36 +0200 (Sun, 01 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Spaces vs. tabs.
........
r63879 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-06-02 00:57:47 +0200 (Mon, 02 Jun 2008) | 3 lines
Make the _H #define's match the header file names. Fix comments to
mention the correct type names.
........
r63882 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-06-02 01:48:47 +0200 (Mon, 02 Jun 2008) | 3 lines
Adds a Thread.getIdent() method to provide the _get_ident() value for
any given threading.Thread object. feature request issue 2871.
........
r63948 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-06-04 22:41:44 +0200 (Wed, 04 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Fixed complex.__getnewargs__() to not emit another complex object.
........
r63970 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-06-06 01:33:54 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 1 line
Document 'utc' parameter
........
r63971 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-06-06 01:35:31 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 1 line
Add various items
........
r63972 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-06-06 01:35:48 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 1 line
Grammar fix
........
r63976 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-06 09:34:50 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Markup fix.
........
r63989 | thomas.heller | 2008-06-06 20:42:11 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Add a reminder for the maintainer of whatsnew.
........
r64014 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 17:59:10 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 3 lines
Factor out docstring dedenting from inspect.getdoc() into inspect.cleandoc()
to ease standalone use of the algorithm.
........
r64015 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 18:04:01 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Revert unwanted changes.
........
r64021 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 20:16:12 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
X-ref to numbers module.
........
r64022 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 20:17:37 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 3 lines
Document the "st" API, to avoid confusion with the "new" AST.
Add a note about using the new AST module.
........
r64063 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-06-10 07:03:35 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Add Gregor Lingl.
........
r64064 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-10 09:45:28 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Add the "ast" module, containing helpers to ease use of the "_ast" classes.
........
r64065 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-06-10 09:57:15 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 1 line
Add Arnaud for his efforts on multi-arg set operations.
........
r64067 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-10 14:46:39 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
#2536: fix itertools.permutations and itertools.combinations docstrings.
........
2008-06-10 13:37:50 -03:00
|
|
|
* MacOS X: an :option:`--enable-universalsdk` switch was added to the
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
:program:`configure` script that compiles the interpreter as a universal binary
|
|
|
|
able to run on both PowerPC and Intel processors. (Contributed by Ronald
|
Merged revisions 63829-63831,63858,63865,63879,63882,63948,63970-63972,63976,63989,64014-64015,64021-64022,64063-64065,64067 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r63829 | mark.summerfield | 2008-05-31 15:05:34 +0200 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 4 lines
Added a note to [] that special forms & special chars lose their meaning
and backrefs can't be used inside []
........
r63830 | georg.brandl | 2008-05-31 16:40:09 +0200 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 2 lines
#3010: clarification about stdin/use_rawinput.
........
r63831 | georg.brandl | 2008-05-31 16:45:55 +0200 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 2 lines
#3005: add explaining sentence to easydialogs docs.
........
r63858 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-01 18:41:31 +0200 (Sun, 01 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Add plain text make target.
........
r63865 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-01 21:24:36 +0200 (Sun, 01 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Spaces vs. tabs.
........
r63879 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-06-02 00:57:47 +0200 (Mon, 02 Jun 2008) | 3 lines
Make the _H #define's match the header file names. Fix comments to
mention the correct type names.
........
r63882 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-06-02 01:48:47 +0200 (Mon, 02 Jun 2008) | 3 lines
Adds a Thread.getIdent() method to provide the _get_ident() value for
any given threading.Thread object. feature request issue 2871.
........
r63948 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-06-04 22:41:44 +0200 (Wed, 04 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Fixed complex.__getnewargs__() to not emit another complex object.
........
r63970 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-06-06 01:33:54 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 1 line
Document 'utc' parameter
........
r63971 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-06-06 01:35:31 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 1 line
Add various items
........
r63972 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-06-06 01:35:48 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 1 line
Grammar fix
........
r63976 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-06 09:34:50 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Markup fix.
........
r63989 | thomas.heller | 2008-06-06 20:42:11 +0200 (Fri, 06 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Add a reminder for the maintainer of whatsnew.
........
r64014 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 17:59:10 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 3 lines
Factor out docstring dedenting from inspect.getdoc() into inspect.cleandoc()
to ease standalone use of the algorithm.
........
r64015 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 18:04:01 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Revert unwanted changes.
........
r64021 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 20:16:12 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
X-ref to numbers module.
........
r64022 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-07 20:17:37 +0200 (Sat, 07 Jun 2008) | 3 lines
Document the "st" API, to avoid confusion with the "new" AST.
Add a note about using the new AST module.
........
r64063 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-06-10 07:03:35 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Add Gregor Lingl.
........
r64064 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-10 09:45:28 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
Add the "ast" module, containing helpers to ease use of the "_ast" classes.
........
r64065 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-06-10 09:57:15 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 1 line
Add Arnaud for his efforts on multi-arg set operations.
........
r64067 | georg.brandl | 2008-06-10 14:46:39 +0200 (Tue, 10 Jun 2008) | 2 lines
#2536: fix itertools.permutations and itertools.combinations docstrings.
........
2008-06-10 13:37:50 -03:00
|
|
|
Oussoren; :issue:`2573`.)
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Windows: :file:`.dll` is no longer supported as a filename extension for
|
|
|
|
extension modules. :file:`.pyd` is now the only filename extension that will be
|
|
|
|
searched for.
|
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _porting:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Porting to Python 2.5
|
|
|
|
=====================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This section lists previously described changes that may require changes to your
|
|
|
|
code:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ASCII is now the default encoding for modules. It's now a syntax error if a
|
|
|
|
module contains string literals with 8-bit characters but doesn't have an
|
|
|
|
encoding declaration. In Python 2.4 this triggered a warning, not a syntax
|
|
|
|
error.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Previously, the :attr:`gi_frame` attribute of a generator was always a frame
|
|
|
|
object. Because of the :pep:`342` changes described in section :ref:`pep-342`,
|
|
|
|
it's now possible for :attr:`gi_frame` to be ``None``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* A new warning, :class:`UnicodeWarning`, is triggered when you attempt to
|
|
|
|
compare a Unicode string and an 8-bit string that can't be converted to Unicode
|
|
|
|
using the default ASCII encoding. Previously such comparisons would raise a
|
|
|
|
:class:`UnicodeDecodeError` exception.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Library: the :mod:`csv` module is now stricter about multi-line quoted fields.
|
|
|
|
If your files contain newlines embedded within fields, the input should be split
|
|
|
|
into lines in a manner which preserves the newline characters.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Library: the :mod:`locale` module's :func:`format` function's would
|
|
|
|
previously accept any string as long as no more than one %char specifier
|
|
|
|
appeared. In Python 2.5, the argument must be exactly one %char specifier with
|
|
|
|
no surrounding text.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Library: The :mod:`pickle` and :mod:`cPickle` modules no longer accept a
|
|
|
|
return value of ``None`` from the :meth:`__reduce__` method; the method must
|
|
|
|
return a tuple of arguments instead. The modules also no longer accept the
|
|
|
|
deprecated *bin* keyword parameter.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Library: The :mod:`SimpleXMLRPCServer` and :mod:`DocXMLRPCServer` classes now
|
|
|
|
have a :attr:`rpc_paths` attribute that constrains XML-RPC operations to a
|
|
|
|
limited set of URL paths; the default is to allow only ``'/'`` and ``'/RPC2'``.
|
|
|
|
Setting :attr:`rpc_paths` to ``None`` or an empty tuple disables this path
|
|
|
|
checking.
|
|
|
|
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
* C API: Many functions now use :c:type:`Py_ssize_t` instead of :c:type:`int` to
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
allow processing more data on 64-bit machines. Extension code may need to make
|
|
|
|
the same change to avoid warnings and to support 64-bit machines. See the
|
|
|
|
earlier section :ref:`pep-353` for a discussion of this change.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* C API: The obmalloc changes mean that you must be careful to not mix usage
|
2010-10-06 07:11:56 -03:00
|
|
|
of the :c:func:`PyMem_\*` and :c:func:`PyObject_\*` families of functions. Memory
|
|
|
|
allocated with one family's :c:func:`\*_Malloc` must be freed with the
|
|
|
|
corresponding family's :c:func:`\*_Free` function.
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
Merged revisions 59605-59624 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
........
r59606 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-29 11:57:00 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Some cleanup in the docs.
........
r59611 | martin.v.loewis | 2007-12-29 19:49:21 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 2 lines
Bug #1699: Define _BSD_SOURCE only on OpenBSD.
........
r59612 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:09:34 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Simpler documentation for itertools.tee(). Should be backported.
........
r59613 | raymond.hettinger | 2007-12-29 23:16:24 +0100 (Sat, 29 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Improve docs for itertools.groupby(). The use of xrange(0) to create a unique object is less obvious than object().
........
r59620 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:47:07 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 3 lines
Added wininst-9.0.exe executable for VS 2008
Integrated bdist_wininst into PCBuild9 directory
........
r59621 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:51:18 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Moved PCbuild directory to PC/VS7.1
........
r59622 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 15:59:26 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot
........
r59623 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:02:41 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Fix paths for build bot, part 2
........
r59624 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-31 16:18:55 +0100 (Mon, 31 Dec 2007) | 1 line
Renamed PCBuild9 directory to PCBuild
........
2007-12-31 12:14:33 -04:00
|
|
|
.. ======================================================================
|
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acknowledgements
|
|
|
|
================
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The author would like to thank the following people for offering suggestions,
|
|
|
|
corrections and assistance with various drafts of this article: Georg Brandl,
|
|
|
|
Nick Coghlan, Phillip J. Eby, Lars Gustäbel, Raymond Hettinger, Ralf W. Grosse-
|
|
|
|
Kunstleve, Kent Johnson, Iain Lowe, Martin von Löwis, Fredrik Lundh, Andrew
|
|
|
|
McNamara, Skip Montanaro, Gustavo Niemeyer, Paul Prescod, James Pryor, Mike
|
|
|
|
Rovner, Scott Weikart, Barry Warsaw, Thomas Wouters.
|
|
|
|
|