ardupilot/libraries/SITL/SIM_BalanceBot.cpp

/*
   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
   (at your option) any later version.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
/*
  Balance Bot simulator class
*/

#include "SIM_BalanceBot.h"
#include <stdio.h>

extern const AP_HAL::HAL& hal;

namespace SITL {

BalanceBot::BalanceBot(const char *home_str, const char *frame_str) :
    Aircraft(home_str, frame_str),
    max_speed(4),
    max_accel(14),
    skid_turn_rate(140), // degrees/sec
    skid_steering(true)
{
    dcm.from_euler(0,0,0); // initial yaw, pitch and roll in radians
    printf("Balance Bot Simulation Started\n");
}

/*
   return yaw rate in degrees/second given steering_angle
*/
float BalanceBot::calc_yaw_rate(float steering)
{
    return steering * skid_turn_rate;
}

/*
  update the Balance Bot simulation by one time step
 */
/*
 * WIP!
 * The balance bot is physically modeled as an inverted pendulum(rod) on a cart
 * Further details can be found here:
 * 1) http://ctms.engin.umich.edu/CTMS/index.php?example=InvertedPendulum&section=SystemModeling
 * 2) http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.5772/63933
 */
void BalanceBot::update(const struct sitl_input &input)
{
    const float length = 1.0f; //m length of body

    const float mass_cart = 1.0f; // kg
    const float mass_rod = 1.0f; //kg

    // maximum force the motors can apply to the cart
    const float max_force = 50.0f; //N

    //Moment of Inertia of the rod
    const float I_rod = (mass_rod*4*length*length)/12.0f; //kg.m^2

    // air resistance
    const float damping_constant = 0.7; // N-s/m

    // balance bot uses skid steering
    const float motor1 = 2*((input.servos[0]-1000)/1000.0f - 0.5f);
    const float motor2 = 2*((input.servos[2]-1000)/1000.0f - 0.5f);
    const float steering = motor1 - motor2;
    const float throttle = 0.5 * (motor1 + motor2);

    // how much time has passed?
    const float delta_time = frame_time_us * 1.0e-6f;

    // yaw rate in degrees/s
    const float yaw_rate = calc_yaw_rate(steering);

    // target speed with current throttle
    const float target_speed = throttle * max_speed;

    //input force to the cart
    // a very crude model! Needs remodeling!
    const float force_on_body = ((target_speed - velocity_vf_x) / max_speed) * max_force; //N

    // obtain roll, pitch, yaw from dcm
    float r, p, y;
    dcm.to_euler(&r, &p, &y);
    float theta = p; //radians

    float ang_vel = gyro.y; //radians/s
    
    //vehicle frame x acceleration
    const float accel_vf_x = (force_on_body - (damping_constant*velocity_vf_x) - mass_rod*length*ang_vel*ang_vel*sin(theta)
    + (3.0f/4.0f)*mass_rod*GRAVITY_MSS*sin(theta)*cos(theta))
            / (mass_cart + mass_rod - (3.0f/4.0f)*mass_rod*cos(theta)*cos(theta));

    const float angular_accel_bf_y = mass_rod*length*(GRAVITY_MSS*sin(theta) + accel_vf_x*cos(theta))
        /(I_rod + mass_rod*length*length);

    // update theta and angular velocity
    ang_vel += angular_accel_bf_y * delta_time;
    theta += ang_vel * delta_time;
    theta = fmod(theta, radians(360));

    // update x velocity in vehicle frame
    velocity_vf_x += accel_vf_x * delta_time;

    gyro = Vector3f(0, ang_vel, radians(yaw_rate));

    // update attitude
    dcm.rotate(gyro * delta_time);
    dcm.normalize();

    // accel in body frame due to motor
    accel_body = Vector3f(accel_vf_x*cos(theta), 0, -accel_vf_x*sin(theta));

    // add in accel due to direction change
    accel_body.y += radians(yaw_rate) * velocity_vf_x;

    // now in earth frame
    Vector3f accel_earth = dcm * accel_body;
    accel_earth += Vector3f(0, 0, GRAVITY_MSS);

    // we are on the ground, so our vertical accel is zero
    accel_earth.z = 0;

    if (!hal.util->get_soft_armed()) {
        // reset to vertical when not armed for faster testing
        accel_earth.zero();
        velocity_ef.zero();
        dcm.identity();
        gyro.zero();
        velocity_vf_x =0;
    }
    
    // work out acceleration as seen by the accelerometers. It sees the kinematic
    // acceleration (ie. real movement), plus gravity
    accel_body += dcm.transposed() * (Vector3f(0, 0, -GRAVITY_MSS));

    // new velocity vector
    velocity_ef += accel_earth * delta_time;

    // new position vector
    position += (velocity_ef * delta_time);

    // neglect roll
    dcm.to_euler(&r, &p, &y);
    dcm.from_euler(0.0f, p, y);
    use_smoothing = true;

    // update lat/lon/altitude
    update_position();
    time_advance();

    // update magnetic field
    update_mag_field_bf();
}

}// namespace SITL