ardupilot/libraries/AP_AHRS/AP_AHRS_DCM.cpp

/*
	APM_AHRS_DCM.cpp

	AHRS system using DCM matrices

	Based on DCM code by Doug Weibel, Jordi Mu<EFBFBD>oz and Jose Julio. DIYDrones.com

	Adapted for the general ArduPilot AHRS interface by Andrew Tridgell

	This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
	modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
	as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1
	of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*/
#include <FastSerial.h>
#include <AP_AHRS.h>

// this is the speed in cm/s above which we first get a yaw lock with
// the GPS
#define GPS_SPEED_MIN 300

// this is the speed in cm/s at which we stop using drift correction
// from the GPS and wait for the ground speed to get above GPS_SPEED_MIN
#define GPS_SPEED_RESET 100

// table of user settable parameters
const AP_Param::GroupInfo AP_AHRS::var_info[] PROGMEM = {
    AP_GROUPINFO("YAW_P", 0, AP_AHRS_DCM, _kp_yaw),
    AP_GROUPEND
};

// run a full DCM update round
void
AP_AHRS_DCM::update(void)
{
	float delta_t;

	// tell the IMU to grab some data
	_imu->update();

	// ask the IMU how much time this sensor reading represents
	delta_t = _imu->get_delta_time();

	// Get current values for gyros
	_gyro_vector  = _imu->get_gyro();
	_accel_vector = _imu->get_accel();

	// Integrate the DCM matrix using gyro inputs
	matrix_update(delta_t);

	// Normalize the DCM matrix
	normalize();

	// Perform drift correction
	drift_correction(delta_t);

	// paranoid check for bad values in the DCM matrix
	check_matrix();

	// Calculate pitch, roll, yaw for stabilization and navigation
	euler_angles();
}

// update the DCM matrix using only the gyros
void
AP_AHRS_DCM::matrix_update(float _G_Dt)
{
	// _omega_integ_corr is used for _centripetal correction
	// (theoretically better than _omega)
	_omega_integ_corr = _gyro_vector + _omega_I;

	// Equation 16, adding proportional and integral correction terms
	_omega = _omega_integ_corr + _omega_P + _omega_yaw_P;

	// this is a replacement of the DCM matrix multiply (equation
	// 17), with known zero elements removed and the matrix
	// operations inlined. This runs much faster than the original
	// version of this code, as the compiler was doing a terrible
	// job of realising that so many of the factors were in common
	// or zero. It also uses much less stack, as we no longer need
	// two additional local matrices

	Vector3f r = _omega * _G_Dt;
	_dcm_matrix.rotate(r);
}


// adjust an accelerometer vector for known acceleration forces
void
AP_AHRS_DCM::accel_adjust(Vector3f &accel)
{
	float veloc;
	// compensate for linear acceleration. This makes a
	// surprisingly large difference in the pitch estimate when
	// turning, plus on takeoff and landing
	float acceleration = _gps->acceleration();
	accel.x -= acceleration;

	// compensate for centripetal acceleration
	veloc = _gps->ground_speed * 0.01;

	// We are working with a modified version of equation 26 as
	// our IMU object reports acceleration in the positive axis
	// direction as positive

	// Equation 26 broken up into separate pieces
	accel.y -= _omega_integ_corr.z * veloc;
	accel.z += _omega_integ_corr.y * veloc;
}

/*
  reset the DCM matrix and omega. Used on ground start, and on
  extreme errors in the matrix
 */
void
AP_AHRS_DCM::reset(bool recover_eulers)
{
	if (_compass != NULL) {
		_compass->null_offsets_disable();
	}

	// reset the integration terms
	_omega_I.zero();
	_omega_P.zero();
	_omega_yaw_P.zero();
	_omega_integ_corr.zero();
	_omega.zero();

	// if the caller wants us to try to recover to the current
	// attitude then calculate the dcm matrix from the current
	// roll/pitch/yaw values
	if (recover_eulers && !isnan(roll) && !isnan(pitch) && !isnan(yaw)) {
		_dcm_matrix.from_euler(roll, pitch, yaw);
	} else {
		// otherwise make it flat
		_dcm_matrix.from_euler(0, 0, 0);
	}

	if (_compass != NULL) {
		_compass->null_offsets_enable();	// This call is needed to restart the nulling
		// Otherwise the reset in the DCM matrix can mess up
		// the nulling
	}
}

/*
  check the DCM matrix for pathological values
 */
void
AP_AHRS_DCM::check_matrix(void)
{
	if (_dcm_matrix.is_nan()) {
		//Serial.printf("ERROR: DCM matrix NAN\n");
		SITL_debug("ERROR: DCM matrix NAN\n");
		renorm_blowup_count++;
		reset(true);
		return;
	}
	// some DCM matrix values can lead to an out of range error in
	// the pitch calculation via asin().  These NaN values can
	// feed back into the rest of the DCM matrix via the
	// error_course value.
	if (!(_dcm_matrix.c.x < 1.0 &&
	      _dcm_matrix.c.x > -1.0)) {
		// We have an invalid matrix. Force a normalisation.
		renorm_range_count++;
		normalize();

		if (_dcm_matrix.is_nan() ||
		    fabs(_dcm_matrix.c.x) > 10) {
			// normalisation didn't fix the problem! We're
			// in real trouble. All we can do is reset
			//Serial.printf("ERROR: DCM matrix error. _dcm_matrix.c.x=%f\n",
			//	   _dcm_matrix.c.x);
			SITL_debug("ERROR: DCM matrix error. _dcm_matrix.c.x=%f\n",
				   _dcm_matrix.c.x);
			renorm_blowup_count++;
			reset(true);
		}
	}
}

// renormalise one vector component of the DCM matrix
// this will return false if renormalization fails
bool
AP_AHRS_DCM::renorm(Vector3f const &a, Vector3f &result)
{
	float	renorm_val;

	// numerical errors will slowly build up over time in DCM,
	// causing inaccuracies. We can keep ahead of those errors
	// using the renormalization technique from the DCM IMU paper
	// (see equations 18 to 21).

	// For APM we don't bother with the taylor expansion
	// optimisation from the paper as on our 2560 CPU the cost of
	// the sqrt() is 44 microseconds, and the small time saving of
	// the taylor expansion is not worth the potential of
	// additional error buildup.

	// Note that we can get significant renormalisation values
	// when we have a larger delta_t due to a glitch eleswhere in
	// APM, such as a I2c timeout or a set of EEPROM writes. While
	// we would like to avoid these if possible, if it does happen
	// we don't want to compound the error by making DCM less
	// accurate.

	renorm_val = 1.0 / a.length();

	// keep the average for reporting
	_renorm_val_sum += renorm_val;
	_renorm_val_count++;

	if (!(renorm_val < 2.0 && renorm_val > 0.5)) {
		// this is larger than it should get - log it as a warning
		renorm_range_count++;
		if (!(renorm_val < 1.0e6 && renorm_val > 1.0e-6)) {
			// we are getting values which are way out of
			// range, we will reset the matrix and hope we
			// can recover our attitude using drift
			// correction before we hit the ground!
			//Serial.printf("ERROR: DCM renormalisation error. renorm_val=%f\n",
			//	   renorm_val);
			SITL_debug("ERROR: DCM renormalisation error. renorm_val=%f\n",
				   renorm_val);
			renorm_blowup_count++;
			return false;
		}
	}

	result = a * renorm_val;
	return true;
}

/*************************************************
Direction Cosine Matrix IMU: Theory
William Premerlani and Paul Bizard

Numerical errors will gradually reduce the orthogonality conditions expressed by equation 5
to approximations rather than identities. In effect, the axes in the two frames of reference no
longer describe a rigid body. Fortunately, numerical error accumulates very slowly, so it is a
simple matter to stay ahead of it.
We call the process of enforcing the orthogonality conditions <EFBFBD>renormalization<EFBFBD>.
*/
void
AP_AHRS_DCM::normalize(void)
{
	float error;
	Vector3f t0, t1, t2;

	error = _dcm_matrix.a * _dcm_matrix.b; 						// eq.18

	t0 = _dcm_matrix.a - (_dcm_matrix.b * (0.5f * error));		// eq.19
	t1 = _dcm_matrix.b - (_dcm_matrix.a * (0.5f * error));		// eq.19
	t2 = t0 % t1;					                // c= a x b // eq.20

	if (!renorm(t0, _dcm_matrix.a) ||
	    !renorm(t1, _dcm_matrix.b) ||
	    !renorm(t2, _dcm_matrix.c)) {
		// Our solution is blowing up and we will force back
		// to last euler angles
		reset(true);
	}
}


// perform drift correction. This function aims to update _omega_P and
// _omega_I with our best estimate of the short term and long term
// gyro error. The _omega_P value is what pulls our attitude solution
// back towards the reference vector quickly. The _omega_I term is an
// attempt to learn the long term drift rate of the gyros.
//
// This function also updates _omega_yaw_P with a yaw correction term
// from our yaw reference vector
void
AP_AHRS_DCM::drift_correction(float deltat)
{
	float error_course = 0;
	Vector3f accel;
	Vector3f error;
	float error_norm = 0;
	const float gravity_squared = (9.80665*9.80665);
	float yaw_deltat = 0;

	accel = _accel_vector;

	// if enabled, use the GPS to correct our accelerometer vector
	// for centripetal forces
	if(_centripetal &&
	   _gps != NULL &&
	   _gps->status() == GPS::GPS_OK) {
		accel_adjust(accel);
	}


	//*****Roll and Pitch***************

	// calculate the z component of the accel vector assuming it
	// has a length of 9.8. This discards the z accelerometer
	// sensor reading completely. Logs show that the z accel is
	// the noisest, plus it has a disproportionate impact on the
	// drift correction result because of the geometry when we are
	// mostly flat. Dropping it completely seems to make the DCM
	// algorithm much more resilient to large amounts of
	// accelerometer noise.
	float zsquared = gravity_squared - ((accel.x * accel.x) + (accel.y * accel.y));
	if (zsquared < 0) {
		_omega_P.zero();
	} else {
		if (accel.z > 0) {
			accel.z = sqrt(zsquared);
		} else {
			accel.z = -sqrt(zsquared);
		}

		// calculate the error, in m/2^2, between the attitude
		// implied by the accelerometers and the attitude
		// in the current DCM matrix
		error =  _dcm_matrix.c % accel;

		// error from the above is in m/s^2 units.

		// Limit max error to limit the effect of noisy values
		// on the algorithm. This limits the error to about 11
		// degrees
		error_norm = error.length();
		if (error_norm > 2) {
			error *= (2 / error_norm);
		}

		// we now want to calculate _omega_P and _omega_I. The
		// _omega_P value is what drags us quickly to the
		// accelerometer reading.
		_omega_P = error * _kp_roll_pitch;

		// the _omega_I is the long term accumulated gyro
		// error. This determines how much gyro drift we can
		// handle.
		Vector3f omega_I_delta = error * (_ki_roll_pitch * deltat);

		// limit the slope of omega_I on each axis to
		// the maximum drift rate
		float drift_limit = _gyro_drift_limit * deltat;
		omega_I_delta.x = constrain(omega_I_delta.x, -drift_limit, drift_limit);
		omega_I_delta.y = constrain(omega_I_delta.y, -drift_limit, drift_limit);
		omega_I_delta.z = constrain(omega_I_delta.z, -drift_limit, drift_limit);

		_omega_I += omega_I_delta;
	}

	// these sums support the reporting of the DCM state via MAVLink
	_error_rp_sum += error_norm;
	_error_rp_count++;

	// yaw drift correction

	// we only do yaw drift correction when we get a new yaw
	// reference vector. In between times we rely on the gyros for
	// yaw. Avoiding this calculation on every call to
	// update_DCM() saves a lot of time
	if (_compass && _compass->use_for_yaw()) {
		if (_compass->last_update != _compass_last_update) {
			yaw_deltat = 1.0e-6*(_compass->last_update - _compass_last_update);
			if (_have_initial_yaw && yaw_deltat < 2.0) {
				// Equation 23, Calculating YAW error
				// We make the gyro YAW drift correction based
				// on compass magnetic heading
				error_course = (_dcm_matrix.a.x * _compass->heading_y) - (_dcm_matrix.b.x * _compass->heading_x);
				_compass_last_update = _compass->last_update;
			} else {
				// this is our first estimate of the yaw,
				// or the compass has come back online after
				// no readings for 2 seconds.
				//
				// construct a DCM matrix based on the current
				// roll/pitch and the compass heading.
				// First ensure the compass heading has been
				// calculated
				_compass->calculate(_dcm_matrix);

				// now construct a new DCM matrix
				_compass->null_offsets_disable();
				_dcm_matrix.from_euler(roll, pitch, _compass->heading);
				_compass->null_offsets_enable();
				_have_initial_yaw = true;
				_compass_last_update = _compass->last_update;
				error_course = 0;
			}
		}
	} else if (_gps && _gps->status() == GPS::GPS_OK) {
		if (_gps->last_fix_time != _gps_last_update) {
			// Use GPS Ground course to correct yaw gyro drift
			if (_gps->ground_speed >= GPS_SPEED_MIN) {
				yaw_deltat = 1.0e-3*(_gps->last_fix_time - _gps_last_update);
				if (_have_initial_yaw && yaw_deltat < 2.0) {
					float course_over_ground_x = cos(ToRad(_gps->ground_course/100.0));
					float course_over_ground_y = sin(ToRad(_gps->ground_course/100.0));
					// Equation 23, Calculating YAW error
					error_course = (_dcm_matrix.a.x * course_over_ground_y) - (_dcm_matrix.b.x * course_over_ground_x);
					_gps_last_update = _gps->last_fix_time;
				} else  {
					// when we first start moving, set the
					// DCM matrix to the current
					// roll/pitch values, but with yaw
					// from the GPS
					if (_compass) {
						_compass->null_offsets_disable();
					}
					_dcm_matrix.from_euler(roll, pitch, ToRad(_gps->ground_course));
					if (_compass) {
						_compass->null_offsets_enable();
					}
					_have_initial_yaw =  true;
					error_course = 0;
					_gps_last_update = _gps->last_fix_time;
				}
			} else if (_gps->ground_speed >= GPS_SPEED_RESET) {
				// we are not going fast enough to use GPS for
				// course correction, but we won't reset
				// _have_initial_yaw yet, instead we just let
				// the gyro handle yaw
				error_course = 0;
			} else {
				// we are moving very slowly. Reset
				// _have_initial_yaw and adjust our heading
				// rapidly next time we get a good GPS ground
				// speed
				error_course = 0;
				_have_initial_yaw = false;
			}
		}
	}

	// see if there is any error in our heading relative to the
	// yaw reference. This will be zero most of the time, as we
	// only calculate it when we get new data from the yaw
	// reference source
	if (yaw_deltat == 0 || error_course == 0) {
		// we don't have a new reference heading. Slowly
		// decay the _omega_yaw_P to ensure that if we have
		// lost the yaw reference sensor completely we don't
		// keep using a stale offset
		_omega_yaw_P *= 0.97;
		return;
	}

	// ensure the course error is scaled from -PI to PI
	if (error_course > PI) {
		error_course -= 2*PI;
	} else if (error_course < -PI) {
		error_course += 2*PI;
	}

	// Equation 24, Applys the yaw correction to the XYZ rotation of the aircraft
	// this gives us an error in radians
	error = _dcm_matrix.c * error_course;

	// Adding yaw correction to proportional correction vector. We
	// allow the yaw reference source to affect all 3 components
	// of _omega_yaw_P as we need to be able to correctly hold a
	// heading when roll and pitch are non-zero
	_omega_yaw_P = error * _kp_yaw.get();

	// add yaw correction to integrator correction vector, but
	// only for the z gyro. We rely on the accelerometers for x
	// and y gyro drift correction. Using the compass or GPS for
	// x/y drift correction is too inaccurate, and can lead to
	// incorrect builups in the x/y drift. We rely on the
	// accelerometers to get the x/y components right
	float omega_Iz_delta = error.z * (_ki_yaw * yaw_deltat);

	// limit the slope of omega_I.z to the maximum gyro drift rate
	float drift_limit = _gyro_drift_limit * yaw_deltat;
	omega_Iz_delta = constrain(omega_Iz_delta, -drift_limit, drift_limit);

	_omega_I.z += omega_Iz_delta;

	// we keep the sum of yaw error for reporting via MAVLink.
	_error_yaw_sum += error_course;
	_error_yaw_count++;
}


// calculate the euler angles which will be used for high level
// navigation control
void
AP_AHRS_DCM::euler_angles(void)
{
	_dcm_matrix.to_euler(&roll, &pitch, &yaw);

	roll_sensor 	= degrees(roll)  * 100;
	pitch_sensor 	= degrees(pitch) * 100;
	yaw_sensor 	= degrees(yaw)   * 100;

	if (yaw_sensor < 0)
		yaw_sensor += 36000;
}

/* reporting of DCM state for MAVLink */

// average error_roll_pitch since last call
float AP_AHRS_DCM::get_error_rp(void)
{
	if (_error_rp_count == 0) {
		// this happens when telemetry is setup on two
		// serial ports
		return _error_rp_last;
	}
	_error_rp_last = _error_rp_sum / _error_rp_count;
	_error_rp_sum = 0;
	_error_rp_count = 0;
	return _error_rp_last;
}

// average error_yaw since last call
float AP_AHRS_DCM::get_error_yaw(void)
{
	if (_error_yaw_count == 0) {
		// this happens when telemetry is setup on two
		// serial ports
		return _error_yaw_last;
	}
	_error_yaw_last = _error_yaw_sum / _error_yaw_count;
	_error_yaw_sum = 0;
	_error_yaw_count = 0;
	return _error_yaw_last;
}