558 lines
18 KiB
ReStructuredText
558 lines
18 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`zipfile` --- Work with ZIP archives
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=========================================
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.. module:: zipfile
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:synopsis: Read and write ZIP-format archive files.
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.. moduleauthor:: James C. Ahlstrom <jim@interet.com>
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.. sectionauthor:: James C. Ahlstrom <jim@interet.com>
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.. versionadded:: 1.6
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/zipfile.py`
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--------------
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The ZIP file format is a common archive and compression standard. This module
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provides tools to create, read, write, append, and list a ZIP file. Any
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advanced use of this module will require an understanding of the format, as
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defined in `PKZIP Application Note`_.
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This module does not currently handle multi-disk ZIP files.
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It can handle ZIP files that use the ZIP64 extensions
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(that is ZIP files that are more than 4 GByte in size). It supports
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decryption of encrypted files in ZIP archives, but it currently cannot
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create an encrypted file. Decryption is extremely slow as it is
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implemented in native Python rather than C.
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The module defines the following items:
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.. exception:: BadZipfile
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The error raised for bad ZIP files (old name: ``zipfile.error``).
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.. exception:: LargeZipFile
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The error raised when a ZIP file would require ZIP64 functionality but that has
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not been enabled.
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.. class:: ZipFile
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:noindex:
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The class for reading and writing ZIP files. See section
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:ref:`zipfile-objects` for constructor details.
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.. class:: PyZipFile
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Class for creating ZIP archives containing Python libraries.
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.. class:: ZipInfo([filename[, date_time]])
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Class used to represent information about a member of an archive. Instances
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of this class are returned by the :meth:`.getinfo` and :meth:`.infolist`
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methods of :class:`ZipFile` objects. Most users of the :mod:`zipfile` module
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will not need to create these, but only use those created by this
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module. *filename* should be the full name of the archive member, and
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*date_time* should be a tuple containing six fields which describe the time
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of the last modification to the file; the fields are described in section
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:ref:`zipinfo-objects`.
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.. function:: is_zipfile(filename)
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Returns ``True`` if *filename* is a valid ZIP file based on its magic number,
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otherwise returns ``False``. *filename* may be a file or file-like object too.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7
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Support for file and file-like objects.
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.. data:: ZIP_STORED
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The numeric constant for an uncompressed archive member.
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.. data:: ZIP_DEFLATED
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The numeric constant for the usual ZIP compression method. This requires the
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:mod:`zlib` module. No other compression methods are currently supported.
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.. seealso::
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`PKZIP Application Note`_
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Documentation on the ZIP file format by Phil Katz, the creator of the format and
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algorithms used.
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`Info-ZIP Home Page <http://www.info-zip.org/>`_
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Information about the Info-ZIP project's ZIP archive programs and development
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libraries.
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.. _zipfile-objects:
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ZipFile Objects
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---------------
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.. class:: ZipFile(file[, mode[, compression[, allowZip64]]])
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Open a ZIP file, where *file* can be either a path to a file (a string) or a
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file-like object. The *mode* parameter should be ``'r'`` to read an existing
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file, ``'w'`` to truncate and write a new file, or ``'a'`` to append to an
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existing file. If *mode* is ``'a'`` and *file* refers to an existing ZIP
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file, then additional files are added to it. If *file* does not refer to a
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ZIP file, then a new ZIP archive is appended to the file. This is meant for
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adding a ZIP archive to another file (such as :file:`python.exe`).
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.. versionchanged:: 2.6
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If *mode* is ``a`` and the file does not exist at all, it is created.
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*compression* is the ZIP compression method to use when writing the archive,
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and should be :const:`ZIP_STORED` or :const:`ZIP_DEFLATED`; unrecognized
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values will cause :exc:`RuntimeError` to be raised. If :const:`ZIP_DEFLATED`
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is specified but the :mod:`zlib` module is not available, :exc:`RuntimeError`
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is also raised. The default is :const:`ZIP_STORED`. If *allowZip64* is
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``True`` zipfile will create ZIP files that use the ZIP64 extensions when
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the zipfile is larger than 2 GB. If it is false (the default) :mod:`zipfile`
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will raise an exception when the ZIP file would require ZIP64 extensions.
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ZIP64 extensions are disabled by default because the default :program:`zip`
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and :program:`unzip` commands on Unix (the InfoZIP utilities) don't support
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these extensions.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7.1
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If the file is created with mode ``'a'`` or ``'w'`` and then
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:meth:`closed <close>` without adding any files to the archive, the appropriate
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ZIP structures for an empty archive will be written to the file.
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ZipFile is also a context manager and therefore supports the
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:keyword:`with` statement. In the example, *myzip* is closed after the
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:keyword:`with` statement's suite is finished---even if an exception occurs::
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with ZipFile('spam.zip', 'w') as myzip:
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myzip.write('eggs.txt')
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.. versionadded:: 2.7
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Added the ability to use :class:`ZipFile` as a context manager.
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.. method:: ZipFile.close()
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Close the archive file. You must call :meth:`close` before exiting your program
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or essential records will not be written.
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.. method:: ZipFile.getinfo(name)
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Return a :class:`ZipInfo` object with information about the archive member
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*name*. Calling :meth:`getinfo` for a name not currently contained in the
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archive will raise a :exc:`KeyError`.
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.. method:: ZipFile.infolist()
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Return a list containing a :class:`ZipInfo` object for each member of the
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archive. The objects are in the same order as their entries in the actual ZIP
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file on disk if an existing archive was opened.
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.. method:: ZipFile.namelist()
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Return a list of archive members by name.
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.. index::
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single: universal newlines; zipfile.ZipFile.open method
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.. method:: ZipFile.open(name[, mode[, pwd]])
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Extract a member from the archive as a file-like object (ZipExtFile). *name* is
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the name of the file in the archive, or a :class:`ZipInfo` object. The *mode*
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parameter, if included, must be one of the following: ``'r'`` (the default),
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``'U'``, or ``'rU'``. Choosing ``'U'`` or ``'rU'`` will enable
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:term:`universal newline <universal newlines>`
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support in the read-only object. *pwd* is the password used for encrypted files.
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Calling :meth:`.open` on a closed ZipFile will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.
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.. note::
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The file-like object is read-only and provides the following methods:
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:meth:`~file.read`, :meth:`~file.readline`,
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:meth:`~file.readlines`, :meth:`__iter__`,
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:meth:`~object.next`.
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.. note::
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If the ZipFile was created by passing in a file-like object as the first
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argument to the constructor, then the object returned by :meth:`.open` shares the
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ZipFile's file pointer. Under these circumstances, the object returned by
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:meth:`.open` should not be used after any additional operations are performed
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on the ZipFile object. If the ZipFile was created by passing in a string (the
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filename) as the first argument to the constructor, then :meth:`.open` will
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create a new file object that will be held by the ZipExtFile, allowing it to
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operate independently of the ZipFile.
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.. note::
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The :meth:`.open`, :meth:`read` and :meth:`extract` methods can take a filename
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or a :class:`ZipInfo` object. You will appreciate this when trying to read a
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ZIP file that contains members with duplicate names.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. method:: ZipFile.extract(member[, path[, pwd]])
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Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory; *member*
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must be its full name or a :class:`ZipInfo` object). Its file information is
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extracted as accurately as possible. *path* specifies a different directory
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to extract to. *member* can be a filename or a :class:`ZipInfo` object.
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*pwd* is the password used for encrypted files.
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Returns the normalized path created (a directory or new file).
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. note::
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If a member filename is an absolute path, a drive/UNC sharepoint and
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leading (back)slashes will be stripped, e.g.: ``///foo/bar`` becomes
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``foo/bar`` on Unix, and ``C:\foo\bar`` becomes ``foo\bar`` on Windows.
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And all ``".."`` components in a member filename will be removed, e.g.:
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``../../foo../../ba..r`` becomes ``foo../ba..r``. On Windows illegal
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characters (``:``, ``<``, ``>``, ``|``, ``"``, ``?``, and ``*``)
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replaced by underscore (``_``).
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.. method:: ZipFile.extractall([path[, members[, pwd]]])
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Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory. *path*
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specifies a different directory to extract to. *members* is optional and must
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be a subset of the list returned by :meth:`namelist`. *pwd* is the password
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used for encrypted files.
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.. warning::
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Never extract archives from untrusted sources without prior inspection.
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It is possible that files are created outside of *path*, e.g. members
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that have absolute filenames starting with ``"/"`` or filenames with two
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dots ``".."``.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7.4
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The zipfile module attempts to prevent that. See :meth:`extract` note.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. method:: ZipFile.printdir()
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Print a table of contents for the archive to ``sys.stdout``.
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.. method:: ZipFile.setpassword(pwd)
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Set *pwd* as default password to extract encrypted files.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. method:: ZipFile.read(name[, pwd])
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Return the bytes of the file *name* in the archive. *name* is the name of the
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file in the archive, or a :class:`ZipInfo` object. The archive must be open for
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read or append. *pwd* is the password used for encrypted files and, if specified,
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it will override the default password set with :meth:`setpassword`. Calling
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:meth:`read` on a closed ZipFile will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.6
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*pwd* was added, and *name* can now be a :class:`ZipInfo` object.
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.. method:: ZipFile.testzip()
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Read all the files in the archive and check their CRC's and file headers.
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Return the name of the first bad file, or else return ``None``. Calling
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:meth:`testzip` on a closed ZipFile will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.
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.. method:: ZipFile.write(filename[, arcname[, compress_type]])
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Write the file named *filename* to the archive, giving it the archive name
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*arcname* (by default, this will be the same as *filename*, but without a drive
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letter and with leading path separators removed). If given, *compress_type*
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overrides the value given for the *compression* parameter to the constructor for
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the new entry. The archive must be open with mode ``'w'`` or ``'a'`` -- calling
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:meth:`write` on a ZipFile created with mode ``'r'`` will raise a
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:exc:`RuntimeError`. Calling :meth:`write` on a closed ZipFile will raise a
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:exc:`RuntimeError`.
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.. note::
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There is no official file name encoding for ZIP files. If you have unicode file
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names, you must convert them to byte strings in your desired encoding before
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passing them to :meth:`write`. WinZip interprets all file names as encoded in
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CP437, also known as DOS Latin.
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.. note::
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Archive names should be relative to the archive root, that is, they should not
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start with a path separator.
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.. note::
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If ``arcname`` (or ``filename``, if ``arcname`` is not given) contains a null
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byte, the name of the file in the archive will be truncated at the null byte.
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.. method:: ZipFile.writestr(zinfo_or_arcname, bytes[, compress_type])
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Write the string *bytes* to the archive; *zinfo_or_arcname* is either the file
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name it will be given in the archive, or a :class:`ZipInfo` instance. If it's
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an instance, at least the filename, date, and time must be given. If it's a
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name, the date and time is set to the current date and time. The archive must be
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opened with mode ``'w'`` or ``'a'`` -- calling :meth:`writestr` on a ZipFile
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created with mode ``'r'`` will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`. Calling
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:meth:`writestr` on a closed ZipFile will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.
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If given, *compress_type* overrides the value given for the *compression*
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parameter to the constructor for the new entry, or in the *zinfo_or_arcname*
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(if that is a :class:`ZipInfo` instance).
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.. note::
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When passing a :class:`ZipInfo` instance as the *zinfo_or_arcname* parameter,
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the compression method used will be that specified in the *compress_type*
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member of the given :class:`ZipInfo` instance. By default, the
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:class:`ZipInfo` constructor sets this member to :const:`ZIP_STORED`.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7
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The *compress_type* argument.
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The following data attributes are also available:
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.. attribute:: ZipFile.debug
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The level of debug output to use. This may be set from ``0`` (the default, no
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output) to ``3`` (the most output). Debugging information is written to
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``sys.stdout``.
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.. attribute:: ZipFile.comment
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The comment text associated with the ZIP file. If assigning a comment to a
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:class:`ZipFile` instance created with mode 'a' or 'w', this should be a
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string no longer than 65535 bytes. Comments longer than this will be
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truncated in the written archive when :meth:`.close` is called.
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.. _pyzipfile-objects:
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PyZipFile Objects
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-----------------
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The :class:`PyZipFile` constructor takes the same parameters as the
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:class:`ZipFile` constructor. Instances have one method in addition to those of
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:class:`ZipFile` objects.
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.. method:: PyZipFile.writepy(pathname[, basename])
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Search for files :file:`\*.py` and add the corresponding file to the archive.
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The corresponding file is a :file:`\*.pyo` file if available, else a
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:file:`\*.pyc` file, compiling if necessary. If the pathname is a file, the
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filename must end with :file:`.py`, and just the (corresponding
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:file:`\*.py[co]`) file is added at the top level (no path information). If the
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pathname is a file that does not end with :file:`.py`, a :exc:`RuntimeError`
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will be raised. If it is a directory, and the directory is not a package
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directory, then all the files :file:`\*.py[co]` are added at the top level. If
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the directory is a package directory, then all :file:`\*.py[co]` are added under
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the package name as a file path, and if any subdirectories are package
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directories, all of these are added recursively. *basename* is intended for
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internal use only. The :meth:`writepy` method makes archives with file names
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like this::
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string.pyc # Top level name
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test/__init__.pyc # Package directory
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test/test_support.pyc # Module test.test_support
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test/bogus/__init__.pyc # Subpackage directory
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test/bogus/myfile.pyc # Submodule test.bogus.myfile
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.. _zipinfo-objects:
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ZipInfo Objects
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---------------
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Instances of the :class:`ZipInfo` class are returned by the :meth:`.getinfo` and
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:meth:`.infolist` methods of :class:`ZipFile` objects. Each object stores
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information about a single member of the ZIP archive.
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Instances have the following attributes:
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.filename
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Name of the file in the archive.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.date_time
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The time and date of the last modification to the archive member. This is a
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tuple of six values:
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+-------+--------------------------+
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| Index | Value |
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+=======+==========================+
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| ``0`` | Year (>= 1980) |
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+-------+--------------------------+
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| ``1`` | Month (one-based) |
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+-------+--------------------------+
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| ``2`` | Day of month (one-based) |
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+-------+--------------------------+
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| ``3`` | Hours (zero-based) |
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+-------+--------------------------+
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| ``4`` | Minutes (zero-based) |
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+-------+--------------------------+
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| ``5`` | Seconds (zero-based) |
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+-------+--------------------------+
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.. note::
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The ZIP file format does not support timestamps before 1980.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.compress_type
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Type of compression for the archive member.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.comment
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Comment for the individual archive member.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.extra
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Expansion field data. The `PKZIP Application Note`_ contains
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some comments on the internal structure of the data contained in this string.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.create_system
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System which created ZIP archive.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.create_version
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PKZIP version which created ZIP archive.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.extract_version
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PKZIP version needed to extract archive.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.reserved
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Must be zero.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.flag_bits
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ZIP flag bits.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.volume
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Volume number of file header.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.internal_attr
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Internal attributes.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.external_attr
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External file attributes.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.header_offset
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Byte offset to the file header.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.CRC
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CRC-32 of the uncompressed file.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.compress_size
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Size of the compressed data.
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.. attribute:: ZipInfo.file_size
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Size of the uncompressed file.
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.. _zipfile-commandline:
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.. program:: zipfile
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Command-Line Interface
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----------------------
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The :mod:`zipfile` module provides a simple command-line interface to interact
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with ZIP archives.
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If you want to create a new ZIP archive, specify its name after the :option:`-c`
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option and then list the filename(s) that should be included:
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python -m zipfile -c monty.zip spam.txt eggs.txt
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Passing a directory is also acceptable:
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python -m zipfile -c monty.zip life-of-brian_1979/
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If you want to extract a ZIP archive into the specified directory, use
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the :option:`-e` option:
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python -m zipfile -e monty.zip target-dir/
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For a list of the files in a ZIP archive, use the :option:`-l` option:
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.. code-block:: shell-session
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$ python -m zipfile -l monty.zip
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Command-line options
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. cmdoption:: -l <zipfile>
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List files in a zipfile.
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.. cmdoption:: -c <zipfile> <source1> ... <sourceN>
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Create zipfile from source files.
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.. cmdoption:: -e <zipfile> <output_dir>
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Extract zipfile into target directory.
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.. cmdoption:: -t <zipfile>
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Test whether the zipfile is valid or not.
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.. _PKZIP Application Note: https://pkware.cachefly.net/webdocs/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT
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