.. module:: asyncio .. _event-loop: Event loops =========== The event loop is the central execution device provided by :mod:`asyncio`. It provides multiple facilities, amongst which: * Registering, executing and cancelling delayed calls (timeouts) * Creating client and server :ref:`transports ` for various kinds of communication * Launching subprocesses and the associated :ref:`transports ` for communication with an external program * Delegating costly function calls to a pool of threads Event loop functions -------------------- The easiest way to get an event loop is to call the :func:`get_event_loop` function. .. function:: get_event_loop() Get the event loop for current context. Returns an event loop object implementing :class:`BaseEventLoop` interface, or raises an exception in case no event loop has been set for the current context and the current policy does not specify to create one. It should never return ``None``. .. function:: set_event_loop(loop) XXX .. function:: new_event_loop() XXX Event loop policy ----------------- .. function:: get_event_loop_policy() XXX .. function:: set_event_loop_policy(policy) XXX Run an event loop ----------------- .. method:: BaseEventLoop.run_forever() Run until :meth:`stop` is called. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.run_until_complete(future) Run until the :class:`Future` is done. If the argument is a coroutine, it is wrapped in a :class:`Task`. Return the Future's result, or raise its exception. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.is_running() Returns running status of event loop. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.stop() Stop running the event loop. Every callback scheduled before :meth:`stop` is called will run. Callback scheduled after :meth:`stop` is called won't. However, those callbacks will run if :meth:`run_forever` is called again later. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.close() Close the event loop. The loop should not be running. This clears the queues and shuts down the executor, but does not wait for the executor to finish. This is idempotent and irreversible. No other methods should be called after this one. Calls ----- .. method:: BaseEventLoop.call_soon(callback, \*args) Arrange for a callback to be called as soon as possible. This operates as a FIFO queue, callbacks are called in the order in which they are registered. Each callback will be called exactly once. Any positional arguments after the callback will be passed to the callback when it is called. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, \*args) Like :meth:`call_soon`, but thread safe. Delayed calls ------------- The event loop has its own internal clock for computing timeouts. Which clock is used depends on the (platform-specific) event loop implementation; ideally it is a monotonic clock. This will generally be a different clock than :func:`time.time`. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.call_later(delay, callback, *args) Arrange for the *callback* to be called after the given *delay* seconds (either an int or float). A "handle" is returned: an opaque object with a :meth:`cancel` method that can be used to cancel the call. *callback* will be called exactly once per call to :meth:`call_later`. If two callbacks are scheduled for exactly the same time, it is undefined which will be called first. The optional positional *args* will be passed to the callback when it is called. If you want the callback to be called with some named arguments, use a closure or :func:`functools.partial`. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.call_at(when, callback, *args) Arrange for the *callback* to be called at the given absolute timestamp *when* (an int or float), using the same time reference as :meth:`time`. This method's behavior is the same as :meth:`call_later`. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.time() Return the current time, as a :class:`float` value, according to the event loop's internal clock. .. seealso:: The :func:`asyncio.sleep` function. Creating connections -------------------- .. method:: BaseEventLoop.create_connection(protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, \*, ssl=None, family=0, proto=0, flags=0, sock=None, local_addr=None, server_hostname=None) Create a streaming transport connection to a given Internet *host* and *port*. *protocol_factory* must be a callable returning a :ref:`protocol ` instance. This method returns a :ref:`coroutine ` which will try to establish the connection in the background. When successful, the coroutine returns a ``(transport, protocol)`` pair. The chronological synopsis of the underlying operation is as follows: #. The connection is established, and a :ref:`transport ` is created to represent it. #. *protocol_factory* is called without arguments and must return a :ref:`protocol ` instance. #. The protocol instance is tied to the transport, and its :meth:`connection_made` method is called. #. The coroutine returns successfully with the ``(transport, protocol)`` pair. The created transport is an implementation-dependent bidirectional stream. .. note:: *protocol_factory* can be any kind of callable, not necessarily a class. For example, if you want to use a pre-created protocol instance, you can pass ``lambda: my_protocol``. Options allowing to change how the connection is created: * *ssl*: if given and not false, a SSL/TLS transport is created (by default a plain TCP transport is created). If *ssl* is a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` object, this context is used to create the transport; if *ssl* is :const:`True`, a context with some unspecified default settings is used. * *server_hostname*, is only for use together with *ssl*, and sets or overrides the hostname that the target server's certificate will be matched against. By default the value of the *host* argument is used. If *host* is empty, there is no default and you must pass a value for *server_hostname*. If *server_hostname* is an empty string, hostname matching is disabled (which is a serious security risk, allowing for man-in-the-middle-attacks). * *family*, *proto*, *flags* are the optional address family, protocol and flags to be passed through to getaddrinfo() for *host* resolution. If given, these should all be integers from the corresponding :mod:`socket` module constants. * *sock*, if given, should be an existing, already connected :class:`socket.socket` object to be used by the transport. If *sock* is given, none of *host*, *port*, *family*, *proto*, *flags* and *local_addr* should be specified. * *local_addr*, if given, is a ``(local_host, local_port)`` tuple used to bind the socket to locally. The *local_host* and *local_port* are looked up using getaddrinfo(), similarly to *host* and *port*. Creating listening connections ------------------------------ .. method:: BaseEventLoop.create_server(protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, \*, family=socket.AF_UNSPEC, flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, reuse_address=None) A :ref:`coroutine ` which creates a TCP server bound to host and port. The return value is a :class:`AbstractServer` object which can be used to stop the service. If *host* is an empty string or None all interfaces are assumed and a list of multiple sockets will be returned (most likely one for IPv4 and another one for IPv6). *family* can be set to either :data:`~socket.AF_INET` or :data:`~socket.AF_INET6` to force the socket to use IPv4 or IPv6. If not set it will be determined from host (defaults to :data:`~socket.AF_UNSPEC`). *flags* is a bitmask for :meth:`getaddrinfo`. *sock* can optionally be specified in order to use a preexisting socket object. *backlog* is the maximum number of queued connections passed to :meth:`~socket.socket.listen` (defaults to 100). ssl can be set to an :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` to enable SSL over the accepted connections. *reuse_address* tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in TIME_WAIT state, without waiting for its natural timeout to expire. If not specified will automatically be set to True on UNIX. This method returns a :ref:`coroutine `. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.create_datagram_endpoint(protocol_factory, local_addr=None, remote_addr=None, \*, family=0, proto=0, flags=0) Create datagram connection. This method returns a :ref:`coroutine `. Resolve name ------------ .. method:: BaseEventLoop.getaddrinfo(host, port, \*, family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0) XXX .. method:: BaseEventLoop.getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags=0) XXX Running subprocesses -------------------- Run subprocesses asynchronously using the :mod:`subprocess` module. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.subprocess_exec(protocol_factory, \*args, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=False, shell=False, bufsize=0, \*\*kwargs) XXX This method returns a :ref:`coroutine `. See the constructor of the :class:`subprocess.Popen` class for parameters. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.subprocess_shell(protocol_factory, cmd, \*, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=False, shell=True, bufsize=0, \*\*kwargs) XXX This method returns a :ref:`coroutine `. See the constructor of the :class:`subprocess.Popen` class for parameters. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.connect_read_pipe(protocol_factory, pipe) Register read pipe in eventloop. *protocol_factory* should instantiate object with :class:`Protocol` interface. pipe is file-like object already switched to nonblocking. Return pair (transport, protocol), where transport support :class:`ReadTransport` interface. This method returns a :ref:`coroutine `. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.connect_write_pipe(protocol_factory, pipe) Register write pipe in eventloop. *protocol_factory* should instantiate object with :class:`BaseProtocol` interface. Pipe is file-like object already switched to nonblocking. Return pair (transport, protocol), where transport support :class:`WriteTransport` interface. This method returns a :ref:`coroutine `. Executor -------- Call a function in an :class:`~concurrent.futures.Executor` (pool of threads or pool of processes). By default, an event loop uses a thread pool executor (:class:`~concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor`). .. method:: BaseEventLoop.run_in_executor(executor, callback, \*args) Arrange for a callback to be called in the specified executor. *executor* is a :class:`~concurrent.futures.Executor` instance, the default executor is used if *executor* is ``None``. .. method:: BaseEventLoop.set_default_executor(executor) Set the default executor used by :meth:`run_in_executor`. .. _asyncio-hello-world-callback: Example: Hello World (callback) ------------------------------- Print ``Hello World`` every two seconds, using a callback:: import asyncio def print_and_repeat(loop): print('Hello World') loop.call_later(2, print_and_repeat, loop) loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() print_and_repeat(loop) loop.run_forever() .. seealso:: :ref:`Hello World example using a coroutine `.