.. currentmodule:: asyncio .. _asyncio-event-loop: Base Event Loop =============== **Source code:** :source:`Lib/asyncio/events.py` The event loop is the central execution device provided by :mod:`asyncio`. It provides multiple facilities, including: * Registering, executing and cancelling delayed calls (timeouts). * Creating client and server :ref:`transports ` for various kinds of communication. * Launching subprocesses and the associated :ref:`transports ` for communication with an external program. * Delegating costly function calls to a pool of threads. .. class:: BaseEventLoop This class is an implementation detail. It is a subclass of :class:`AbstractEventLoop` and may be a base class of concrete event loop implementations found in :mod:`asyncio`. It should not be used directly; use :class:`AbstractEventLoop` instead. ``BaseEventLoop`` should not be subclassed by third-party code; the internal interface is not stable. .. class:: AbstractEventLoop Abstract base class of event loops. This class is :ref:`not thread safe `. Run an event loop ----------------- .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.run_forever() Run until :meth:`stop` is called. If :meth:`stop` is called before :meth:`run_forever()` is called, this polls the I/O selector once with a timeout of zero, runs all callbacks scheduled in response to I/O events (and those that were already scheduled), and then exits. If :meth:`stop` is called while :meth:`run_forever` is running, this will run the current batch of callbacks and then exit. Note that callbacks scheduled by callbacks will not run in that case; they will run the next time :meth:`run_forever` is called. .. versionchanged:: 3.5.1 .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.run_until_complete(future) Run until the :class:`Future` is done. If the argument is a :ref:`coroutine object `, it is wrapped by :func:`ensure_future`. Return the Future's result, or raise its exception. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.is_running() Returns running status of event loop. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.stop() Stop running the event loop. This causes :meth:`run_forever` to exit at the next suitable opportunity (see there for more details). .. versionchanged:: 3.5.1 .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.is_closed() Returns ``True`` if the event loop was closed. .. versionadded:: 3.4.2 .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.close() Close the event loop. The loop must not be running. Pending callbacks will be lost. This clears the queues and shuts down the executor, but does not wait for the executor to finish. This is idempotent and irreversible. No other methods should be called after this one. .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.shutdown_asyncgens() Schedule all currently open :term:`asynchronous generator` objects to close with an :meth:`~agen.aclose()` call. After calling this method, the event loop will issue a warning whenever a new asynchronous generator is iterated. Should be used to finalize all scheduled asynchronous generators reliably. Example:: try: loop.run_forever() finally: loop.run_until_complete(loop.shutdown_asyncgens()) loop.close() .. versionadded:: 3.6 .. _asyncio-pass-keywords: Calls ----- Most :mod:`asyncio` functions don't accept keywords. If you want to pass keywords to your callback, use :func:`functools.partial`. For example, ``loop.call_soon(functools.partial(print, "Hello", flush=True))`` will call ``print("Hello", flush=True)``. .. note:: :func:`functools.partial` is better than ``lambda`` functions, because :mod:`asyncio` can inspect :func:`functools.partial` object to display parameters in debug mode, whereas ``lambda`` functions have a poor representation. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.call_soon(callback, \*args) Arrange for a callback to be called as soon as possible. The callback is called after :meth:`call_soon` returns, when control returns to the event loop. This operates as a :abbr:`FIFO (first-in, first-out)` queue, callbacks are called in the order in which they are registered. Each callback will be called exactly once. Any positional arguments after the callback will be passed to the callback when it is called. An instance of :class:`asyncio.Handle` is returned, which can be used to cancel the callback. :ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback `. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, \*args) Like :meth:`call_soon`, but thread safe. See the :ref:`concurrency and multithreading ` section of the documentation. .. _asyncio-delayed-calls: Delayed calls ------------- The event loop has its own internal clock for computing timeouts. Which clock is used depends on the (platform-specific) event loop implementation; ideally it is a monotonic clock. This will generally be a different clock than :func:`time.time`. .. note:: Timeouts (relative *delay* or absolute *when*) should not exceed one day. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.call_later(delay, callback, *args) Arrange for the *callback* to be called after the given *delay* seconds (either an int or float). An instance of :class:`asyncio.TimerHandle` is returned, which can be used to cancel the callback. *callback* will be called exactly once per call to :meth:`call_later`. If two callbacks are scheduled for exactly the same time, it is undefined which will be called first. The optional positional *args* will be passed to the callback when it is called. If you want the callback to be called with some named arguments, use a closure or :func:`functools.partial`. :ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback `. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.call_at(when, callback, *args) Arrange for the *callback* to be called at the given absolute timestamp *when* (an int or float), using the same time reference as :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.time`. This method's behavior is the same as :meth:`call_later`. An instance of :class:`asyncio.TimerHandle` is returned, which can be used to cancel the callback. :ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback `. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.time() Return the current time, as a :class:`float` value, according to the event loop's internal clock. .. seealso:: The :func:`asyncio.sleep` function. Futures ------- .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.create_future() Create an :class:`asyncio.Future` object attached to the loop. This is a preferred way to create futures in asyncio, as event loop implementations can provide alternative implementations of the Future class (with better performance or instrumentation). .. versionadded:: 3.5.2 Tasks ----- .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.create_task(coro) Schedule the execution of a :ref:`coroutine object `: wrap it in a future. Return a :class:`Task` object. Third-party event loops can use their own subclass of :class:`Task` for interoperability. In this case, the result type is a subclass of :class:`Task`. .. versionadded:: 3.4.2 .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.set_task_factory(factory) Set a task factory that will be used by :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_task`. If *factory* is ``None`` the default task factory will be set. If *factory* is a *callable*, it should have a signature matching ``(loop, coro)``, where *loop* will be a reference to the active event loop, *coro* will be a coroutine object. The callable must return an :class:`asyncio.Future` compatible object. .. versionadded:: 3.4.4 .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.get_task_factory() Return a task factory, or ``None`` if the default one is in use. .. versionadded:: 3.4.4 Creating connections -------------------- .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.create_connection(protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, \*, ssl=None, family=0, proto=0, flags=0, sock=None, local_addr=None, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None) Create a streaming transport connection to a given Internet *host* and *port*: socket family :py:data:`~socket.AF_INET` or :py:data:`~socket.AF_INET6` depending on *host* (or *family* if specified), socket type :py:data:`~socket.SOCK_STREAM`. *protocol_factory* must be a callable returning a :ref:`protocol ` instance. This method will try to establish the connection in the background. When successful, it returns a ``(transport, protocol)`` pair. The chronological synopsis of the underlying operation is as follows: #. The connection is established, and a :ref:`transport ` is created to represent it. #. *protocol_factory* is called without arguments and must return a :ref:`protocol ` instance. #. The protocol instance is tied to the transport, and its :meth:`connection_made` method is called. #. The coroutine returns successfully with the ``(transport, protocol)`` pair. The created transport is an implementation-dependent bidirectional stream. .. note:: *protocol_factory* can be any kind of callable, not necessarily a class. For example, if you want to use a pre-created protocol instance, you can pass ``lambda: my_protocol``. Options that change how the connection is created: * *ssl*: if given and not false, a SSL/TLS transport is created (by default a plain TCP transport is created). If *ssl* is a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` object, this context is used to create the transport; if *ssl* is :const:`True`, a context with some unspecified default settings is used. .. seealso:: :ref:`SSL/TLS security considerations ` * *server_hostname*, is only for use together with *ssl*, and sets or overrides the hostname that the target server's certificate will be matched against. By default the value of the *host* argument is used. If *host* is empty, there is no default and you must pass a value for *server_hostname*. If *server_hostname* is an empty string, hostname matching is disabled (which is a serious security risk, allowing for man-in-the-middle-attacks). * *family*, *proto*, *flags* are the optional address family, protocol and flags to be passed through to getaddrinfo() for *host* resolution. If given, these should all be integers from the corresponding :mod:`socket` module constants. * *sock*, if given, should be an existing, already connected :class:`socket.socket` object to be used by the transport. If *sock* is given, none of *host*, *port*, *family*, *proto*, *flags* and *local_addr* should be specified. * *local_addr*, if given, is a ``(local_host, local_port)`` tuple used to bind the socket to locally. The *local_host* and *local_port* are looked up using getaddrinfo(), similarly to *host* and *port*. * *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for an SSL connection) the time in seconds to wait for the SSL handshake to complete before aborting the connection. ``10.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default). .. versionadded:: 3.7 The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter. .. versionchanged:: 3.5 On Windows with :class:`ProactorEventLoop`, SSL/TLS is now supported. .. seealso:: The :func:`open_connection` function can be used to get a pair of (:class:`StreamReader`, :class:`StreamWriter`) instead of a protocol. .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.create_datagram_endpoint(protocol_factory, local_addr=None, remote_addr=None, \*, family=0, proto=0, flags=0, reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None, allow_broadcast=None, sock=None) Create datagram connection: socket family :py:data:`~socket.AF_INET`, :py:data:`~socket.AF_INET6` or :py:data:`~socket.AF_UNIX` depending on *host* (or *family* if specified), socket type :py:data:`~socket.SOCK_DGRAM`. *protocol_factory* must be a callable returning a :ref:`protocol ` instance. This method will try to establish the connection in the background. When successful, the it returns a ``(transport, protocol)`` pair. Options changing how the connection is created: * *local_addr*, if given, is a ``(local_host, local_port)`` tuple used to bind the socket to locally. The *local_host* and *local_port* are looked up using :meth:`getaddrinfo`. * *remote_addr*, if given, is a ``(remote_host, remote_port)`` tuple used to connect the socket to a remote address. The *remote_host* and *remote_port* are looked up using :meth:`getaddrinfo`. * *family*, *proto*, *flags* are the optional address family, protocol and flags to be passed through to :meth:`getaddrinfo` for *host* resolution. If given, these should all be integers from the corresponding :mod:`socket` module constants. * *reuse_address* tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in TIME_WAIT state, without waiting for its natural timeout to expire. If not specified will automatically be set to ``True`` on UNIX. * *reuse_port* tells the kernel to allow this endpoint to be bound to the same port as other existing endpoints are bound to, so long as they all set this flag when being created. This option is not supported on Windows and some UNIX's. If the :py:data:`~socket.SO_REUSEPORT` constant is not defined then this capability is unsupported. * *allow_broadcast* tells the kernel to allow this endpoint to send messages to the broadcast address. * *sock* can optionally be specified in order to use a preexisting, already connected, :class:`socket.socket` object to be used by the transport. If specified, *local_addr* and *remote_addr* should be omitted (must be :const:`None`). On Windows with :class:`ProactorEventLoop`, this method is not supported. See :ref:`UDP echo client protocol ` and :ref:`UDP echo server protocol ` examples. .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.create_unix_connection(protocol_factory, path=None, \*, ssl=None, sock=None, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None) Create UNIX connection: socket family :py:data:`~socket.AF_UNIX`, socket type :py:data:`~socket.SOCK_STREAM`. The :py:data:`~socket.AF_UNIX` socket family is used to communicate between processes on the same machine efficiently. This method will try to establish the connection in the background. When successful, the it returns a ``(transport, protocol)`` pair. *path* is the name of a UNIX domain socket, and is required unless a *sock* parameter is specified. Abstract UNIX sockets, :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`, and :class:`~pathlib.Path` paths are supported. See the :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_connection` method for parameters. Availability: UNIX. .. versionadded:: 3.7 The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter. .. versionchanged:: 3.7 The *path* parameter can now be a :class:`~pathlib.Path` object. Creating listening connections ------------------------------ .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.create_server(protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, \*, family=socket.AF_UNSPEC, flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, start_serving=True) Create a TCP server (socket type :data:`~socket.SOCK_STREAM`) bound to *host* and *port*. Return a :class:`Server` object, its :attr:`~Server.sockets` attribute contains created sockets. Use the :meth:`Server.close` method to stop the server: close listening sockets. Parameters: * The *host* parameter can be a string, in that case the TCP server is bound to *host* and *port*. The *host* parameter can also be a sequence of strings and in that case the TCP server is bound to all hosts of the sequence. If *host* is an empty string or ``None``, all interfaces are assumed and a list of multiple sockets will be returned (most likely one for IPv4 and another one for IPv6). * *family* can be set to either :data:`socket.AF_INET` or :data:`~socket.AF_INET6` to force the socket to use IPv4 or IPv6. If not set it will be determined from host (defaults to :data:`socket.AF_UNSPEC`). * *flags* is a bitmask for :meth:`getaddrinfo`. * *sock* can optionally be specified in order to use a preexisting socket object. If specified, *host* and *port* should be omitted (must be :const:`None`). * *backlog* is the maximum number of queued connections passed to :meth:`~socket.socket.listen` (defaults to 100). * *ssl* can be set to an :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` to enable SSL over the accepted connections. * *reuse_address* tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in TIME_WAIT state, without waiting for its natural timeout to expire. If not specified will automatically be set to ``True`` on UNIX. * *reuse_port* tells the kernel to allow this endpoint to be bound to the same port as other existing endpoints are bound to, so long as they all set this flag when being created. This option is not supported on Windows. * *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for an SSL server) the time in seconds to wait for the SSL handshake to complete before aborting the connection. ``10.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default). * *start_serving* set to ``True`` (the default) causes the created server to start accepting connections immediately. When set to ``False``, the user should await on :meth:`Server.start_serving` or :meth:`Server.serve_forever` to make the server to start accepting connections. .. versionadded:: 3.7 *ssl_handshake_timeout* and *start_serving* parameters. .. versionchanged:: 3.5 On Windows with :class:`ProactorEventLoop`, SSL/TLS is now supported. .. seealso:: The function :func:`start_server` creates a (:class:`StreamReader`, :class:`StreamWriter`) pair and calls back a function with this pair. .. versionchanged:: 3.5.1 The *host* parameter can now be a sequence of strings. .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.create_unix_server(protocol_factory, path=None, \*, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, start_serving=True) Similar to :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_server`, but specific to the socket family :py:data:`~socket.AF_UNIX`. *path* is the name of a UNIX domain socket, and is required unless a *sock* parameter is specified. Abstract UNIX sockets, :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`, and :class:`~pathlib.Path` paths are supported. Availability: UNIX. .. versionadded:: 3.7 The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter. .. versionchanged:: 3.7 The *path* parameter can now be a :class:`~pathlib.Path` object. .. coroutinemethod:: BaseEventLoop.connect_accepted_socket(protocol_factory, sock, \*, ssl=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None) Handle an accepted connection. This is used by servers that accept connections outside of asyncio but that use asyncio to handle them. Parameters: * *sock* is a preexisting socket object returned from an ``accept`` call. * *ssl* can be set to an :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` to enable SSL over the accepted connections. * *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for an SSL connection) the time in seconds to wait for the SSL handshake to complete before aborting the connection. ``10.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default). When completed it returns a ``(transport, protocol)`` pair. .. versionadded:: 3.7 The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter. .. versionadded:: 3.5.3 File Transferring ----------------- .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sendfile(transport, file, \ offset=0, count=None, \ *, fallback=True) Send a *file* to *transport*, return the total number of bytes which were sent. The method uses high-performance :meth:`os.sendfile` if available. *file* must be a regular file object opened in binary mode. *offset* tells from where to start reading the file. If specified, *count* is the total number of bytes to transmit as opposed to sending the file until EOF is reached. File position is updated on return or also in case of error in which case :meth:`file.tell() ` can be used to figure out the number of bytes which were sent. *fallback* set to ``True`` makes asyncio to manually read and send the file when the platform does not support the sendfile syscall (e.g. Windows or SSL socket on Unix). Raise :exc:`SendfileNotAvailableError` if the system does not support *sendfile* syscall and *fallback* is ``False``. .. versionadded:: 3.7 TLS Upgrade ----------- .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.start_tls(transport, protocol, sslcontext, \*, server_side=False, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None) Upgrades an existing connection to TLS. Returns a new transport instance, that the *protocol* must start using immediately after the *await*. The *transport* instance passed to the *start_tls* method should never be used again. Parameters: * *transport* and *protocol* instances that methods like :meth:`~AbstractEventLoop.create_server` and :meth:`~AbstractEventLoop.create_connection` return. * *sslcontext*: a configured instance of :class:`~ssl.SSLContext`. * *server_side* pass ``True`` when a server-side connection is being upgraded (like the one created by :meth:`~AbstractEventLoop.create_server`). * *server_hostname*: sets or overrides the host name that the target server's certificate will be matched against. * *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for an SSL connection) the time in seconds to wait for the SSL handshake to complete before aborting the connection. ``10.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default). .. versionadded:: 3.7 Watch file descriptors ---------------------- On Windows with :class:`SelectorEventLoop`, only socket handles are supported (ex: pipe file descriptors are not supported). On Windows with :class:`ProactorEventLoop`, these methods are not supported. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.add_reader(fd, callback, \*args) Start watching the file descriptor for read availability and then call the *callback* with specified arguments. :ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback `. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.remove_reader(fd) Stop watching the file descriptor for read availability. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.add_writer(fd, callback, \*args) Start watching the file descriptor for write availability and then call the *callback* with specified arguments. :ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback `. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.remove_writer(fd) Stop watching the file descriptor for write availability. The :ref:`watch a file descriptor for read events ` example uses the low-level :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.add_reader` method to register the file descriptor of a socket. Low-level socket operations --------------------------- .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_recv(sock, nbytes) Receive data from the socket. Modeled after blocking :meth:`socket.socket.recv` method. The return value is a bytes object representing the data received. The maximum amount of data to be received at once is specified by *nbytes*. With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the socket *sock* must be non-blocking. .. versionchanged:: 3.7 Even though the method was always documented as a coroutine method, before Python 3.7 it returned a :class:`Future`. Since Python 3.7, this is an ``async def`` method. .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_recv_into(sock, buf) Receive data from the socket. Modeled after blocking :meth:`socket.socket.recv_into` method. The received data is written into *buf* (a writable buffer). The return value is the number of bytes written. With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the socket *sock* must be non-blocking. .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_sendall(sock, data) Send data to the socket. Modeled after blocking :meth:`socket.socket.sendall` method. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. This method continues to send data from *data* until either all data has been sent or an error occurs. ``None`` is returned on success. On error, an exception is raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, if any, was successfully processed by the receiving end of the connection. With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the socket *sock* must be non-blocking. .. versionchanged:: 3.7 Even though the method was always documented as a coroutine method, before Python 3.7 it returned an :class:`Future`. Since Python 3.7, this is an ``async def`` method. .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_connect(sock, address) Connect to a remote socket at *address*. Modeled after blocking :meth:`socket.socket.connect` method. With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the socket *sock* must be non-blocking. .. versionchanged:: 3.5.2 ``address`` no longer needs to be resolved. ``sock_connect`` will try to check if the *address* is already resolved by calling :func:`socket.inet_pton`. If not, :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.getaddrinfo` will be used to resolve the *address*. .. seealso:: :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_connection` and :func:`asyncio.open_connection() `. .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_accept(sock) Accept a connection. Modeled after blocking :meth:`socket.socket.accept`. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections. The return value is a pair ``(conn, address)`` where *conn* is a *new* socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and *address* is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection. The socket *sock* must be non-blocking. .. versionchanged:: 3.7 Even though the method was always documented as a coroutine method, before Python 3.7 it returned a :class:`Future`. Since Python 3.7, this is an ``async def`` method. .. seealso:: :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_server` and :func:`start_server`. .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_sendfile(sock, file, \ offset=0, count=None, \ *, fallback=True) Send a file using high-performance :mod:`os.sendfile` if possible and return the total number of bytes which were sent. Asynchronous version of :meth:`socket.socket.sendfile`. *sock* must be non-blocking :class:`~socket.socket` of :const:`socket.SOCK_STREAM` type. *file* must be a regular file object opened in binary mode. *offset* tells from where to start reading the file. If specified, *count* is the total number of bytes to transmit as opposed to sending the file until EOF is reached. File position is updated on return or also in case of error in which case :meth:`file.tell() ` can be used to figure out the number of bytes which were sent. *fallback* set to ``True`` makes asyncio to manually read and send the file when the platform does not support the sendfile syscall (e.g. Windows or SSL socket on Unix). Raise :exc:`SendfileNotAvailableError` if the system does not support *sendfile* syscall and *fallback* is ``False``. .. versionadded:: 3.7 Resolve host name ----------------- .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.getaddrinfo(host, port, \*, family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0) This method is a :ref:`coroutine `, similar to :meth:`socket.getaddrinfo` function but non-blocking. .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags=0) This method is a :ref:`coroutine `, similar to :meth:`socket.getnameinfo` function but non-blocking. .. versionchanged:: 3.7 Both *getaddrinfo* and *getnameinfo* methods were always documented to return a coroutine, but prior to Python 3.7 they were, in fact, returning :class:`asyncio.Future` objects. Starting with Python 3.7 both methods are coroutines. Connect pipes ------------- On Windows with :class:`SelectorEventLoop`, these methods are not supported. Use :class:`ProactorEventLoop` to support pipes on Windows. .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.connect_read_pipe(protocol_factory, pipe) Register read pipe in eventloop. *protocol_factory* should instantiate object with :class:`Protocol` interface. *pipe* is a :term:`file-like object `. Return pair ``(transport, protocol)``, where *transport* supports the :class:`ReadTransport` interface. With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the *pipe* is set to non-blocking mode. .. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.connect_write_pipe(protocol_factory, pipe) Register write pipe in eventloop. *protocol_factory* should instantiate object with :class:`BaseProtocol` interface. *pipe* is :term:`file-like object `. Return pair ``(transport, protocol)``, where *transport* supports :class:`WriteTransport` interface. With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the *pipe* is set to non-blocking mode. .. seealso:: The :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.subprocess_exec` and :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.subprocess_shell` methods. UNIX signals ------------ Availability: UNIX only. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.add_signal_handler(signum, callback, \*args) Add a handler for a signal. Raise :exc:`ValueError` if the signal number is invalid or uncatchable. Raise :exc:`RuntimeError` if there is a problem setting up the handler. :ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback `. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.remove_signal_handler(sig) Remove a handler for a signal. Return ``True`` if a signal handler was removed, ``False`` if not. .. seealso:: The :mod:`signal` module. Executor -------- Call a function in an :class:`~concurrent.futures.Executor` (pool of threads or pool of processes). By default, an event loop uses a thread pool executor (:class:`~concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor`). .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.run_in_executor(executor, func, \*args) Arrange for a *func* to be called in the specified executor. The *executor* argument should be an :class:`~concurrent.futures.Executor` instance. The default executor is used if *executor* is ``None``. :ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the *func* `. This method returns a :class:`asyncio.Future` object. .. versionchanged:: 3.5.3 :meth:`BaseEventLoop.run_in_executor` no longer configures the ``max_workers`` of the thread pool executor it creates, instead leaving it up to the thread pool executor (:class:`~concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor`) to set the default. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.set_default_executor(executor) Set the default executor used by :meth:`run_in_executor`. Error Handling API ------------------ Allows customizing how exceptions are handled in the event loop. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.set_exception_handler(handler) Set *handler* as the new event loop exception handler. If *handler* is ``None``, the default exception handler will be set. If *handler* is a callable object, it should have a matching signature to ``(loop, context)``, where ``loop`` will be a reference to the active event loop, ``context`` will be a ``dict`` object (see :meth:`call_exception_handler` documentation for details about context). .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.get_exception_handler() Return the exception handler, or ``None`` if the default one is in use. .. versionadded:: 3.5.2 .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.default_exception_handler(context) Default exception handler. This is called when an exception occurs and no exception handler is set, and can be called by a custom exception handler that wants to defer to the default behavior. *context* parameter has the same meaning as in :meth:`call_exception_handler`. .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.call_exception_handler(context) Call the current event loop exception handler. *context* is a ``dict`` object containing the following keys (new keys may be introduced later): * 'message': Error message; * 'exception' (optional): Exception object; * 'future' (optional): :class:`asyncio.Future` instance; * 'handle' (optional): :class:`asyncio.Handle` instance; * 'protocol' (optional): :ref:`Protocol ` instance; * 'transport' (optional): :ref:`Transport ` instance; * 'socket' (optional): :class:`socket.socket` instance. .. note:: Note: this method should not be overloaded in subclassed event loops. For any custom exception handling, use :meth:`set_exception_handler()` method. Debug mode ---------- .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.get_debug() Get the debug mode (:class:`bool`) of the event loop. The default value is ``True`` if the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG` is set to a non-empty string, ``False`` otherwise. .. versionadded:: 3.4.2 .. method:: AbstractEventLoop.set_debug(enabled: bool) Set the debug mode of the event loop. .. versionadded:: 3.4.2 .. seealso:: The :ref:`debug mode of asyncio `. Server ------ .. class:: Server Server listening on sockets. Object created by :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_server`, :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_unix_server`, :func:`start_server`, and :func:`start_unix_server` functions. Don't instantiate the class directly. *Server* objects are asynchronous context managers. When used in an ``async with`` statement, it's guaranteed that the Server object is closed and not accepting new connections when the ``async with`` statement is completed:: srv = await loop.create_server(...) async with srv: # some code # At this point, srv is closed and no longer accepts new connections. .. versionchanged:: 3.7 Server object is an asynchronous context manager since Python 3.7. .. method:: close() Stop serving: close listening sockets and set the :attr:`sockets` attribute to ``None``. The sockets that represent existing incoming client connections are left open. The server is closed asynchronously, use the :meth:`wait_closed` coroutine to wait until the server is closed. .. method:: get_loop() Gives the event loop associated with the server object. .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. coroutinemethod:: start_serving() Start accepting connections. This method is idempotent, so it can be called when the server is already being serving. The new *start_serving* keyword-only parameter to :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_server` and :meth:`asyncio.start_server` allows to create a Server object that is not accepting connections right away. In which case this method, or :meth:`Server.serve_forever` can be used to make the Server object to start accepting connections. .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. coroutinemethod:: serve_forever() Start accepting connections until the coroutine is cancelled. Cancellation of ``serve_forever`` task causes the server to be closed. This method can be called if the server is already accepting connections. Only one ``serve_forever`` task can exist per one *Server* object. Example:: async def client_connected(reader, writer): # Communicate with the client with # reader/writer streams. For example: await reader.readline() async def main(host, port): srv = await asyncio.start_server( client_connected, host, port) await srv.serve_forever() asyncio.run(main('127.0.0.1', 0)) .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. method:: is_serving() Return ``True`` if the server is accepting new connections. .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. coroutinemethod:: wait_closed() Wait until the :meth:`close` method completes. .. attribute:: sockets List of :class:`socket.socket` objects the server is listening to, or ``None`` if the server is closed. .. versionchanged:: 3.7 Prior to Python 3.7 ``Server.sockets`` used to return the internal list of server's sockets directly. In 3.7 a copy of that list is returned. Handle ------ .. class:: Handle A callback wrapper object returned by :func:`AbstractEventLoop.call_soon`, :func:`AbstractEventLoop.call_soon_threadsafe`. .. method:: cancel() Cancel the call. If the callback is already canceled or executed, this method has no effect. .. method:: cancelled() Return ``True`` if the call was cancelled. .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. class:: TimerHandle A callback wrapper object returned by :func:`AbstractEventLoop.call_later`, and :func:`AbstractEventLoop.call_at`. The class is inherited from :class:`Handle`. .. method:: when() Return a scheduled callback time as :class:`float` seconds. The time is an absolute timestamp, using the same time reference as :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.time`. .. versionadded:: 3.7 SendfileNotAvailableError ------------------------- .. exception:: SendfileNotAvailableError Sendfile syscall is not available, subclass of :exc:`RuntimeError`. Raised if the OS does not support sendfile syscall for given socket or file type. Event loop examples ------------------- .. _asyncio-hello-world-callback: Hello World with call_soon() ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Example using the :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.call_soon` method to schedule a callback. The callback displays ``"Hello World"`` and then stops the event loop:: import asyncio def hello_world(loop): print('Hello World') loop.stop() loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() # Schedule a call to hello_world() loop.call_soon(hello_world, loop) # Blocking call interrupted by loop.stop() loop.run_forever() loop.close() .. seealso:: The :ref:`Hello World coroutine ` example uses a :ref:`coroutine `. .. _asyncio-date-callback: Display the current date with call_later() ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Example of callback displaying the current date every second. The callback uses the :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.call_later` method to reschedule itself during 5 seconds, and then stops the event loop:: import asyncio import datetime def display_date(end_time, loop): print(datetime.datetime.now()) if (loop.time() + 1.0) < end_time: loop.call_later(1, display_date, end_time, loop) else: loop.stop() loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() # Schedule the first call to display_date() end_time = loop.time() + 5.0 loop.call_soon(display_date, end_time, loop) # Blocking call interrupted by loop.stop() loop.run_forever() loop.close() .. seealso:: The :ref:`coroutine displaying the current date ` example uses a :ref:`coroutine `. .. _asyncio-watch-read-event: Watch a file descriptor for read events ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Wait until a file descriptor received some data using the :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.add_reader` method and then close the event loop:: import asyncio from socket import socketpair # Create a pair of connected file descriptors rsock, wsock = socketpair() loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() def reader(): data = rsock.recv(100) print("Received:", data.decode()) # We are done: unregister the file descriptor loop.remove_reader(rsock) # Stop the event loop loop.stop() # Register the file descriptor for read event loop.add_reader(rsock, reader) # Simulate the reception of data from the network loop.call_soon(wsock.send, 'abc'.encode()) # Run the event loop loop.run_forever() # We are done, close sockets and the event loop rsock.close() wsock.close() loop.close() .. seealso:: The :ref:`register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol ` example uses a low-level protocol created by the :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_connection` method. The :ref:`register an open socket to wait for data using streams ` example uses high-level streams created by the :func:`open_connection` function in a coroutine. Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Register handlers for signals :py:data:`SIGINT` and :py:data:`SIGTERM` using the :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.add_signal_handler` method:: import asyncio import functools import os import signal def ask_exit(signame): print("got signal %s: exit" % signame) loop.stop() loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() for signame in ('SIGINT', 'SIGTERM'): loop.add_signal_handler(getattr(signal, signame), functools.partial(ask_exit, signame)) print("Event loop running forever, press Ctrl+C to interrupt.") print("pid %s: send SIGINT or SIGTERM to exit." % os.getpid()) try: loop.run_forever() finally: loop.close() This example only works on UNIX.