:mod:`venv` --- Creation of virtual environments ================================================ .. module:: venv :synopsis: Creation of virtual environments. .. moduleauthor:: Vinay Sajip .. sectionauthor:: Vinay Sajip .. index:: pair: Environments; virtual .. versionadded:: 3.3 **Source code:** :source:`Lib/venv` -------------- The :mod:`venv` module provides support for creating lightweight "virtual environments" with their own site directories, optionally isolated from system site directories. Each virtual environment has its own Python binary (allowing creation of environments with various Python versions) and can have its own independent set of installed Python packages in its site directories. See :pep:`405` for more information about Python virtual environments. Creating virtual environments ----------------------------- .. include:: /using/venv-create.inc .. _venv-def: .. note:: A virtual environment (also called a ``venv``) is a Python environment such that the Python interpreter, libraries and scripts installed into it are isolated from those installed in other virtual environments, and (by default) any libraries installed in a "system" Python, i.e. one which is installed as part of your operating system. A venv is a directory tree which contains Python executable files and other files which indicate that it is a venv. Common installation tools such as ``Distribute`` and ``pip`` work as expected with venvs - i.e. when a venv is active, they install Python packages into the venv without needing to be told to do so explicitly. Of course, you need to install them into the venv first: this could be done by running ``distribute_setup.py`` with the venv activated, followed by running ``easy_install pip``. Alternatively, you could download the source tarballs and run ``python setup.py install`` after unpacking, with the venv activated. When a venv is active (i.e. the venv's Python interpreter is running), the attributes :attr:`sys.prefix` and :attr:`sys.exec_prefix` point to the base directory of the venv, whereas :attr:`sys.base_prefix` and :attr:`sys.base_exec_prefix` point to the non-venv Python installation which was used to create the venv. If a venv is not active, then :attr:`sys.prefix` is the same as :attr:`sys.base_prefix` and :attr:`sys.exec_prefix` is the same as :attr:`sys.base_exec_prefix` (they all point to a non-venv Python installation). When a venv is active, any options that change the installation path will be ignored from all distutils configuration files to prevent projects being inadvertently installed outside of the virtual environment. When working in a command shell, users can make a venv active by running an ``activate`` script in the venv's executables directory (the precise filename is shell-dependent), which prepends the venv's directory for executables to the ``PATH`` environment variable for the running shell. There should be no need in other circumstances to activate a venv -- scripts installed into venvs have a shebang line which points to the venv's Python interpreter. This means that the script will run with that interpreter regardless of the value of ``PATH``. On Windows, shebang line processing is supported if you have the Python Launcher for Windows installed (this was added to Python in 3.3 - see :pep:`397` for more details). Thus, double-clicking an installed script in a Windows Explorer window should run the script with the correct interpreter without there needing to be any reference to its venv in ``PATH``. API --- .. highlight:: python The high-level method described above makes use of a simple API which provides mechanisms for third-party virtual environment creators to customize environment creation according to their needs, the :class:`EnvBuilder` class. .. class:: EnvBuilder(system_site_packages=False, clear=False, \ symlinks=False, upgrade=False, with_pip=False) The :class:`EnvBuilder` class accepts the following keyword arguments on instantiation: * ``system_site_packages`` -- a Boolean value indicating that the system Python site-packages should be available to the environment (defaults to ``False``). * ``clear`` -- a Boolean value which, if True, will delete the contents of any existing target directory, before creating the environment. * ``symlinks`` -- a Boolean value indicating whether to attempt to symlink the Python binary (and any necessary DLLs or other binaries, e.g. ``pythonw.exe``), rather than copying. Defaults to ``True`` on Linux and Unix systems, but ``False`` on Windows. * ``upgrade`` -- a Boolean value which, if True, will upgrade an existing environment with the running Python - for use when that Python has been upgraded in-place (defaults to ``False``). * ``with_pip`` -- a Boolean value which, if True, ensures pip is installed in the virtual environment .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Added the ``with_pip`` parameter Creators of third-party virtual environment tools will be free to use the provided ``EnvBuilder`` class as a base class. The returned env-builder is an object which has a method, ``create``: .. method:: create(env_dir) This method takes as required argument the path (absolute or relative to the current directory) of the target directory which is to contain the virtual environment. The ``create`` method will either create the environment in the specified directory, or raise an appropriate exception. The ``create`` method of the ``EnvBuilder`` class illustrates the hooks available for subclass customization:: def create(self, env_dir): """ Create a virtualized Python environment in a directory. env_dir is the target directory to create an environment in. """ env_dir = os.path.abspath(env_dir) context = self.ensure_directories(env_dir) self.create_configuration(context) self.setup_python(context) self.setup_scripts(context) self.post_setup(context) Each of the methods :meth:`ensure_directories`, :meth:`create_configuration`, :meth:`setup_python`, :meth:`setup_scripts` and :meth:`post_setup` can be overridden. .. method:: ensure_directories(env_dir) Creates the environment directory and all necessary directories, and returns a context object. This is just a holder for attributes (such as paths), for use by the other methods. The directories are allowed to exist already, as long as either ``clear`` or ``upgrade`` were specified to allow operating on an existing environment directory. .. method:: create_configuration(context) Creates the ``pyvenv.cfg`` configuration file in the environment. .. method:: setup_python(context) Creates a copy of the Python executable (and, under Windows, DLLs) in the environment. On a POSIX system, if a specific executable ``python3.x`` was used, symlinks to ``python`` and ``python3`` will be created pointing to that executable, unless files with those names already exist. .. method:: setup_scripts(context) Installs activation scripts appropriate to the platform into the virtual environment. .. method:: post_setup(context) A placeholder method which can be overridden in third party implementations to pre-install packages in the virtual environment or perform other post-creation steps. In addition, :class:`EnvBuilder` provides this utility method that can be called from :meth:`setup_scripts` or :meth:`post_setup` in subclasses to assist in installing custom scripts into the virtual environment. .. method:: install_scripts(context, path) *path* is the path to a directory that should contain subdirectories "common", "posix", "nt", each containing scripts destined for the bin directory in the environment. The contents of "common" and the directory corresponding to :data:`os.name` are copied after some text replacement of placeholders: * ``__VENV_DIR__`` is replaced with the absolute path of the environment directory. * ``__VENV_NAME__`` is replaced with the environment name (final path segment of environment directory). * ``__VENV_PROMPT__`` is replaced with the prompt (the environment name surrounded by parentheses and with a following space) * ``__VENV_BIN_NAME__`` is replaced with the name of the bin directory (either ``bin`` or ``Scripts``). * ``__VENV_PYTHON__`` is replaced with the absolute path of the environment's executable. The directories are allowed to exist (for when an existing environment is being upgraded). There is also a module-level convenience function: .. function:: create(env_dir, system_site_packages=False, clear=False, \ symlinks=False, with_pip=False) Create an :class:`EnvBuilder` with the given keyword arguments, and call its :meth:`~EnvBuilder.create` method with the *env_dir* argument. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Added the ``with_pip`` parameter An example of extending ``EnvBuilder`` -------------------------------------- The following script shows how to extend :class:`EnvBuilder` by implementing a subclass which installs setuptools and pip into a created venv:: import os import os.path from subprocess import Popen, PIPE import sys from threading import Thread from urllib.parse import urlparse from urllib.request import urlretrieve import venv class ExtendedEnvBuilder(venv.EnvBuilder): """ This builder installs setuptools and pip so that you can pip or easy_install other packages into the created environment. :param nodist: If True, setuptools and pip are not installed into the created environment. :param nopip: If True, pip is not installed into the created environment. :param progress: If setuptools or pip are installed, the progress of the installation can be monitored by passing a progress callable. If specified, it is called with two arguments: a string indicating some progress, and a context indicating where the string is coming from. The context argument can have one of three values: 'main', indicating that it is called from virtualize() itself, and 'stdout' and 'stderr', which are obtained by reading lines from the output streams of a subprocess which is used to install the app. If a callable is not specified, default progress information is output to sys.stderr. """ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): self.nodist = kwargs.pop('nodist', False) self.nopip = kwargs.pop('nopip', False) self.progress = kwargs.pop('progress', None) self.verbose = kwargs.pop('verbose', False) super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) def post_setup(self, context): """ Set up any packages which need to be pre-installed into the environment being created. :param context: The information for the environment creation request being processed. """ os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'] = context.env_dir if not self.nodist: self.install_setuptools(context) # Can't install pip without setuptools if not self.nopip and not self.nodist: self.install_pip(context) def reader(self, stream, context): """ Read lines from a subprocess' output stream and either pass to a progress callable (if specified) or write progress information to sys.stderr. """ progress = self.progress while True: s = stream.readline() if not s: break if progress is not None: progress(s, context) else: if not self.verbose: sys.stderr.write('.') else: sys.stderr.write(s.decode('utf-8')) sys.stderr.flush() stream.close() def install_script(self, context, name, url): _, _, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(url) fn = os.path.split(path)[-1] binpath = context.bin_path distpath = os.path.join(binpath, fn) # Download script into the env's binaries folder urlretrieve(url, distpath) progress = self.progress if self.verbose: term = '\n' else: term = '' if progress is not None: progress('Installing %s ...%s' % (name, term), 'main') else: sys.stderr.write('Installing %s ...%s' % (name, term)) sys.stderr.flush() # Install in the env args = [context.env_exe, fn] p = Popen(args, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, cwd=binpath) t1 = Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stdout, 'stdout')) t1.start() t2 = Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stderr, 'stderr')) t2.start() p.wait() t1.join() t2.join() if progress is not None: progress('done.', 'main') else: sys.stderr.write('done.\n') # Clean up - no longer needed os.unlink(distpath) def install_setuptools(self, context): """ Install setuptools in the environment. :param context: The information for the environment creation request being processed. """ url = 'https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/downloads/ez_setup.py' self.install_script(context, 'setuptools', url) # clear up the setuptools archive which gets downloaded pred = lambda o: o.startswith('setuptools-') and o.endswith('.tar.gz') files = filter(pred, os.listdir(context.bin_path)) for f in files: f = os.path.join(context.bin_path, f) os.unlink(f) def install_pip(self, context): """ Install pip in the environment. :param context: The information for the environment creation request being processed. """ url = 'https://raw.github.com/pypa/pip/master/contrib/get-pip.py' self.install_script(context, 'pip', url) def main(args=None): compatible = True if sys.version_info < (3, 3): compatible = False elif not hasattr(sys, 'base_prefix'): compatible = False if not compatible: raise ValueError('This script is only for use with ' 'Python 3.3 or later') else: import argparse parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=__name__, description='Creates virtual Python ' 'environments in one or ' 'more target ' 'directories.') parser.add_argument('dirs', metavar='ENV_DIR', nargs='+', help='A directory to create the environment in.') parser.add_argument('--no-setuptools', default=False, action='store_true', dest='nodist', help="Don't install setuptools or pip in the " "virtual environment.") parser.add_argument('--no-pip', default=False, action='store_true', dest='nopip', help="Don't install pip in the virtual " "environment.") parser.add_argument('--system-site-packages', default=False, action='store_true', dest='system_site', help='Give the virtual environment access to the ' 'system site-packages dir.') if os.name == 'nt': use_symlinks = False else: use_symlinks = True parser.add_argument('--symlinks', default=use_symlinks, action='store_true', dest='symlinks', help='Try to use symlinks rather than copies, ' 'when symlinks are not the default for ' 'the platform.') parser.add_argument('--clear', default=False, action='store_true', dest='clear', help='Delete the contents of the ' 'environment directory if it ' 'already exists, before ' 'environment creation.') parser.add_argument('--upgrade', default=False, action='store_true', dest='upgrade', help='Upgrade the environment ' 'directory to use this version ' 'of Python, assuming Python ' 'has been upgraded in-place.') parser.add_argument('--verbose', default=False, action='store_true', dest='verbose', help='Display the output ' 'from the scripts which ' 'install setuptools and pip.') options = parser.parse_args(args) if options.upgrade and options.clear: raise ValueError('you cannot supply --upgrade and --clear together.') builder = ExtendedEnvBuilder(system_site_packages=options.system_site, clear=options.clear, symlinks=options.symlinks, upgrade=options.upgrade, nodist=options.nodist, nopip=options.nopip, verbose=options.verbose) for d in options.dirs: builder.create(d) if __name__ == '__main__': rc = 1 try: main() rc = 0 except Exception as e: print('Error: %s' % e, file=sys.stderr) sys.exit(rc) This script is also available for download `online `_.